429 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
429 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Pod 与 Service 的 DNS
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content_template: templates/concept
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weight: 20
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---
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{{% capture overview %}}
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<!--
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This page provides an overview of DNS support by Kubernetes.
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-->
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该页面概述了Kubernetes对DNS的支持。
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{{% /capture %}}
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{{% capture body %}}
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<!--
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## Introduction
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Kubernetes DNS schedules a DNS Pod and Service on the cluster, and configures
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the kubelets to tell individual containers to use the DNS Service's IP to
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resolve DNS names.
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-->
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## 介绍
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Kubernetes DNS 在群集上调度 DNS Pod 和服务,并配置 kubelet 以告知各个容器使用 DNS 服务的 IP 来解析 DNS 名称。
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<!--
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### What things get DNS names?
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Every Service defined in the cluster (including the DNS server itself) is
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assigned a DNS name. By default, a client Pod's DNS search list will
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include the Pod's own namespace and the cluster's default domain. This is best
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illustrated by example:
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Assume a Service named `foo` in the Kubernetes namespace `bar`. A Pod running
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in namespace `bar` can look up this service by simply doing a DNS query for
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`foo`. A Pod running in namespace `quux` can look up this service by doing a
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DNS query for `foo.bar`.
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The following sections detail the supported record types and layout that is
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supported. Any other layout or names or queries that happen to work are
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considered implementation details and are subject to change without warning.
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For more up-to-date specification, see
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[Kubernetes DNS-Based Service Discovery](https://github.com/kubernetes/dns/blob/master/docs/specification.md).
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-->
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## 怎样获取 DNS 名字?
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在集群中定义的每个 Service(包括 DNS 服务器自身)都会被指派一个 DNS 名称。
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默认,一个客户端 Pod 的 DNS 搜索列表将包含该 Pod 自己的 Namespace 和集群默认域。
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通过如下示例可以很好地说明:
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假设在 Kubernetes 集群的 Namespace `bar` 中,定义了一个Service `foo`。
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运行在Namespace `bar` 中的一个 Pod,可以简单地通过 DNS 查询 `foo` 来找到该 Service。
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运行在 Namespace `quux` 中的一个 Pod 可以通过 DNS 查询 `foo.bar` 找到该 Service。
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以下各节详细介绍了受支持的记录类型和支持的布局。 其中代码部分的布局,名称或查询命令均被视为实现细节,如有更改,恕不另行通知。
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有关最新规范请查看
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[Kubernetes 基于 DNS 的服务发现](https://github.com/kubernetes/dns/blob/master/docs/specification.md).
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## 支持的 DNS 模式
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下面各段详细说明支持的记录类型和布局。
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如果任何其它的布局、名称或查询,碰巧也能够使用,这就需要研究下它们的实现细节,以免后续修改它们又不能使用了。
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<!--
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## Services
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### A records
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"Normal" (not headless) Services are assigned a DNS A record for a name of the
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form `my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`. This resolves to the cluster IP
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of the Service.
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"Headless" (without a cluster IP) Services are also assigned a DNS A record for
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a name of the form `my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`. Unlike normal
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Services, this resolves to the set of IPs of the pods selected by the Service.
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Clients are expected to consume the set or else use standard round-robin
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selection from the set.
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-->
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### Service
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#### A 记录
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“正常” Service(除了 Headless Service)会以 `my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example` 这种名字的形式被指派一个 DNS A 记录。
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这会解析成该 Service 的 Cluster IP。
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“Headless” Service(没有Cluster IP)也会以 `my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example` 这种名字的形式被指派一个 DNS A 记录。
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不像正常 Service,它会解析成该 Service 选择的一组 Pod 的 IP。
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希望客户端能够使用这一组 IP,否则就使用标准的 round-robin 策略从这一组 IP 中进行选择。
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<!--
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### SRV records
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SRV Records are created for named ports that are part of normal or [Headless
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Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services).
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For each named port, the SRV record would have the form
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`_my-port-name._my-port-protocol.my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
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For a regular service, this resolves to the port number and the domain name:
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`my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
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For a headless service, this resolves to multiple answers, one for each pod
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that is backing the service, and contains the port number and the domain name of the pod
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of the form `auto-generated-name.my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
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-->
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#### SRV 记录
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命名端口需要创建 SRV 记录,这些端口是正常 Service或 [Headless
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Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services) 的一部分。
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对每个命名端口,SRV 记录具有 `_my-port-name._my-port-protocol.my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example` 这种形式。
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对普通 Service,这会被解析成端口号和 CNAME:`my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`。
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对 Headless Service,这会被解析成多个结果,Service 对应的每个 backend Pod 各一个,
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包含 `auto-generated-name.my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example` 这种形式 Pod 的端口号和 CNAME。
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## Pods
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<!--
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### Pod's hostname and subdomain fields
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Currently when a pod is created, its hostname is the Pod's `metadata.name` value.
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The Pod spec has an optional `hostname` field, which can be used to specify the
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Pod's hostname. When specified, it takes precedence over the Pod's name to be
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the hostname of the pod. For example, given a Pod with `hostname` set to
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"`my-host`", the Pod will have its hostname set to "`my-host`".
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The Pod spec also has an optional `subdomain` field which can be used to specify
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its subdomain. For example, a Pod with `hostname` set to "`foo`", and `subdomain`
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set to "`bar`", in namespace "`my-namespace`", will have the fully qualified
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domain name (FQDN) "`foo.bar.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`".
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Example:
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-->
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### Pod的 hostname 和 subdomain 字段
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当前,创建 Pod 后,它的主机名是该 Pod 的 `metadata.name` 值。
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在 v1.2 版本中,用户可以配置 Pod annotation, 通过 `pod.beta.kubernetes.io/hostname` 来设置 Pod 的主机名。
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如果为 Pod 配置了 annotation,会优先使用 Pod 的名称作为主机名。
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例如,给定一个 Pod,它具有 annotation `pod.beta.kubernetes.io/hostname: my-pod-name`,该 Pod 的主机名被设置为 “my-pod-name”。
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在 v1.3 版本中,PodSpec 具有 `hostname` 字段,可以用来指定 Pod 的主机名。这个字段的值优先于 annotation `pod.beta.kubernetes.io/hostname`。
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在 v1.2 版本中引入了 beta 特性,用户可以为 Pod 指定 annotation,其中 `pod.beta.kubernetes.io/subdomain` 指定了 Pod 的子域名。
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最终的域名将是 “<hostname>.<subdomain>.<pod namespace>.svc.<cluster domain>”。
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举个例子,Pod 的主机名 annotation 设置为 “foo”,子域名 annotation 设置为 “bar”,在 Namespace “my-namespace” 中对应的 FQDN 为 “foo.bar.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local”。
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在 v1.3 版本中,PodSpec 具有 `subdomain` 字段,可以用来指定 Pod 的子域名。
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这个字段的值优先于 annotation `pod.beta.kubernetes.io/subdomain` 的值。
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实例:
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```yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Service
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metadata:
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name: default-subdomain
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spec:
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selector:
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name: busybox
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clusterIP: None
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ports:
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- name: foo # Actually, no port is needed.
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port: 1234
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targetPort: 1234
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---
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Pod
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metadata:
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name: busybox1
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labels:
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name: busybox
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spec:
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hostname: busybox-1
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subdomain: default-subdomain
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containers:
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- image: busybox:1.28
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command:
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- sleep
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- "3600"
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name: busybox
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---
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Pod
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metadata:
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name: busybox2
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labels:
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name: busybox
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spec:
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hostname: busybox-2
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subdomain: default-subdomain
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containers:
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- image: busybox:1.28
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command:
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- sleep
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- "3600"
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name: busybox
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```
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<!--
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If there exists a headless service in the same namespace as the pod and with
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the same name as the subdomain, the cluster's KubeDNS Server also returns an A
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record for the Pod's fully qualified hostname.
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For example, given a Pod with the hostname set to "`busybox-1`" and the subdomain set to
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"`default-subdomain`", and a headless Service named "`default-subdomain`" in
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the same namespace, the pod will see its own FQDN as
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"`busybox-1.default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`". DNS serves an
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A record at that name, pointing to the Pod's IP. Both pods "`busybox1`" and
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"`busybox2`" can have their distinct A records.
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-->
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如果 Headless Service 与 Pod 在同一个 Namespace 中,它们具有相同的子域名,集群的 KubeDNS 服务器也会为该 Pod 的完整合法主机名返回 A 记录。
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例如,在同一个 Namespace 中,给定一个主机名为 “busybox-1” 的 Pod,子域名设置为 “default-subdomain”,名称为 “default-subdomain” 的 Headless Service ,Pod 将看到自己的 FQDN 为 “busybox-1.default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster.local”。
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DNS 会为那个名字提供一个 A 记录,指向该 Pod 的 IP。
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“busybox1” 和 “busybox2” 这两个 Pod 分别具有它们自己的 A 记录。
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<!--
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The Endpoints object can specify the `hostname` for any endpoint addresses,
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along with its IP.
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-->
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端点对象可以为任何端点地址及其 IP 指定 `hostname`。
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{{< note >}}
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<!--
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Because A records are not created for Pod names, `hostname` is required for the Pod's A
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record to be created. A Pod with no `hostname` but with `subdomain` will only create the
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A record for the headless service (`default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`),
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pointing to the Pod's IP address. Also, Pod needs to become ready in order to have a
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record unless `publishNotReadyAddresses=True` is set on the Service.
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-->
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因为没有为 Pod 名称创建A记录,所以要创建 Pod 的 A 记录需要 `hostname` 。
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没有 `hostname` 但带有 `subdomain` 的 Pod 只会为指向Pod的IP地址的 headless 服务创建 A 记录(`default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`)。
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另外,除非在服务上设置了 `publishNotReadyAddresses=True`,否则 Pod 需要准备好 A 记录。
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{{< /note >}}
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<!--
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### Pod's DNS Policy
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DNS policies can be set on a per-pod basis. Currently Kubernetes supports the
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following pod-specific DNS policies. These policies are specified in the
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`dnsPolicy` field of a Pod Spec.
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- "`Default`": The Pod inherits the name resolution configuration from the node
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that the pods run on.
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See [related discussion](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/#inheriting-dns-from-the-node)
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for more details.
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- "`ClusterFirst`": Any DNS query that does not match the configured cluster
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domain suffix, such as "`www.kubernetes.io`", is forwarded to the upstream
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nameserver inherited from the node. Cluster administrators may have extra
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stub-domain and upstream DNS servers configured.
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See [related discussion](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/#impacts-on-pods)
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for details on how DNS queries are handled in those cases.
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- "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`": For Pods running with hostNetwork, you should
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explicitly set its DNS policy "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`".
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- "`None`": It allows a Pod to ignore DNS settings from the Kubernetes
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environment. All DNS settings are supposed to be provided using the
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`dnsConfig` field in the Pod Spec.
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See [Pod's DNS config](#pod-s-dns-config) subsection below.
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-->
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- "`Default`": Pod从运行所在的节点继承名称解析配置。
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参考 [相关讨论](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/#inheriting-dns-from-the-node) 获取更多信息。
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- "`ClusterFirst`": 与配置的群集域后缀不匹配的任何DNS查询(例如 “www.kubernetes.io” )都将转发到从节点继承的上游名称服务器。 群集管理员可能配置了额外的存根域和上游DNS服务器。
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See [相关讨论](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/#impacts-on-pods) 获取如何 DNS 的查询和处理信息的相关资料。
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- "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`": 对于与 hostNetwork 一起运行的 Pod,应显式设置其DNS策略 "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`"。
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- "`None`": 它允许 Pod 忽略 Kubernetes 环境中的 DN S设置。 应该使用 Pod Spec 中的 `dnsConfig` 字段提供所有 DNS 设置。
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{{< note >}}
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<!--
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"Default" is not the default DNS policy. If `dnsPolicy` is not
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explicitly specified, then “ClusterFirst” is used.
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-->
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"Default" 不是默认的 DNS 策略。 如果未明确指定 `dnsPolicy`,则使用 “ClusterFirst”。
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{{< /note >}}
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<!--
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The example below shows a Pod with its DNS policy set to
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"`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`" because it has `hostNetwork` set to `true`.
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-->
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下面的示例显示了一个Pod,其DNS策略设置为 "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`",因为它已将 `hostNetwork` 设置为 `true`。
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```yaml
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Pod
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metadata:
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name: busybox
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namespace: default
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spec:
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containers:
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- image: busybox:1.28
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command:
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- sleep
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- "3600"
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imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
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name: busybox
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restartPolicy: Always
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hostNetwork: true
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dnsPolicy: ClusterFirstWithHostNet
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```
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<!--
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### Pod's DNS Config
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Pod's DNS Config allows users more control on the DNS settings for a Pod.
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The `dnsConfig` field is optional and it can work with any `dnsPolicy` settings.
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However, when a Pod's `dnsPolicy` is set to "`None`", the `dnsConfig` field has
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to be specified.
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Below are the properties a user can specify in the `dnsConfig` field:
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-->
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### Pod 的 DNS 设定
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Pod 的 DNS 配置可让用户对 Pod 的 DNS 设置进行更多控制。
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`dnsConfig` 字段是可选的,它可以与任何 `dnsPolicy` 设置一起使用。
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但是,当 Pod 的 `dnsPolicy` 设置为 "`None`" 时,必须指定 `dnsConfig` 字段。
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用户可以在 `dnsConfig` 字段中指定以下属性:
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<!--
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- `nameservers`: a list of IP addresses that will be used as DNS servers for the
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Pod. There can be at most 3 IP addresses specified. When the Pod's `dnsPolicy`
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is set to "`None`", the list must contain at least one IP address, otherwise
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this property is optional.
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The servers listed will be combined to the base nameservers generated from the
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specified DNS policy with duplicate addresses removed.
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- `searches`: a list of DNS search domains for hostname lookup in the Pod.
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This property is optional. When specified, the provided list will be merged
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into the base search domain names generated from the chosen DNS policy.
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Duplicate domain names are removed.
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Kubernetes allows for at most 6 search domains.
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- `options`: an optional list of objects where each object may have a `name`
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property (required) and a `value` property (optional). The contents in this
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property will be merged to the options generated from the specified DNS policy.
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Duplicate entries are removed.
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-->
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- `nameservers`: 将用作于 Pod 的 DNS 服务器的 IP 地址列表。最多可以指定3个 IP 地址。 当 Pod 的 `dnsPolicy` 设置为 "`None`" 时,列表必须至少包含一个IP地址,否则此属性是可选的。列出的服务器将合并到从指定的 DNS 策略生成的基本名称服务器,并删除重复的地址。
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- `searches`: 用于在 Pod 中查找主机名的 DNS 搜索域的列表。此属性是可选的。指定后,提供的列表将合并到根据所选 DNS 策略生成的基本搜索域名中。
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重复的域名将被删除。
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Kubernetes最多允许6个搜索域。
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- `options`: 对象的可选列表,其中每个对象可能具有 `name` 属性(必需)和 `value` 属性(可选)。 此属性中的内容将合并到从指定的 DNS 策略生成的选项。
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重复的条目将被删除。
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<!--
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The following is an example Pod with custom DNS settings:
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-->
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以下是具有自定义DNS设置的Pod示例:
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{{< codenew file="service/networking/custom-dns.yaml" >}}
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<!--
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When the Pod above is created, the container `test` gets the following contents
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in its `/etc/resolv.conf` file:
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-->
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创建上面的Pod后,容器 `test` 会在其 `/etc/resolv.conf` 文件中获取以下内容:
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```
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nameserver 1.2.3.4
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search ns1.svc.cluster-domain.example my.dns.search.suffix
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options ndots:2 edns0
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```
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<!--
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For IPv6 setup, search path and name server should be setup like this:
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-->
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对于IPv6设置,搜索路径和名称服务器应按以下方式设置:
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```shell
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kubectl exec -it dns-example -- cat /etc/resolv.conf
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```
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<!--
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The output is similar to this:
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-->
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有以下输出:
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```shell
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nameserver fd00:79:30::a
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search default.svc.cluster-domain.example svc.cluster-domain.example cluster-domain.example
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options ndots:5
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```
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<!--
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### Feature availability
|
||
|
||
The availability of Pod DNS Config and DNS Policy "`None`"" is shown as below.
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
### 可用功能
|
||
|
||
Pod DNS 配置和 DNS 策略 "`None`" 的版本对应如下所示。
|
||
|
||
| k8s version | Feature support |
|
||
| :---------: |:-----------:|
|
||
| 1.14 | Stable |
|
||
| 1.10 | Beta (on by default)|
|
||
| 1.9 | Alpha |
|
||
|
||
{{% /capture %}}
|
||
|
||
{{% capture whatsnext %}}
|
||
|
||
<!--
|
||
For guidance on administering DNS configurations, check
|
||
[Configure DNS Service](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/)
|
||
-->
|
||
|
||
有关管理 DNS 配置的指导,请查看
|
||
[配置 DNS 服务](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/)
|
||
|
||
{{% /capture %}}
|
||
|