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41 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Damini Satya 0eecbd40e3 Update config.toml(release-1.17) for 1.17 (#18031) 2019-12-09 16:01:31 -08:00
Tim Bannister 68e8fb5a82 Update for v1.17 (#18034) 2019-12-09 15:14:40 -08:00
Damini Satya 253bcb2283 Reference Documentation for kubectl Commands for 1.17 (#18017) 2019-12-09 15:12:40 -08:00
Damini Satya 50139f0132 Update feature-gates.md (#18033) 2019-12-09 12:58:03 -08:00
Damini Satya 638a341877 Reference Documentation for the Kubernetes API for 1.17 (#18019) 2019-12-09 12:44:04 -08:00
daminisatya fa71e44da1 Promote VolumeSubpathEnvExpansion to GA 2019-12-06 17:48:50 -05:00
Yasen Simeonov 8cfbabadbd add Antrea description in dev-1.17 (#17919) 2019-12-06 17:48:50 -05:00
Tim Bannister c3917a5e50 Cleanup kubectl generators docs (#17609)
* Write ReplicationController without a space

* Drop mentioning unsupported cluster versions

* Fix capitalization for “API group”

* Tweak wording

* Avoid using deprecated generator in example
2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Joe Betz 3d7e739b5b Add resource version section to api-concepts documentation (#16910)
* Add Resource Version semantics section to api concepts

* Clarify risks of going back in time, add details about compaction and watch cache sizes

* Apply suggestions from liggitt

Co-Authored-By: Jordan Liggitt <jordan@liggitt.net>

* remove pesudocode, apply feedback

* Fix typo

* Clarify equality rules
2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Cheng Pan 0247b7897e Update AWS EBS Migration Feature state (#16126) 2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Jordan Liggitt 3c40a092f7 Update WebhookAdmissionConfiguration examples (#17549) 2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Jordan Liggitt a8020b6275 AdmissionConfiguration v1 (#17548) 2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Jordan Liggitt 1bdaa20400 Update docs for v1 resource quota configuration (#17547) 2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Draven 162292ac2f feat: update TaintNodesByCondition in feature gates table (#17377) 2019-12-06 17:48:49 -05:00
Jianzhu Zhang fe6087b601 update doc for kubelet option --reserved-cpus (#17648) 2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
Patrick Lang 6fde238d15 doc: Simplify Windows deployments with RuntimeClass (#16697)
* doc: Simplify Windows deployments with RuntimeClass

* Updating on review feedback

* doc: Adding windows-build label from enhancement 1301
2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
Lubomir I. Ivanov 1156daf227 kubeadm: update the upgrade documentation for 1.17 (#17587) 2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
Draven 0e5d8e520e feat: graduate ResourceQuotaScopeSelectors to GA in 1.17 (#17554) 2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
Tim Bannister 6be1509c2b Update Node concept for TaintNodesByCondition going GA (#17577) 2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
Deep Debroy fea3bf18c5 Update list of feature flags for in-tree plugins migrated to CSI (#17533)
Signed-off-by: Deep Debroy <ddebroy@docker.com>
2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
John Belamaric d8ee2090f2 Service topology alpha documentation (#17459) 2019-12-06 17:48:48 -05:00
Andrew Sy Kim a4447802db add topology.kubernetes.io/zone, topology.kubernetes.io/region and node.kubernetes.io/instance-type labels to docs (#17498)
Signed-off-by: Andrew Sy Kim <kiman@vmware.com>
2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Lachlan Evenson 5702296827 (docs/dualstack): v1.17 updates (#17457)
* Add placehold doc updates for dualstack in 1.17

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* Add Downward API and /etc/hosts Pod IP validation

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* remove addressed known issue via k/k pr 85246

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* Remove known issue and add flag as part of k/k 79993

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* remove follow up placeholders

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* Update verbiage

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* Make IP addressing consistent throughout the task

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* Update to status.podIPs

Signed-off-by: Lachlan Evenson <lachlan.evenson@microsoft.com>

* Update content/en/docs/tasks/network/validate-dual-stack.md

Use set instead of env

Co-Authored-By: Khaled Henidak (Kal) <khnidk@outlook.com>
2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Rob Scott 6e6f90acc1 Updating EndpointSlice documentation for beta release in 1.17 (#17411) 2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Xing Yang 38684c3035 Add documentation for VolumeSnapshot Beta (#17233) 2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Dr. Stefan Schimanski d42940b264 Update CRD defaulting docs for GA (#17450) 2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Louise Daly bfa4e7ca9d Fix broken Topology Manager link (#17746)
Part of What's Next Device Plugin section
2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Louise Daly e1f50b1d63 Update Topology Manager docs (#17451)
* Added information on how device plugins can take advantage
of Topology Manager
* Updated the Topology Manager documentation to include additionalinformation and update some out of date sections
2019-12-06 17:48:47 -05:00
Zihong Zheng 9278d3cfac Update service load balancer finalizer doc for GA (#17438) 2019-12-06 17:48:46 -05:00
Lee Verberne 50d9795fb8 Promote PodShareProcessNamespace to stable (#17192)
* Promote PodShareProcessNamespace to stable

* Add for_k8s_version to feature-state label

Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com>

* Readd version-check to shareProcessNamespace task
2019-12-06 17:48:46 -05:00
Fabio Bertinatto 68ef194ead Promote Node-specific volume limits to GA (#17432) 2019-12-06 17:48:46 -05:00
Patrick Lang 7524f7d954 Update RunAsUsername to beta (#17460)
* doc:Update RunAsUsername to beta

* doc: update samples - kubernetes.io/os is no longer beta

* Updating based on review feedback
2019-12-06 17:48:46 -05:00
Michelle Au ddd2a14a7c Update docs for csi topology ga (#17408) 2019-12-06 17:48:46 -05:00
Wojciech Tyczynski 1a884b1f97 Promote NodeLease feature to GA (#17189) 2019-12-06 17:48:46 -05:00
David Zhu b04abcfb61 Move CSIMigration and CSIMigrationGCE to Beta in Kubernetes v1.17 (#17478) 2019-12-06 17:48:45 -05:00
Ciprian Hacman 3c89724c93 Use exact version numbers for installing Docker in Ubuntu (#17428) 2019-12-06 17:48:45 -05:00
Ciprian Hacman 703b2658c2 Update Docker installation instructions (#17405) 2019-12-06 17:48:45 -05:00
Draven 012a41a5fc feat: graduate ScheduleDaemonSetPods to GA (#17350) 2019-12-06 17:48:45 -05:00
Wojciech Tyczynski 877978350f Watch bookmarks to GA (#17026) 2019-12-06 17:48:45 -05:00
Matthias Bertschy dde56f2463 Promote StartupProbe to beta (enabled by default). (#17164) 2019-12-06 17:48:45 -05:00
Draven 3dd265c40b feat: graduate TaintNodesByCondition to GA (#17073) 2019-12-06 17:48:44 -05:00
2056 changed files with 25850 additions and 169360 deletions
+17 -20
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@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
<!-- 🛈
Hello!
Remember to ADD A DESCRIPTION and delete this note before submitting
your pull request. The description should explain what will change,
and why.
For overall help on editing and submitting pull requests, visit:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/#improve-existing-content
Use the default base branch, “master”, if you're documenting existing
features in the English localization.
If you're working on a different localization (not English), or you
are documenting a feature that will be part of a future release, see
https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start#choose-which-git-branch-to-use
for advice.
-->
>^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> Remember to delete this note before submitting your pull request.
>
> For pull requests on 1.17 Features: set Milestone to 1.17 and Base Branch to dev-1.17
>
> For pull requests on Chinese localization, set Base Branch to release-1.16
> Feel free to ask questions in #kubernetes-docs-zh
>
> For pull requests on Korean Localization: set Base Branch to dev-1.16-ko.\<latest team milestone>
>
> If you need Help on editing and submitting pull requests, visit:
> https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/#improve-existing-content.
>
> If you need Help on choosing which branch to use, visit:
> https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start#choose-which-git-branch-to-use.
>^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>
+1 -1
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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
FROM alpine:latest
LABEL maintainer="Luc Perkins <lperkins@linuxfoundation.org>"
MAINTAINER Luc Perkins <lperkins@linuxfoundation.org>
RUN apk add --no-cache \
curl \
+6 -6
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
DOCKER = docker
HUGO_VERSION = $(shell grep ^HUGO_VERSION netlify.toml | tail -n 1 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d " \"\n")
HUGO_VERSION = 0.59.1
DOCKER_IMAGE = kubernetes-hugo
DOCKER_RUN = $(DOCKER) run --rm --interactive --tty --volume $(CURDIR):/src
NODE_BIN = node_modules/.bin
@@ -18,18 +18,15 @@ build: ## Build site with production settings and put deliverables in ./public
build-preview: ## Build site with drafts and future posts enabled
hugo --buildDrafts --buildFuture
deploy-preview: ## Deploy preview site via netlify
hugo --enableGitInfo --buildFuture -b $(DEPLOY_PRIME_URL)
functions-build:
$(NETLIFY_FUNC) build functions-src
check-headers-file:
scripts/check-headers-file.sh
production-build: build check-headers-file ## Build the production site and ensure that noindex headers aren't added
production-build: check-hugo-versions build check-headers-file ## Build the production site and ensure that noindex headers aren't added
non-production-build: ## Build the non-production site, which adds noindex headers to prevent indexing
non-production-build: check-hugo-versions ## Build the non-production site, which adds noindex headers to prevent indexing
hugo --enableGitInfo
serve: ## Boot the development server.
@@ -47,3 +44,6 @@ docker-serve:
test-examples:
scripts/test_examples.sh install
scripts/test_examples.sh run
check-hugo-versions:
scripts/hugo-version-check.sh $(HUGO_VERSION)
+6 -38
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@@ -19,13 +19,9 @@ aliases:
sig-docs-blog-owners: # Approvers for blog content
- castrojo
- kbarnard10
- onlydole
- zacharysarah
- mrbobbytables
sig-docs-blog-reviewers: # Reviewers for blog content
- castrojo
- cody-clark
- kbarnard10
- mrbobbytables
- onlydole
- parispittman
@@ -39,39 +35,26 @@ aliases:
- mkorbi
- rlenferink
sig-docs-en-owners: # Admins for English content
- bradamant3
- bradtopol
- daminisatya
- gochist
- jaredbhatti
- jimangel
- kbarnard10
- kbhawkey
- makoscafee
- onlydole
- Rajakavitha1
- sftim
- rajakavitha1
- ryanmcginnis
- simplytunde
- steveperry-53
- tengqm
- vineethreddy02
- xiangpengzhao
- zacharysarah
- zparnold
sig-docs-en-reviews: # PR reviews for English content
- bradtopol
- daminisatya
- jaredbhatti
- jimangel
- kbarnard10
- kbhawkey
- makoscafee
- onlydole
- rajakavitha1
- rajeshdeshpande02
- sftim
- steveperry-53
- tengqm
- xiangpengzhao
- zacharysarah
- zparnold
sig-docs-es-owners: # Admins for Spanish content
- raelga
- alexbrand
@@ -92,8 +75,6 @@ aliases:
- jygastaud
- awkif
- oussemos
- anthonydahanne
- feloy
sig-docs-fr-reviews: # PR reviews for French content
- remyleone
- perriea
@@ -106,8 +87,6 @@ aliases:
- jygastaud
- awkif
- oussemos
- anthonydahanne
- feloy
sig-docs-hi-owners: # Admins for Hindi content
- avidLearnerInProgress
- daminisatya
@@ -125,12 +104,10 @@ aliases:
- girikuncoro
- irvifa
sig-docs-it-owners: # Admins for Italian content
- fabriziopandini
- mattiaperi
- micheleberardi
- rlenferink
sig-docs-it-reviews: # PR reviews for Italian content
- fabriziopandini
- mattiaperi
- micheleberardi
- rlenferink
@@ -157,6 +134,7 @@ aliases:
- ianychoi
- seokho-son
sig-docs-maintainers: # Website maintainers
- bradamant3
- jimangel
- kbarnard10
- pwittrock
@@ -172,7 +150,6 @@ aliases:
- lichuqiang
- markthink
- SataQiu
- tengqm
- xiangpengzhao
- xichengliudui
- zacharysarah
@@ -191,12 +168,10 @@ aliases:
- femrtnz
- jcjesus
- devlware
- jhonmike
sig-docs-pt-reviews: # PR reviews for Portugese content
- femrtnz
- jcjesus
- devlware
- jhonmike
sig-docs-vi-owners: # Admins for Vietnamese content
- huynguyennovem
- ngtuna
@@ -215,10 +190,3 @@ aliases:
- aisonaku
- potapy4
- dianaabv
sig-docs-pl-owners: # Admins for Polish content
- mfilocha
- nvtkaszpir
sig-docs-pl-reviews: # PR reviews for Polish content
- mfilocha
- nvtkaszpir
- kpucynski
+1 -1
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@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ El método recomendado para levantar una copia local del sitio web kubernetes.io
> Para Windows, algunas otras herramientas como Make son necesarias. Puede instalarlas utilizando el gestor [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make` o siguiendo las instrucciones de [Make for Windows](http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/make.htm).
> Si prefiere levantar el sitio web sin utilizar **Docker**, puede seguir las instrucciones disponibles en la sección [Levantando kubernetes.io en local con Hugo](#levantando-kubernetesio-en-local-con-hugo).
> Si prefiere levantar el sitio web sin utilizar **Docker**, puede seguir las instrucciones disponibles en la sección [Levantando kubernetes.io en local con Hugo](#levantando-kubernetes.io-en-local-con-hugo).
Una vez tenga Docker [configurado en su máquina](https://www.docker.com/get-started), puede construir la imagen de Docker `kubernetes-hugo` localmente ejecutando el siguiente comando en la raíz del repositorio:
+1 -1
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@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ La façon recommandée d'exécuter le site web Kubernetes localement est d'utili
> Si vous êtes sous Windows, vous aurez besoin de quelques outils supplémentaires que vous pouvez installer avec [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install install make`
> Si vous préférez exécuter le site Web localement sans Docker, voir [Exécuter le site localement avec Hugo](#exécuter-le-site-localement-en-utilisant-hugo) ci-dessous.
> Si vous préférez exécuter le site Web localement sans Docker, voir [Exécuter le site localement avec Hugo](#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo) ci-dessous.
Si vous avez Docker [up and running](https://www.docker.com/get-started), construisez l'image Docker `kubernetes-hugo' localement:
+4 -4
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@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Selamat datang! Repositori ini merupakan wadah bagi semua komponen yang dibutuhk
Pertama, kamu dapat menekan tombol **Fork** yang berada pada bagian atas layar, untuk menyalin repositori pada akun Github-mu. Salinan ini disebut sebagai **fork**. Kamu dapat menambahkan konten pada **fork** yang kamu miliki, setelah kamu merasa cukup untuk menambahkan konten yang kamu miliki dan ingin memberikan konten tersebut pada kami, kamu dapat melihat **fork** yang telah kamu buat dan membuat **pull request** untuk memberi tahu kami bahwa kamu ingin menambahkan konten yang telah kamu buat.
Setelah kamu membuat sebuah **pull request**, seorang **reviewer** akan memberikan masukan terhadap konten yang kamu sediakan serta beberapa hal yang dapat kamu lakukan apabila perbaikan diperlukan terhadap konten yang telah kamu sediakan. Sebagai seorang yang membuat **pull request**, **sudah menjadi kewajiban kamu untuk melakukan modifikasi terhadap konten yang kamu berikan sesuai dengan masukan yang diberikan oleh seorang reviewer Kubernetes**. Perlu kamu ketahui bahwa kamu dapat saja memiliki lebih dari satu orang **reviewer Kubernetes** atau dalam kasus kamu bisa saja mendapatkan **reviewer Kubernetes** yang berbeda dengan **reviewer Kubernetes** awal yang ditugaskan untuk memberikan masukan terhadap konten yang kamu sediakan. Selain itu, seorang **reviewer Kubernetes** bisa saja meminta masukan teknis dari [reviewer teknis Kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers) jika diperlukan.
Setelah kamu membuat sebuah **pull request**, seorang **reviewer** akan memberikan masukan terhadap konten yang kamu sediakan serta beberapa hal yang dapat kamu lakukan apabila perbaikan diperlukan terhadap konten yang telah kamu sediakan. Sebagai seorang yang membuat **pull request**, **sudah menjadi kewajiban kamu untuk melakukan modifikasi terhadap konten yang kamu berikan sesuai dengan masukan yang diberikan oleh seorang reviewer Kubernetes**. Perlu kamu ketahui bahwa kamu dapat saja memiliki lebih dari satu orang **reviewer Kubernetes** atau dalam kasus kamu bisa saja mendapatkan **reviewer Kubernetes** yang berbeda dengan **reviewer Kubernetes** awal yang ditugaskan untuk memberikan masukan terhadap konten yang kamu sediakan. Selain itu, seorang **reviewer Kubernetes** bisa saja meminta masukan teknis dari [reviewer teknis Kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers) jika diperlukan.
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai tata cara melakukan kontribusi, kamu dapat melihat tautan di bawah ini:
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ Untuk informasi lebih lanjut mengenai tata cara melakukan kontribusi, kamu dapat
## Menjalankan Dokumentasi Kubernetes pada Mesin Lokal Kamu
Petunjuk yang disarankan untuk menjalankan Dokumentasi Kubernetes pada mesin lokal kamus adalah dengan menggunakan [Docker](https://docker.com) **image** yang memiliki **package** [Hugo](https://gohugo.io), **Hugo** sendiri merupakan generator website statis.
Petunjuk yang disarankan untuk menjalankan Dokumentasi Kubernetes pada mesin lokal kamus adalah dengan menggunakan [Docker](https://docker.com) **image** yang memiliki **package** [Hugo](https://gohugo.io), **Hugo** sendiri merupakan generator website statis.
> Jika kamu menggunakan Windows, kamu mungkin membutuhkan beberapa langkah tambahan untuk melakukan instalasi perangkat lunak yang dibutuhkan. Instalasi ini dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make`
> Jika kamu ingin menjalankan **website** tanpa menggunakan **Docker**, kamu dapat melihat tautan berikut [Petunjuk untuk menjalankan website pada mesin lokal dengan menggunakan Hugo](#petunjuk-untuk-menjalankan-website-pada-mesin-lokal-dengan-menggunakan-hugo) di bagian bawah.
> Jika kamu ingin menjalankan **website** tanpa menggunakan **Docker**, kamu dapat melihat tautan berikut [Petunjuk untuk menjalankan website pada mesin lokal dengan menggunakan Hugo](#petunjuk-untuk-menjalankan-website-pada-mesin-lokal-denga-menggunakan-hugo) di bagian bawah.
Jika kamu sudah memiliki **Docker** [yang sudah dapat digunakan](https://www.docker.com/get-started), kamu dapat melakukan **build** `kubernetes-hugo` **Docker image** secara lokal:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Buka **browser** kamu ke http://localhost:1313 untuk melihat laman dokumentasi.
## Petunjuk untuk menjalankan website pada mesin lokal dengan menggunakan Hugo
Kamu dapat melihat [dokumentasi resmi Hugo](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) untuk mengetahui langkah yang diperlukan untuk melakukan instalasi **Hugo**. Pastikan kamu melakukan instalasi versi **Hugo** sesuai dengan versi yang tersedia pada **environment variable** `HUGO_VERSION` pada **file**[`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9).
Kamu dapat melihat [dokumentasi resmi Hugo](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) untuk mengetahui langkah yang diperlukan untuk melakukan instalasi **Hugo**. Pastikan kamu melakukan instalasi versi **Hugo** sesuai dengan versi yang tersedia pada **environment variable** `HUGO_VERSION` pada **file**[`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9).
Untuk menjalankan laman pada mesin lokal setelah instalasi **Hugo**, kamu dapat menjalankan perintah berikut:
-71
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@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
# La documentazione di Kubernetes
[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website)
[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/kubernetes/website.svg)](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/releases/latest)
Benvenuto! Questo repository contiene tutte le informazioni necessarie per creare la [documentazione e il sito web di Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/). Siamo onorati che tu voglia contribuire!
## Come contribuire alla documentazione
Puoi premere il pulsante **Fork** in alto nella parte destra dello schermo per creare una copia di questo repository sotto la tua utenza di GitHub. Questa copia è chiamata un *fork*. Puoi fare tutte le modifiche che vuoi nel tuo fork, e quando sei pronto a mandarci i cambiamenti, vai sulla pagina del tuo fork e crea una nuova pull request per farcelo sapere.
Una volta che hai creato la pull request, un reviewer (revisore) Kubernetes la prenderà in carico per fornire un feedback chiaro e concretamente attuabile. Come owner della pull request, **è tua responsabilità modificare la tua pull request per rispondere al feedback che ti è stato fornito dal reviewer Kubernetes**. Inoltre, tieni presente che potresti ricevere feedback da più di un Reviewer di Kubernetes, incluse quindi persone diverse da quella che ti ha fornito il primo feedback. In alcuni casi, uno dei tuoi reviewer potrebbe richiedere una revisione tecnica da un [technical reviewer di Kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers) quando necessario. I reviewer faranno del loro meglio per fornire feedback in modo tempestivo, ma i tempi di risposta possono variare in base alle circostanze.
Per maggiori informazioni su come contribuire alla documentazione Kubernetes, vedi:
* [Cominciare a contribuire](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [Vedere le modifiche localmente](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [Utilizzare i template delle pagine](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Guida Stilistica per la documentazione di Kubernetes](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Tradurre la documentazione di Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)
## Eseguire il sito Web localmente usando Docker
Il modo consigliato per eseguire localmente il sito Web Kubernetes prevede l'utilizzo di un'immagine [Docker](https://docker.com) inclusa nel sito e configurata con tutti i software necessari, a partire dal generatore di siti web statici [Hugo](https://gohugo.io).
> Se stai utilizzando Windows, avrai bisogno di alcuni strumenti aggiuntivi che puoi installare con [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make`
> Se preferisci eseguire il sito Web localmente senza Docker, vedi [Eseguire il sito Web localmente utilizzando Hugo](#eseguire-il-sito-web-localmente-utilizzando-hugo) di seguito.
Se hai Docker [attivo e funzionante](https://www.docker.com/get-started), crea l'immagine Docker `kubernetes-hugo` localmente:
```bash
make docker-image
```
Dopo aver creato l'immagine, è possibile eseguire il sito Web localmente:
```bash
make docker-serve
```
Apri il tuo browser su http://localhost:1313 per visualizzare il sito Web. Mentre modifichi i file sorgenti, Hugo aggiorna automaticamente il sito Web e forza un aggiornamento della pagina visualizzata nel browser.
## Eseguire il sito Web localmente utilizzando Hugo
Vedi la [documentazione ufficiale di Hugo](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) per le istruzioni di installazione di Hugo. Assicurati di installare esattamente la versione di Hugo specificata dalla variabile d'ambiente `HUGO_VERSION` nel file [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9).
Per eseguire il sito Web localmente dopo aver installato Hugo:
```bash
make serve
```
Questo comando avvierà il server Hugo locale sulla porta 1313. Apri il tuo browser su http://localhost:1313 per visualizzare il sito Web. Mentre apporti modifiche ai file di origine, Hugo aggiorna il sito Web e forza un aggiornamento del browser.
## Community, discussioni, contribuire e supporto
Scopri come interagire con la community di Kubernetes nella [pagina della community](http://kubernetes.io/community/).
Puoi contattare i maintainers di questo progetto su:
- [Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs)
- [Mailing List](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-docs)
### Codice di condotta
La partecipazione alla comunità Kubernetes è regolata dal [Codice di condotta di Kubernetes](code-of-conduct.md).
## Grazie!
Kubernetes prospera grazie alla partecipazione della comunity e apprezziamo i tuoi contributi al nostro sito Web e alla nostra documentazione!
-87
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@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
# Dokumentacja projektu Kubernetes
[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/kubernetes/website)
[![GitHub release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/kubernetes/website.svg)](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/releases/latest)
Witamy!
W tym repozytorium znajdziesz wszystko, czego potrzebujesz do zbudowania [strony internetowej Kubernetesa wraz z dokumentacją](https://kubernetes.io/). Bardzo nam miło, że chcesz wziąć udział w jej współtworzeniu!
## Twój wkład w dokumentację
Możesz kliknąć w przycisk **Fork** w prawym górnym rogu ekranu, aby stworzyć kopię tego repozytorium na swoim koncie GitHub. Taki rodzaj kopii (odgałęzienia) nazywa się *fork*. Zmieniaj w nim, co chcesz, a kiedy będziesz już gotowy/a przesłać te zmiany do nas, przejdź do swojej kopii i stwórz nowy *pull request*, abyśmy zostali o tym poinformowani.
Po stworzeniu *pull request*, jeden z recenzentów projektu Kubernetes podejmie się przekazania jasnych wskazówek pozwalających podjąć następne działania. Na Tobie, jako właścicielu *pull requesta*, **spoczywa odpowiedzialność za wprowadzenie poprawek zgodnie z uwagami recenzenta.** Może też się zdarzyć, że swoje uwagi zgłosi więcej niż jeden recenzent, lub że recenzję będzie robił ktoś inny, niż ten, kto został przydzielony na początku. W niektórych przypadkach, jeśli zajdzie taka potrzeba, recenzent może poprosić dodatkowo o recenzję jednego z [recenzentów technicznych](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers). Recenzenci zrobią wszystko, aby odpowiedzieć sprawnie, ale konkretny czas odpowiedzi zależy od wielu czynników.
Więcej informacji na temat współpracy przy tworzeniu dokumentacji znajdziesz na stronach:
* [Jak rozpocząć współpracę](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/start/)
* [Podgląd wprowadzanych zmian w dokumentacji](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/intermediate#view-your-changes-locally)
* [Szablony stron](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/page-templates/)
* [Styl pisania dokumentacji](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Lokalizacja dokumentacji Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)
## Różne wersje językowe `README.md`
| | |
|---|---|
|[README po francusku](README-fr.md)|[README po koreańsku](README-ko.md)|
|[README po niemiecku](README-de.md)|[README po portugalsku](README-pt.md)|
|[README w hindi](README-hi.md)|[README po hiszpańsku](README-es.md)|
|[README po indonezyjsku](README-id.md)|[README po chińsku](README-zh.md)|
|[README po japońsku](README-ja.md)|[README po polsku](README-pl.md)|
|||
## Jak uruchomić lokalną kopię strony przy pomocy Dockera?
Zalecaną metodą uruchomienia serwisu internetowego Kubernetesa lokalnie jest użycie specjalnego obrazu [Dockera](https://docker.com), który zawiera generator stron statycznych [Hugo](https://gohugo.io).
> Użytkownicy Windows będą potrzebowali dodatkowych narzędzi, które mogą zainstalować przy pomocy [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org).
```bash
choco install make
```
> Jeśli wolisz uruchomić serwis lokalnie bez Dockera, przeczytaj [jak uruchomić serwis lokalnie przy pomocy Hugo](#jak-uruchomić-serwis-lokalnie-przy-pomocy-hugo) poniżej.
Jeśli [zainstalowałeś i uruchomiłeś](https://www.docker.com/get-started) już Dockera, zbuduj obraz `kubernetes-hugo` lokalnie:
```bash
make docker-image
```
Po zbudowaniu obrazu, możesz uruchomić serwis lokalnie:
```bash
make docker-serve
```
Aby obejrzeć zawartość serwisu otwórz w przeglądarce adres http://localhost:1313. Po każdej zmianie plików źródłowych, Hugo automatycznie aktualizuje stronę i odświeża jej widok w przeglądarce.
## Jak uruchomić lokalną kopię strony przy pomocy Hugo?
Zajrzyj do [oficjalnej dokumentacji Hugo](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/) po instrukcję instalacji. Upewnij się, że instalujesz rozszerzoną wersję Hugo, określoną przez zmienną środowiskową `HUGO_VERSION` w pliku [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9).
Aby uruchomić serwis lokalnie po instalacji Hugo, napisz:
```bash
make serve
```
Zostanie uruchomiony lokalny serwer Hugo na porcie 1313. Otwórz w przeglądarce adres http://localhost:1313, aby obejrzeć zawartość serwisu. Po każdej zmianie plików źródłowych, Hugo automatycznie aktualizuje stronę i odświeża jej widok w przeglądarce.
## Społeczność, listy dyskusyjne, uczestnictwo i wsparcie
Zajrzyj na stronę [społeczności](http://kubernetes.io/community/), aby dowiedzieć się, jak możesz zaangażować się w jej działania.
Możesz kontaktować się z gospodarzami projektu za pomocą:
* [Komunikatora Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs)
* [List dyskusyjnych](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-docs)
### Zasady postępowania
Udział w działaniach społeczności Kubernetes jest regulowany przez [Kodeks postępowania](code-of-conduct.md).
## Dziękujemy!
Kubernetes rozkwita dzięki zaangażowaniu społeczności — doceniamy twój wkład w tworzenie naszego serwisu i dokumentacji!
+16 -16
View File
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
## Вклад в документацию
Нажмите на кнопку **Fork** в правом верхнем углу, чтобы создать копию этого репозитория в ваш GitHub-аккаунт. Эта копия называется *форк-репозиторием*. Делайте любые изменения в вашем форк-репозитории, и когда вы будете готовы опубликовать изменения, откройте форк-репозиторий и создайте новый пулреквест, чтобы уведомить нас.
Нажмите на кнопку **Fork** в правом верхнем углу, чтобы создать копию этого репозитория в ваш GitHub-аккаунт. Это копия называется *форк-репозиторием*. Делайте любые изменения в вашем форк-репозитории, и когда вы будете готовы опубликовать изменения, откройте форк-репозиторий и создайте новый пулреквест, чтобы уведомить нас.
После того, как вы отправите пулреквест, ревьювер Kubernetes даст по нему обратную связь. Вы, как автор пулреквеста, **должны обновить свой пулреквест после его рассмотрения ревьювером Kubernetes.** Вполне возможно, что более одного ревьювера Kubernetes оставят свои комментарии или даже может быть так, что новый комментарий ревьювера Kubernetes будет отличаться от первоначального назначенного ревьювера. Кроме того, в некоторых случаях один из ревьюверов может запросить технический обзор у [технического ревьювера Kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/website/wiki/Tech-reviewers), если это будет необходимо. Ревьюверы сделают все возможное, чтобы как можно оперативно оставить свои предложения и пожелания, но время ответа может варьироваться в зависимости от обстоятельств.
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@
* [Руководство по оформлению документации](http://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/)
* [Руководство по локализации Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/localization/)
## Файл `README.md` на других языках
| | |
|-------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| [Французский](README-fr.md) | [Корейский](README-ko.md) |
| [Немецкий](README-de.md) | [Португальский](README-pt.md) |
| [Хинди](README-hi.md) | [Испанский](README-es.md) |
| [Индонезийский](README-id.md) | [Китайский](README-zh.md) |
| | |
## `README.md` файлы на других языках
| | |
|---|---|
|[Французский](README-fr.md)|[Корейский](README-ko.md)|
|[Немецкий](README-de.md)|[Португальский](README-pt.md)|
|[Хинди README](README-hi.md)|[Испанский](README-es.md)|
|[Индонезийский](README-id.md)|[Китайский](README-zh.md)|
|||
## Запуск сайта локально с помощью Docker
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
> Если вы используете Windows, вам необходимо установить дополнительные инструменты через [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make`
> Если вы хотите запустить сайт локально без Docker, обратитесь к разделу [Запуск сайта с помощью Hugo](#запуск-сайта-с-помощью-hugo) ниже на этой странице.
> Если вы хотите запустить сайт локально без Docker, обратитесь к разделу [Запуск сайта с помощью Hugo](#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo) ниже на этой странице.
Когда Docker [установлен и запущен](https://www.docker.com/get-started), соберите локально Docker-образ `kubernetes-hugo`, выполнив команду в консоли:
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ make docker-serve
Откройте браузер и перейдите по ссылке http://localhost:1313, чтобы открыть сайт. Если вы редактируете исходные файлы сайта, Hugo автоматически применит изменения и обновит страницу в браузере.
## Запуск сайта с помощью Hugo
## Запуск веб-сайта с помощью Hugo {#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo}
Обратитесь к [официальной документации Hugo](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/), чтобы установить Hugo. Убедитесь, что вы установили правильную версию Hugo, которая устанавливается в переменной окружения `HUGO_VERSION` в файле [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L10).
Обратитесь к [официальной документации Hugo](https://gohugo.io/getting-started/installing/), чтобы установить Hugo. Убедитесь, что вы установили правильную версию Hugo, которая устанавливается в переменной окружения `HUGO_VERSION` в файле [`netlify.toml`](netlify.toml#L9).
После установки Hugo, чтобы запустить сайт, выполните в консоли:
@@ -60,20 +60,20 @@ make docker-serve
make serve
```
Эта команда запустит сервер Hugo на порту 1313. Откройте браузер и перейдите по ссылке http://localhost:1313, чтобы открыть сайт. Если вы отредактируете исходные файлы сайта, Hugo автоматически применит изменения и обновит страницу в браузере.
Эта команда запустит сервер Hugo на порту 1313. Откройте браузер и перейдите по ссылке http://localhost:1313, чтобы открыть сайта. Если вы отредактируете исходные файлы сайта, Hugo автоматически применит изменения и обновит страницу в браузере.
## Сообщество, обсуждение, вклад и поддержка
Узнайте, как поучаствовать в жизни сообщества Kubernetes на [странице сообщества](http://kubernetes.io/community/).
Вы можете связаться с сопровождающими этого проекта по следующим ссылкам:
Вы можете связаться с сопровождающими этого проекта по:
- [Канал в Slack](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs)
- [Рассылка](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kubernetes-sig-docs)
### Кодекс поведения
### Нормы поведения
Участие в сообществе Kubernetes регулируется [кодексом поведения Kubernetes](code-of-conduct.md).
Участие в сообществе Kubernetes регулируется [нормами поведения Kubernetes](code-of-conduct.md).
## Спасибо!
+1 -1
View File
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Cách được đề xuất để chạy trang web Kubernetes cục bộ là dù
> Nếu bạn làm việc trên môi trường Windows, bạn sẽ cần thêm môt vài công cụ mà bạn có thể cài đặt với [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make`
> Nếu bạn không muốn dùng Docker để chạy trang web cục bộ, hãy xem [Chạy website cục bộ dùng Hugo](#chạy-website-cục-bộ-dùng-hugo) dưới đây.
> Nếu bạn không muốn dùng Docker để chạy trang web cục bộ, hãy xem [Chạy website cục bộ dùng Hugo](#Chạy website cục bộ dùng Hugo) dưới đây.
Nếu bạn có Docker đang [up và running](https://www.docker.com/get-started), build `kubernetes-hugo` Docker image cục bộ:
+2 -3
View File
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ For more information about contributing to the Kubernetes documentation, see:
|[Hindi README](README-hi.md)|[Spanish README](README-es.md)|
|[Indonesian README](README-id.md)|[Chinese README](README-zh.md)|
|[Japanese README](README-ja.md)|[Vietnamese README](README-vi.md)|
|[Russian README](README-ru.md)|[Italian README](README-it.md)|
|[Polish README](README-pl.md)||
|[Russian README](README-ru.md)|
|||
## Running the website locally using Docker
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ The recommended way to run the Kubernetes website locally is to run a specialize
> If you are running on Windows, you'll need a few more tools which you can install with [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org). `choco install make`
> If you'd prefer to run the website locally without Docker, see [Running the website locally using Hugo](#running-the-website-locally-using-hugo) below.
> If you'd prefer to run the website locally without Docker, see [Running the website locally using Hugo](#running-the-site-locally-using-hugo) below.
If you have Docker [up and running](https://www.docker.com/get-started), build the `kubernetes-hugo` Docker image locally:
+1 -1
View File
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@
# DO NOT REPORT SECURITY VULNERABILITIES DIRECTLY TO THESE NAMES, FOLLOW THE
# INSTRUCTIONS AT https://kubernetes.io/security/
bradamant3
jimangel
kbarnard10
zacharysarah
+2 -9
View File
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ header
z-index: 8888
background-color: transparent
box-shadow: 0 0 0 transparent
overflow: hidden
transition: 0.3s
text-align: center
overflow: hidden
.logo
@@ -245,7 +245,6 @@ header
background-color: white
#mainNav
h5
color: $blue
font-weight: normal
@@ -578,9 +577,6 @@ section
li
display: inline-block
height: 100%
margin-right: 10px
&:last-child
margin-right: 0
a
display: block
@@ -601,11 +597,11 @@ section
#vendorStrip
line-height: 44px
max-width: 100%
overflow-x: auto
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch
ul
float: none
overflow-x: auto
#searchBox
float: none
@@ -1055,9 +1051,6 @@ dd
a.issue
margin-left: 0px
.gridPageHome .flyout-button
display: none
.feedback--no
margin-left: 1em
+3 -5
View File
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ $video-section-height: 550px
padding-right: 10px
#home
section, header
section, header, footer
.main-section
max-width: 1000px
@@ -178,18 +178,16 @@ $video-section-height: 550px
nav
overflow: hidden
margin-bottom: 20px
display: flex
justify-content: space-between
a
width: auto
width: 16.65%
float: left
font-size: 24px
font-weight: 300
white-space: nowrap
.social
padding: 0
padding: 0 30px
max-width: 1200px
div
+2 -4
View File
@@ -133,21 +133,18 @@ $feature-box-div-width: 45%
max-width: 25%
max-height: 100%
transform: translateY(-50%)
width: 100%
&:nth-child(odd)
padding-right: 210px
.image-wrapper
right: 0
text-align: right
&:nth-child(even)
padding-left: 210px
.image-wrapper
left: 0
text-align: left
&:nth-child(1)
padding-right: 0
@@ -222,8 +219,9 @@ $feature-box-div-width: 45%
footer
nav
text-align: center
a
width: auto
width: 30%
padding: 0 20px
.social
+25 -37
View File
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ time_format_blog = "Monday, January 02, 2006"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
showedit = true
latest = "v1.18"
latest = "v1.17"
fullversion = "v1.18.0"
version = "v1.18"
fullversion = "v1.17.0"
version = "v1.17"
githubbranch = "master"
docsbranch = "master"
deprecated = false
@@ -83,6 +83,12 @@ announcement = false
# announcement_message is only displayed when announcement = true; update with your specific message
announcement_message = "The Kubernetes Documentation team would like your feedback! Please take a <a href='https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/8R237FN' target='_blank'>short survey</a> so we can improve the Kubernetes online documentation."
[[params.versions]]
fullversion = "v1.17.0"
version = "v1.17"
githubbranch = "v1.17.0"
docsbranch = "release-1.17"
url = "https://kubernetes.io"
[params.pushAssets]
css = [
@@ -95,20 +101,6 @@ js = [
"script"
]
[[params.versions]]
fullversion = "v1.18.0"
version = "v1.18"
githubbranch = "v1.18.0"
docsbranch = "release-1.18"
url = "https://kubernetes.io"
[[params.versions]]
fullversion = "v1.17.0"
version = "v1.17"
githubbranch = "v1.17.0"
docsbranch = "release-1.17"
url = "https://v1-17.docs.kubernetes.io"
[[params.versions]]
fullversion = "v1.16.3"
version = "v1.16"
@@ -130,6 +122,13 @@ githubbranch = "v1.14.9"
docsbranch = "release-1.14"
url = "https://v1-14.docs.kubernetes.io"
[[params.versions]]
fullversion = "v1.13.12"
version = "v1.13"
githubbranch = "v1.13.12"
docsbranch = "release-1.13"
url = "https://v1-13.docs.kubernetes.io"
# Language definitions.
[languages]
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ weight = 1
[languages.zh]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "生产级别的容器编排系统"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName = "中文 Chinese"
weight = 2
contentDir = "content/zh"
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.ko]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "운영 수준의 컨테이너 오케스트레이션"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName = "한국어 Korean"
weight = 3
contentDir = "content/ko"
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.fr]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Solution professionnelle dorchestration de conteneurs"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="Français"
weight = 5
contentDir = "content/fr"
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.de]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Produktionsreife Container-Orchestrierung"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="Deutsch"
weight = 8
contentDir = "content/de"
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.es]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Orquestación de contenedores para producción"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="Español"
weight = 9
contentDir = "content/es"
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.id]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Orkestrasi Kontainer dengan Skala Produksi"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="Bahasa Indonesia"
weight = 10
contentDir = "content/id"
@@ -270,14 +269,14 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.vi]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Giải pháp điều phối container trong môi trường production"
languageName = "Tiếng Việt"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName = "Vietnamese"
contentDir = "content/vi"
weight = 12
[languages.ru]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Первоклассная оркестрация контейнеров"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName = "Русский"
weight = 12
contentDir = "content/ru"
@@ -287,14 +286,3 @@ time_format_blog = "02.01.2006"
# A list of language codes to look for untranslated content, ordered from left to right.
language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.pl]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Produkcyjny system zarządzania kontenerami"
languageName = "Polski"
weight = 13
contentDir = "content/pl"
[languages.pl.params]
time_format_blog = "01.02.2006"
# A list of language codes to look for untranslated content, ordered from left to right.
language_alternatives = ["en"]
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---
title: "Produktionsreife Container-Orchestrierung"
title: "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
abstract: "Automatisierte Bereitstellung, Skalierung und Verwaltung von Containern"
cid: home
---
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ Kubernetes ist Open Source und bietet Ihnen die Freiheit, die Infrastruktur vor
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe-2020/" button id="desktopKCButton">Besuchen Sie die KubeCon vom 30 März-2 Apr. 2020 in Amsterdam</a>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon-cloudnativecon-north-america-2019" button id="desktopKCButton">KubeCon vom 18-21. November 2019 in San Diego</a>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://www.lfasiallc.cn/kubecon-cloudnativecon-open-source-summit-china/" button id="desktopKCButton">Besuchen Sie die KubeCon vom 28-30 Juli 2020 in Shanghai</a>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe-2020/" button id="desktopKCButton">KubeCon vom 30 März-2 Apr. 2020 in Amsterdam</a>
</div>
<div id="videoPlayer">
<iframe data-url="https://www.youtube.com/embed/H06qrNmGqyE?autoplay=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
---
title: Community
layout: basic
cid: community
css: /css/community.css
---
<div class="community_main">
<h1>Kubernetes Community Code of Conduct</h1>
Kubernetes folgt dem
<a href="https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/master/code-of-conduct-languages/de.md">CNCF Verhaltenskodex</a>.
Der Kodex befindet sich weiter unten auf der Seite, wie er auch in
<a href="https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/214585e24aab747fb85c2ea44fbf4a2442e30de6/code-of-conduct-languages/de.md">Commit 214585e</a> gefunden werden kann.
Wenn dir auffällt, dass die hier gezeigte Version nicht mehr aktuell ist,
<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/website/issues/new">eröffne bitte ein Issue</a>.
Wenn dir bei einem Event, einem Meeting, in Slack oder einem anderen
Kommunikationskanal ein Verstoß gegen den Verhaltenskodex auffällt, wende dich an das <a href="https://git.k8s.io/community/committee-code-of-conduct">Kubernetes Code of Conduct Committee</a>.
Du kannst das Komitee über E-Mail erreichen: <a href="mailto:conduct@kubernetes.io">conduct@kubernetes.io</a>.
Deine Anonymität wird geschützt.
<div class="cncf_coc_container">
{{< include "/static/cncf-code-of-conduct.md" >}}
</div>
</div>
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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
The files in this directory have been imported from other sources. Do not
edit them directly, except by replacing them with new versions.
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
<!-- Do not edit this file directly. Get the latest from
https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/master/code-of-conduct.md -->
## CNCF Gemeinschafts-Verhaltenskodex v1.0
### Verhaltenskodex für Mitwirkende
Als Mitwirkende und Betreuer dieses Projekts und im Interesse der Förderung einer offenen und einladenden Gemeinschaft verpflichten wir uns dazu, alle Menschen zu respektieren, die durch Berichterstattung, Veröffentlichung von Eigenschaftsanfragen, Aktualisierung der Dokumentation, Einreichung von Pull-Anfragen oder Patches und anderen Aktivitäten einen Beitrag leisten.
Wir sind bestrebt, die Teilnahme an diesem Projekt für alle zu einer belästigungsfreien Erfahrung zu machen, unabhängig von Erfahrungsstand, Geschlecht, geschlechtsspezifischer Identität und Ausdruck, sexueller Orientierung, Behinderung, persönlichem Aussehen, Körpergröße, Rasse, ethnischer Herkunft, Alter, Religion oder Nationalität.
Beispiele für unzumutbares Verhalten der Teilnehmer sind:
- Der Gebrauch von sexualisierter Sprache oder Bildern
- Persönliche Angriffe
- Trolling oder beleidigende/herabwürdigende Kommentare
- Öffentliche oder private Belästigungen
- Veröffentlichung privater Informationen anderer, wie z.B. physischer oder elektronischer Adressen, ohne ausdrückliche Genehmigung
- Anderes unethisches oder unprofessionelles Verhalten.
Projektbetreuer haben das Recht und die Verantwortung, Kommentare, Commits, Code, Wiki-Bearbeitungen, Probleme und andere Beiträge zu entfernen, zu bearbeiten oder abzulehnen, die nicht mit diesem Verhaltenskodex übereinstimmen. Mit der Annahme dieses Verhaltenskodex verpflichten sich die Projektbetreuer, diese Grundsätze fair und konsequent auf jeden Aspekt der Projektleitung anzuwenden. Projektbetreuer, die den Verhaltenskodex nicht befolgen oder durchsetzen, können dauerhaft vom Projektteam ausgeschlossen werden.
Dieser Verhaltenskodex gilt sowohl innerhalb von Projekträumen als auch in öffentlichen Räumen, wenn eine Person das Projekt oder seine Gemeinschaft vertritt.
Fälle von missbräuchlichem, belästigendem oder anderweitig unzumutbarem Verhalten in Kubernetes können gemeldet werden, indem Sie sich an das [Kubernetes Komitee für Verhaltenskodex](https://git.k8s.io/community/committee-code-of-conduct) wenden unter <conduct@kubernetes.io>. Für andere Projekte wenden Sie sich bitte an einen CNCF-Projektbetreuer oder an unseren Mediator, Mishi Choudhary <mishi@linux.com>.
Dieser Verhaltenskodex wurde aus dem Contributor Covenant übernommen (http://contributor-covenant.org), Version 1.2.0, verfügbar unter http://contributor-covenant.org/version/1/2/0/
### CNCF Verhaltenskodex für Veranstaltungen
Für CNCF Veranstaltungen gilt der Verhaltenskodex der Linux Foundation, der auf der Veranstaltungsseite verfügbar ist. Diese ist so konzipiert, dass sie mit der oben genannten Richtlinie kompatibel ist und enthält auch weitere Details zur Reaktion auf Vorfälle.
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@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Wenn Sie beispielsweise mit der Kubernetes-API ein Deployment-Objekt erstellen,
### Kubernetes Master
Der Kubernetes-Master ist für Erhalt des gewünschten Status Ihres Clusters verantwortlich. Wenn Sie mit Kubernetes interagieren, beispielsweise mit dem Kommandozeilen-Tool `kubectl`, kommunizieren Sie mit dem Kubernetes-Master Ihres Clusters.
Der Kubernetes-Master ist für Erhalt des gewünschten Status Ihres Clusters verantwortlich. Wenn Sie mit Kubernetes interagieren, beispielsweise mit dem Kommanduzeilen-Tool `kubectl`, kommunizieren Sie mit dem Kubernetes-Master Ihres Clusters.
> Der Begriff "Master" bezeichnet dabei eine Reihe von Prozessen, die den Clusterstatus verwalten. Normalerweise werden diese Prozesse alle auf einem einzigen Node im Cluster ausgeführt. Dieser Node wird auch als Master bezeichnet. Der Master kann repliziert werden, um die Verfügbarkeit und Redundanz zu erhöhen.
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ Alle Kommunikationspfade vom Cluster zum Master enden beim Apiserver (keine der
In einem typischen Setup ist der Apiserver so konfiguriert, dass er Remote-Verbindungen an einem sicheren HTTPS-Port (443) mit einer oder mehreren Formen der [Clientauthentifizierung](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) überwacht.
Eine oder mehrere Formene von [Autorisierung](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) sollte aktiviert sein, insbesondere wenn [anonyme Anfragen](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#anonymous-requests) oder [Service Account Tokens](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#service-account-tokens) aktiviert sind.
Nodes sollten mit dem öffentlichen Stammzertifikat für den Cluster konfiguriert werden, sodass sie eine sichere Verbindung zum Apiserver mit gültigen Client-Anmeldeinformationen herstellen können.
Nodes sollten mit dem öffentlichen Stammzertifikat für den Cluster konfigurirert werden, sodass sie eine sichere Verbindung zum Apiserver mit gültigen Client-Anmeldeinformationen herstellen können.
Beispielsweise bei einer gewöhnlichen GKE-Konfiguration enstprechen die dem kubelet zur Verfügung gestellten Client-Anmeldeinformationen eines Client-Zertifikats.
Lesen Sie über [kubelet TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) zur automatisierten Bereitstellung von kubelet-Client-Zertifikaten.
Pods, die eine Verbindung zum Apiserver herstellen möchten, können dies auf sichere Weise tun, indem sie ein Dienstkonto verwenden, sodass Kubernetes das öffentliche Stammzertifikat und ein gültiges Trägertoken automatisch in den Pod einfügt, wenn er instanziiert wird.
Pods, die eine Verbindung zum Apiserver herstellen möchten, können dies auf sichere Weise tun, indem sie ein Dienstkonto verwenden, sodass Kubernetes das öffentliche Stammzertifikat und ein gültiges Trägertoken automatisch in den Pod einfügt, wenn er instanziert wird.
Der `kubernetes`-Dienst (in allen Namespaces) ist mit einer virtuellen IP-Adresse konfiguriert, die (über den Kube-Proxy) an den HTTPS-Endpunkt auf dem Apiserver umgeleitet wird.
Die Master-Komponenten kommunizieren auch über den sicheren Port mit dem Cluster-Apiserver.
@@ -34,26 +34,26 @@ Der Standardbetriebsmodus für Verbindungen vom Cluster (Knoten und Pods, die au
## Master zum Cluster
Es gibt zwei primäre Kommunikationspfade vom Master (Apiserver) zum Cluster.
Der Erste ist vom Apiserver hin zum Kubelet-Prozess, der auf jedem Node im Cluster ausgeführt wird.
Der Zweite ist vom Apiserver zu einem beliebigen Node, Pod oder Dienst über die Proxy-Funktionalität des Apiservers.
Der erste ist vom Apiserver bis zum Kubelet-Prozess, der auf jedem Node im Cluster ausgeführt wird.
Der zweite ist vom Apiserver zu einem beliebigen Node, Pod oder Dienst über die Proxy-Funktionalität des Apiservers.
### Apiserver zum kubelet
Die Verbindungen vom Apiserver zum Kubelet werden verwendet für:
* Das Abrufen von Protokollen für Pods.
* Das Verbinden (durch kubectl) mit laufenden Pods.
* Die Bereitstellung der Portweiterleitungsfunktion des kubelet.
* Abrufen von Protokollen für Pods.
* Verbinden (durch kubectl) mit laufenden Pods.
* Bereitstellung der Portweiterleitungsfunktion des kubelet.
Diese Verbindungen enden am HTTPS-Endpunkt des kubelet.
Standardmäßig überprüft der Apiserver das Serverzertifikat des Kubelets nicht, was die Verbindung angreifbar für Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe macht. Die Kommunikation ist daher **unsicher**, wenn die Verbindungen über nicht vertrauenswürdige und/oder öffentliche Netzwerke laufen.
Standardmäßig überprüft der Apiserver das Serverzertifikat des Kubelet nicht, was die Verbindung von angreifbar für Man-in-the-Middle-Angriffe macht, und ist es ist daher **unsicher** wenn die Verbindungen über nicht vertrauenswürdige und/oder öffentliche Netzwerke laufen.
Um diese Verbindung zu überprüfen, verwenden Sie das Flag `--kubelet-certificate-authority`, um dem Apiserver ein Stammzertifikatbündel bereitzustellen, das zur Überprüfung des Server-Zertifikats des kubelets verwendet wird.
Um diese Verbindung zu überprüfen, verwenden Sie das Flag `--kubelet-certificate-authority`, um dem Apiserver ein Stammzertifikatbündel bereitzustellen, das zur Überprüfung des Server-Zertifikats des kubelet verwendet wird.
Wenn dies nicht möglich ist, verwenden Sie [SSH tunneling](/docs/concepts/architecture/master-node-communication/#ssh-tunnels)
zwischen dem Apiserver und dem kubelet, falls es erforderlich ist eine Verbindung über ein nicht vertrauenswürdiges oder öffentliches Netz zu vermeiden.
zwischen dem Apiserver und kubelet, falls erforderlich, um eine Verbindung über ein nicht vertrauenswürdiges oder öffentliches Netz zu vermeiden.
Außerdem sollte [Kubelet Authentifizierung und/oder Autorisierung](/docs/admin/kubelet-authentication-authorization/) aktiviert sein, um die kubelet-API abzusichern.
Ausserdem sollte, [Kubelet Authentifizierung und/oder Autorisierung](/docs/admin/kubelet-authentication-authorization/) sollte aktiviert sein, um die kubelet-API zu sichern.
### Apiserver zu Nodes, Pods und Services
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ Diese Verbindungen **sind derzeit nicht sicher** innerhalb von nicht vertrauensw
### SSH Tunnels
Kubernetes unterstützt SSH-Tunnel zum Schutz der Master -> Cluster Kommunikationspfade.
In dieser Konfiguration initiiert der Apiserver einen SSH-Tunnel zu jedem Node im Cluster (Verbindung mit dem SSH-Server, der mit Port 22 läuft), und leitet den gesamten Datenverkehr für ein kubelet, einen Node, einen Pod oder einen Dienst durch den Tunnel.
Kubernetes unterstützt SSH-Tunnel zum Schutz der Kommunikationspfade von Master -> Cluster.
In dieser Konfiguration initiiert der Apiserver einen SSH-Tunnel zu jedem Nodem im Cluster (Verbindung mit dem SSH-Server, der Port 22 läuft), und leitet den gesamten Datenverkehr für ein kubelet, einen Node, einen Pod oder einen Dienst durch den Tunnel.
Dieser Tunnel stellt sicher, dass der Datenverkehr nicht außerhalb des Netzwerks sichtbar ist, in dem die Knoten ausgeführt werden.
SSH-Tunnel werden zur Zeit nicht unterstützt. Sie sollten also nicht verwendet werden, sei denn, man weiß, was man tut. Ein Ersatz für diesen Kommunikationskanal wird entwickelt.
SSH-Tunnel sind derzeit nicht mehr unterstützt. Sie sollten sie also nicht verwenden, es sei denn, Sie wissen, was Sie tun. Ein Ersatz für diesen Kommunikationskanal wird entwickelt.
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Add-Ons erweitern die Funktionalität von Kubernetes.
Diese Seite gibt eine Übersicht über einige verfügbare Add-Ons und verweist auf die entsprechenden Installationsanleitungen.
Die Add-Ons in den einzelnen Kategorien sind alphabetisch sortiert - Die Reihenfolge impliziert keine bevorzugung einzelner Projekte.
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## Networking und Network Policy
* [ACI](https://www.github.com/noironetworks/aci-containers) bietet Container-Networking und Network-Security mit Cisco ACI.
* [Calico](https://docs.projectcalico.org/latest/introduction/) ist ein Networking- und Network-Policy-Provider. Calico unterstützt eine Reihe von Networking-Optionen, damit Du die richtige für deinen Use-Case wählen kannst. Dies beinhaltet Non-Overlaying and Overlaying-Networks mit oder ohne BGP. Calico nutzt die gleiche Engine um Network-Policies für Hosts, Pods und (falls Du Istio & Envoy benutzt) Anwendungen auf Service-Mesh-Ebene durchzusetzen.
* [Canal](https://github.com/tigera/canal/tree/master/k8s-install) vereint Flannel und Calico um Networking- und Network-Policies bereitzustellen.
* [Cilium](https://github.com/cilium/cilium) ist ein L3 Network- and Network-Policy-Plugin welches das transparent HTTP/API/L7-Policies durchsetzen kann. Sowohl Routing- als auch Overlay/Encapsulation-Modes werden uterstützt. Außerdem kann Cilium auf andere CNI-Plugins aufsetzen.
* [CNI-Genie](https://github.com/Huawei-PaaS/CNI-Genie) ermöglicht das nahtlose Verbinden von Kubernetes mit einer Reihe an CNI-Plugins wie z.B. Calico, Canal, Flannel, Romana, oder Weave.
* [Contiv](http://contiv.github.io) bietet konfigurierbares Networking (Native L3 auf BGP, Overlay mit vxlan, Klassisches L2, Cisco-SDN/ACI) für verschiedene Anwendungszwecke und auch umfangreiches Policy-Framework. Das Contiv-Projekt ist vollständig [Open Source](http://github.com/contiv). Der [installer](http://github.com/contiv/install) bietet sowohl kubeadm als auch nicht-kubeadm basierte Installationen.
* [Contrail](http://www.juniper.net/us/en/products-services/sdn/contrail/contrail-networking/), basierend auf [Tungsten Fabric](https://tungsten.io), ist eine Open Source, multi-Cloud Netzwerkvirtualisierungs- und Policy-Management Plattform. Contrail und Tungsten Fabric sind mit Orechstratoren wie z.B. Kubernetes, OpenShift, OpenStack und Mesos integriert und bieten Isolationsmodi für Virtuelle Maschinen, Container (bzw. Pods) und Bare Metal workloads.
* [Flannel](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/kubernetes.md) ist ein Overlay-Network-Provider der mit Kubernetes genutzt werden kann.
* [Knitter](https://github.com/ZTE/Knitter/) ist eine Network-Lösung die Mehrfach-Network in Kubernetes ermöglicht.
* [Multus](https://github.com/Intel-Corp/multus-cni) ist ein Multi-Plugin für Mehrfachnetzwerk-Unterstützung um alle CNI-Plugins (z.B. Calico, Cilium, Contiv, Flannel), zusätzlich zu SRIOV-, DPDK-, OVS-DPDK- und VPP-Basierten Workloads in Kubernetes zu unterstützen.
* [NSX-T](https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-NSX-T/2.0/nsxt_20_ncp_kubernetes.pdf) Container Plug-in (NCP) bietet eine Integration zwischen VMware NSX-T und einem Orchestator wie z.B. Kubernetes. Außerdem bietet es eine Integration zwischen NSX-T und Containerbasierten CaaS/PaaS-Plattformen wie z.B. Pivotal Container Service (PKS) und OpenShift.
* [Nuage](https://github.com/nuagenetworks/nuage-kubernetes/blob/v5.1.1-1/docs/kubernetes-1-installation.rst) ist eine SDN-Plattform die Policy-Basiertes Networking zwischen Kubernetes Pods und nicht-Kubernetes Umgebungen inklusive Sichtbarkeit und Security-Monitoring bereitstellt.
* [Romana](http://romana.io) ist eine Layer 3 Network-Lösung für Pod-Netzwerke welche auch die [NetworkPolicy API](/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/) unterstützt. Details zur Installation als kubeadm Add-On sind [hier](https://github.com/romana/romana/tree/master/containerize) verfügbar.
* [Weave Net](https://www.weave.works/docs/net/latest/kube-addon/) bietet Networking and Network-Policies und arbeitet auf beiden Seiten der Network-Partition ohne auf eine externe Datenbank angwiesen zu sein.
## Service-Discovery
* [CoreDNS](https://coredns.io) ist ein flexibler, erweiterbarer DNS-Server der in einem Cluster [installiert](https://github.com/coredns/deployment/tree/master/kubernetes) werden kann und das Cluster-interne DNS für Pods bereitzustellen.
## Visualisierung &amp; Überwachung
* [Dashboard](https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard#kubernetes-dashboard) ist ein Dashboard Web Interface für Kubernetes.
* [Weave Scope](https://www.weave.works/documentation/scope-latest-installing/#k8s) ist ein Tool um Container, Pods, Services usw. Grafisch zu visualieren. Kann in Verbindung mit einem [Weave Cloud Account](https://cloud.weave.works/) genutzt oder selbst gehosted werden.
## Infrastruktur
* [KubeVirt](https://kubevirt.io/user-guide/docs/latest/administration/intro.html#cluster-side-add-on-deployment) ist ein Add-On um Virtuelle Maschinen in Kubernetes auszuführen. Wird typischer auf Bare-Metal Clustern eingesetzt.
## Legacy Add-Ons
Es gibt einige weitere Add-Ons die in dem abgekündigten [cluster/addons](https://git.k8s.io/kubernetes/cluster/addons)-Verzeichnis dokumentiert sind.
Add-Ons die ordentlich gewartet werden dürfen gerne hier aufgezählt werden. Wir freuen uns auf PRs!
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Sie erstellen ihr Docker Image und laden es in eine Registry hoch bevor es in einem Kubernetes Pod referenziert werden kann.
Die `image` Eigenschaft eines Containers unterstüzt die gleiche Syntax wie die des `docker` Kommandos, inklusive privater Registries und Tags.
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## Aktualisieren von Images
Die Standardregel für das Herunterladen von Images ist `IfNotPresent`, dies führt dazu das dass Kubelet Images überspringt die bereits auf einem Node vorliegen.
Wenn sie stattdessen möchten das ein Image immer forciert heruntergeladen wird, können sie folgendes tun:
- Die `imagePullPolicy` des Containers auf `Always` setzen.
- Die `imagePullPolicy` auslassen und `:latest` als Image Tag nutzen.
- Die `imagePullPolicy` und den Tag des Images auslassen.
- Den [AlwaysPullImages](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/#alwayspullimages) Admission Controller aktivieren.
Beachten Sie das die die Nutzung des `:latest` Tags vermeiden sollten, weitere Informationen siehe: [Best Practices for Configuration](/docs/concepts/configuration/overview/#container-images).
## Multi-Architektur Images mit Manifesten bauen
Das Docker Kommandozeilenwerkzeug unterstützt jetzt das Kommando `docker manifest` mit den Subkommandos `create`, `annotate` and `push`.
Diese Kommandos können dazu genutzt werden Manifeste zu bauen und diese hochzuladen.
Weitere Informationen finden sie in der Docker Dokumentation:
https://docs.docker.com/edge/engine/reference/commandline/manifest/
Hier einige Beispiele wie wir dies in unserem Build - Prozess nutzen:
https://cs.k8s.io/?q=docker%20manifest%20(create%7Cpush%7Cannotate)&i=nope&files=&repos=
Diese Kommandos basieren rein auf dem Docker Kommandozeileninterface und werden auch damit ausgeführt. Sie sollten entweder die Datei `$HOME/.docker/config.json` bearbeiten und den `experimental` Schlüssel auf `enabled`setzen, oder einfach die Umgebungsvariable `DOCKER_CLI_EXPERIMENTAL` auf `enabled`setzen wenn Sie das Docker Kommandozeileninterface aufrufen.
{{< note >}}
Nutzen die bitte Docker *18.06 oder neuer*, ältere Versionen haben entweder bugs oder unterstützen die experimentelle Kommandozeilenoption nicht. Beispiel: https://github.com/docker/cli/issues/1135 verursacht Probleme unter containerd.
{{< /note >}}
Wenn mit alten Manifesten Probleme auftreten können sie die alten Manifeste in `$HOME/.docker/manifests` entfernen um von vorne zu beginnen.
Für Kubernetes selbst haben wir typischerweise Images mit dem Suffix `-$(ARCH)` genutzt. Um die Abwärtskompatibilität zu erhalten bitten wir Sie die älteren Images mit diesen Suffixen zu generieren. Die Idee dahinter ist z.B. das `pause` image zu generieren, welches das Manifest für alle Architekturen hat, `pause-amd64` wäre dann abwärtskompatibel zu älteren Konfigurationen, oder YAML - Dateien die ein Image mit Suffixen hart kodiert haben.
## Nutzung einer privaten Registry
Private Registries könnten Schlüssel erfordern um Images von ihnen herunterzuladen.
Authentifizierungsdaten können auf verschiedene Weisen hinterlegt werden:
- Bei der Google Container Registry
- Je Cluster
- Automatisch in der Google Compute Engine oder Google Kubernetes Engine
- Allen Pods erlauben von der privaten Registry des Projektes lesen zu können
- Bei der Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR)
- IAM Rollen und Richtlinien nutzen um den Zugriff auf ECR Repositories zu kontrollieren
- Automatisch ECR Authentifizierungsdaten aktualisieren
- Bei der Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR)
- IAM Rollen und Richtlinien nutzen um den Zugriff auf OCIR Repositories zu kontrollieren
- Bei der Azure Container Registry (ACR)
- Bei der IBM Cloud Container Registry
- Nodes konfigurieren sich bei einer privaten Registry authentifizieren zu können
- Allen Pods erlauben von jeder konfigurierten privaten Registry lesen zu können
- Setzt die Konfiguration der Nodes durch einen Cluster - Aministrator voraus
- Im Voraus heruntergeladene Images
- Alle Pods können jedes gecachte Image auf einem Node nutzen
- Setzt root - Zugriff auf allen Nodes zum einrichten voraus
- Spezifizieren eines ImagePullSecrets bei einem Pod
- Nur Pods die eigene Schlüssel vorhalten haben Zugriff auf eine private Registry
Jeder Option wird im Folgenden im Detail beschrieben
### Bei Nutzung der Google Container Registry
Kubernetes hat eine native Unterstützung für die [Google Container
Registry (GCR)](https://cloud.google.com/tools/container-registry/) wenn es auf der Google Compute
Engine (GCE) läuft. Wenn Sie ihren Cluster auf GCE oder der Google Kubernetes Engine betreiben, genügt es einfach den vollen Image Namen zu nutzen (z.B. gcr.io/my_project/image:tag ).
Alle Pods in einem Cluster haben dann lesenden Zugriff auf Images in dieser Registry.
Das Kubelet authentifiziert sich bei GCR mit Nutzung des Google service Kontos der jeweiligen Instanz.
Das Google service Konto der Instanz hat einen `https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_only`, so kann es vom GCR des Projektes hochladen, aber nicht herunterladen.
### Bei Nutzung der Amazon Elastic Container Registry
Kubernetes eine native Unterstützung für die [Amazon Elastic Container Registry](https://aws.amazon.com/ecr/) wenn Knoten AWS EC2 Instanzen sind.
Es muss einfach nur der komplette Image Name (z.B. `ACCOUNT.dkr.ecr.REGION.amazonaws.com/imagename:tag`) in der Pod - Definition genutzt werden.
Alle Benutzer eines Clusters die Pods erstellen dürfen können dann jedes der Images in der ECR Registry zum Ausführen von Pods nutzen.
Das Kubelet wird periodisch ECR Zugriffsdaten herunterladen und auffrischen, es benötigt hierfür die folgenden Berechtigungen:
- `ecr:GetAuthorizationToken`
- `ecr:BatchCheckLayerAvailability`
- `ecr:GetDownloadUrlForLayer`
- `ecr:GetRepositoryPolicy`
- `ecr:DescribeRepositories`
- `ecr:ListImages`
- `ecr:BatchGetImage`
Voraussetzungen:
- Sie müssen Kubelet in der Version `v1.2.0` nutzen. (Führen sie z.B. (e.g. run `/usr/bin/kubelet --version=true` aus um die Version zu prüfen)
- Sie benötigen Version `v1.3.0` oder neuer wenn ihre Knoten in einer A - Region sind und sich ihre Registry in einer anderen B - Region befindet.
- ECR muss in ihrer Region angeboten werden
Fehlerbehebung:
- Die oben genannten Voraussetzungen müssen erfüllt sein
- Laden sie die $REGION (z.B. `us-west-2`) Zugriffsdaten auf ihren Arbeitsrechner. Verbinden sie sich per SSH auf den Host und nutzen die Docker mit diesen Daten. Funktioniert es?
- Prüfen sie ob das Kubelet it dem Parameter `--cloud-provider=aws` läuft.
- Prüfen sie die Logs des Kubelets (z.B. mit `journalctl -u kubelet`) auf Zeilen wie:
- `plugins.go:56] Registering credential provider: aws-ecr-key`
- `provider.go:91] Refreshing cache for provider: *aws_credentials.ecrProvider`
### Bei Nutzung der Azure Container Registry (ACR)
Bei Nutzung der [Azure Container Registry](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/container-registry/) können sie sich entweder als ein administrativer Nutzer, oder als ein Service Principal authentifizieren
In jedem Fall wird die Authentifizierung über die Standard - Docker Authentifizierung ausgeführt. Diese Anleitung bezieht sich auf das [azure-cli](https://github.com/azure/azure-cli) Kommandozeilenwerkzeug.
Sie müssen zunächst eine Registry und Authentifizierungsdaten erstellen, eine komplette Dokumentation dazu finden sie hier: [Azure container registry documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/container-registry/container-registry-get-started-azure-cli).
Sobald sie ihre Container Registry erstelt haben, nutzen sie die folgenden Authentifizierungsdaten:
* `DOCKER_USER` : Service Principal oder Administratorbenutzername
* `DOCKER_PASSWORD`: Service Principal Password oder Administratorpasswort
* `DOCKER_REGISTRY_SERVER`: `${some-registry-name}.azurecr.io`
* `DOCKER_EMAIL`: `${some-email-address}`
Wenn sie diese Variablen befüllt haben, können sie:
[configure a Kubernetes Secret and use it to deploy a Pod](/docs/concepts/containers/images/#specifying-imagepullsecrets-on-a-pod).
### Bei Nutzung der IBM Cloud Container Registry
Die IBM Cloud Container Registry bietet eine mandantenfähige Private Image Registry die Sie nutzen können um ihre Docker Images sicher speichern und teilen zu können.
Im Standard werden Images in ihrer Private Registry vom integrierten Schwachstellenscaner durchsucht um Sicherheitsprobleme und potentielle Schwachstellen zu finden. Benutzer können ihren IBM Cloud Account nutzen um Zugang zu ihren Images zu erhalten, oder um einen Token zu gernerieren, der Zugriff auf die Registry Namespaces erlaubt.
Um das IBM Cloud Container Registry Kommandozeilenwerkzeug zu installieren und einen Namespace für ihre Images zu erstellen, folgen sie dieser Dokumentation [Getting started with IBM Cloud Container Registry](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/services/Registry?topic=registry-getting-started).
Sie können die IBM Cloud Container Registry nutzen um Container aus [IBM Cloud public images](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/services/Registry?topic=registry-public_images) und ihren eigenen Images in den `default` Namespace ihres IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service Clusters zu deployen.
Um einen Container in einen anderen Namespace, oder um ein Image aus einer anderen IBM Cloud Container Registry Region oder einem IBM Cloud account zu deployen, erstellen sie ein Kubernetes `imagePullSecret`.
Weitere Informationen finden sie unter: [Building containers from images](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-images).
### Knoten für die Nutzung einer Private Registry konfigurieren
{{< note >}}
Wenn sie auf Google Kubernetes Engine laufen gibt es schon eine `.dockercfg` auf jedem Knoten die Zugriffsdaten für ihre Google Container Registry beinhaltet. Dann kann die folgende Vorgehensweise nicht angewendet werden.
{{< /note >}}
{{< note >}}
Wenn sie auf AWS EC2 laufen und die EC2 Container Registry (ECR) nutzen, wird das Kubelet auf jedem Knoten die ECR Zugriffsdaten verwalten und aktualisieren. Dann kann die folgende Vorgehensweise nicht angewendet werden.
{{< /note >}}
{{< note >}}
Diese Vorgehensweise ist anwendbar wenn sie ihre Knoten - Konfiguration ändern können, sie wird nicht zuverlässig auf GCE other einem anderen Cloud - Provider funktionieren der automatisch Knoten ersetzt.
{{< /note >}}
{{< note >}}
Kubernetes unterstützt zur Zeit nur die `auths` und `HttpHeaders` Sektionen der Docker Konfiguration . Das bedeutet das die Hilfswerkzeuge (`credHelpers` ooderr `credsStore`) nicht unterstützt werden.
{{< /note >}}
Docker speichert Schlüssel für eigene Registries in der Datei `$HOME/.dockercfg` oder `$HOME/.docker/config.json`. Wenn sie die gleiche Datei in einen der unten aufgeführten Suchpfade ablegen wird Kubelet sie als Hilfswerkzeug für Zugriffsdaten nutzen wenn es Images bezieht.
* `{--root-dir:-/var/lib/kubelet}/config.json`
* `{cwd of kubelet}/config.json`
* `${HOME}/.docker/config.json`
* `/.docker/config.json`
* `{--root-dir:-/var/lib/kubelet}/.dockercfg`
* `{cwd of kubelet}/.dockercfg`
* `${HOME}/.dockercfg`
* `/.dockercfg`
{{< note >}}
Eventuell müssen sie `HOME=/root` in ihrer Umgebungsvariablendatei setzen
{{< /note >}}
Dies sind die empfohlenen Schritte um ihre Knoten für eine Nutzung einer eigenen Registry zu konfigurieren, in diesem Beispiel führen sie folgende Schritte auf ihrem Desktop/Laptop aus:
1. Führen sie `docker login [server]` für jeden Satz ihrer Zugriffsdaten aus. Dies aktualisiert `$HOME/.docker/config.json`.
2. Prüfen Sie `$HOME/.docker/config.json` in einem Editor darauf ob dort nur Zugriffsdaten enthalten sind die Sie nutzen möchten.
3. Erhalten sie eine Liste ihrer Knoten:
- Wenn sie die Namen benötigen: `nodes=$(kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{range.items[*].metadata}{.name} {end}')`
- Wenn sie die IP - Adressen benötigen: `nodes=$(kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{range .items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")]}{.address} {end}')`
4. Kopieren sie ihre lokale `.docker/config.json` in einen der oben genannten Suchpfade.
- Zum Beispiel: `for n in $nodes; do scp ~/.docker/config.json root@$n:/var/lib/kubelet/config.json; done`
Prüfen durch das Erstellen eines Pods der ein eigenes Image nutzt, z.B.:
```yaml
kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: private-image-test-1
spec:
containers:
- name: uses-private-image
image: $PRIVATE_IMAGE_NAME
imagePullPolicy: Always
command: [ "echo", "SUCCESS" ]
EOF
pod/private-image-test-1 created
```
Wenn alles funktioniert sollten sie nach einigen Momenten folgendes sehen:
```shell
kubectl logs private-image-test-1
SUCCESS
```
Wenn es nicht funktioniert, sehen Sie:
```shell
kubectl describe pods/private-image-test-1 | grep "Failed"
Fri, 26 Jun 2015 15:36:13 -0700 Fri, 26 Jun 2015 15:39:13 -0700 19 {kubelet node-i2hq} spec.containers{uses-private-image} failed Failed to pull image "user/privaterepo:v1": Error: image user/privaterepo:v1 not found
```
Sie müssen sich darum kümmern das alle Knoten im Cluster die gleiche `.docker/config.json` haben, anderenfalls werden Pods auf einigen Knoten starten, auf anderen jedoch nicht.
Wenn sie zum Beispiel Knoten automatisch Skalieren lassen, sollte dann jedes Instanztemplate die `.docker/config.json` beinhalten, oder ein Laufwerk einhängen die diese beinhaltet.
Alle Pods haben Lesezugriff auf jedes Image in ihrer eigenen Registry sobald die Registry - Schlüssel zur `.docker/config.json` hinzugefügt wurden.
### Im Voraus heruntergeladene Images
{{< note >}}
Wenn sie auf Google Kubernetes Engine laufen gibt es schon eine `.dockercfg` auf jedem Knoten die Zugriffsdaten für ihre Google Container Registry beinhaltet. Dann kann die folgende Vorgehensweise nicht angewendet werden.
{{< /note >}}
{{< note >}}
Diese Vorgehensweise ist anwendbar wenn sie ihre Knoten - Konfiguration ändern können, sie wird nicht zuverlässig auf GCE other einem anderen Cloud - Provider funktionieren der automatisch Knoten ersetzt.
{{< /note >}}
Im Standard wird das Kubelet versuchen jedes Image von der spezifizierten Registry herunterzuladen.
Falls jedoch die `imagePullPolicy` Eigenschaft der Containers auf `IfNotPresent` oder `Never` gesetzt wurde, wird ein lokales Image genutzt (präferiert oder exklusiv, je nach dem).
Wenn Sie sich auf im Voraus heruntergeladene Images als Ersatz für eine Registry - Authentifizierung verlassen möchten, müssen sie sicherstellen das alle Knoten die gleichen im voraus heruntergeladenen Images aufweisen.
Diese Medthode kann dazu genutzt werden bestimmte Images aus Geschwindigkeitsgründen im Voraus zu laden, oder als Alternative zur Authentifizierung an einer eigenen Registry zu nutzen.
Alle Pods haben Leserechte auf alle im Voraus geladenen Images.
### Spezifizieren eines ImagePullSecrets für einen Pod
{{< note >}}
Diese Vorgehensweise ist aktuell die empfohlene Vorgehensweise für Google Kubernetes Engine, GCE, und jeden Cloud - Provider bei dem die Knotenerstelltung automatisiert ist.
{{< /note >}}
Kubernetes unterstützt die Spezifikation von Registrierungsschlüsseln für einen Pod.
#### Erstellung eines Secrets mit einer Docker Konfiguration
Führen sie foldenen Befehl mit Ersetzung der groß geschriebenen Werte aus:
```shell
kubectl create secret docker-registry <name> --docker-server=DOCKER_REGISTRY_SERVER --docker-username=DOCKER_USER --docker-password=DOCKER_PASSWORD --docker-email=DOCKER_EMAIL
```
Wenn sie bereits eine Datei mit Docker Zugriffsdaten haben, könenn sie die Zugriffsdaten als ein Kubernetes Secret importieren:
[Create a Secret based on existing Docker credentials](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/pull-image-private-registry/#registry-secret-existing-credentials) beschreibt die Erstellung.
Dies ist insbesondere dann sinnvoll wenn sie mehrere eigene Container Registries nutzen, da `kubectl create secret docker-registry` ein Secret erstellt das nur mit einer einzelnen eigenen Registry funktioniert.
{{< note >}}
Pods können nur eigene Image Pull Secret in ihrem eigenen Namespace referenzieren, somit muss dieser Prozess jedes mal einzeln für je Namespace angewendet werden.
{{< /note >}}
#### Referenzierung eines imagePullSecrets bei einem Pod
Nun können sie Pods erstellen die dieses Secret referenzieren indem sie eine `imagePullSecrets` Sektion zu ihrer Pod - Definition hinzufügen.
```shell
cat <<EOF > pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: foo
namespace: awesomeapps
spec:
containers:
- name: foo
image: janedoe/awesomeapp:v1
imagePullSecrets:
- name: myregistrykey
EOF
cat <<EOF >> ./kustomization.yaml
resources:
- pod.yaml
EOF
```
Dies muss für jeden Pod getan werden der eine eigene Registry nutzt.
Die Erstellung dieser Sektion kann jedoch automatisiert werden indem man imagePullSecrets einer serviceAccount](/docs/user-guide/service-accounts) Ressource hinzufügt.
[Add ImagePullSecrets to a Service Account](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/#add-imagepullsecrets-to-a-service-account) bietet detaillierte Anweisungen hierzu.
Sie können dies in Verbindung mit einer auf jedem Knoten genutzten `.docker/config.json` benutzen, die Zugriffsdaten werden dann zusammengeführt. Dieser Vorgehensweise wird in der Google Kubernetes Engine funktionieren.
### Anwendungsfälle
Es gibt eine Anzahl an Lösungen um eigene Registries zu konfigurieren, hier sind einige Anwendungsfälle und empfohlene Lösungen.
1. Cluster die nur nicht-proprietäre Images (z.B. open-source) ausführen. Images müssen nicht versteckt werden.
- Nutzung von öffentlichen Images auf Docker Hub.
- Keine Konfiguration notwendig.
- Auf GCE/Google Kubernetes Engine, wird automatisch ein lokaler Spiegel für eine verbesserte Geschwindigkeit und Verfügbarkeit genutzt.
2. Cluster die einige proprietäre Images ausführen die für Außenstehende nicht sichtbar sein dürfen, aber für alle Cluster - Benutzer sichtbar sein sollen.
- Nutzung einer gehosteten privaten Registry [Docker registry](https://docs.docker.com/registry/).
- Kann auf [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/signup), oder woanders gehostet werden.
- Manuelle Konfiguration der .docker/config.json auf jedem Knoten, wie oben beschrieben.
- Der Betrieb einer internen privaten Registry hinter ihrer Firewall mit offenen Leseberechtigungen.
- Keine Kubernetes - Konfiguration notwendig
- Wenn GCE/Google Kubernetes Engine genutzt wird, nutzen sie die Google Container Registry des Projektes.
- Funktioniert besser mit Cluster - Autoskalierung als mit manueller Knotenkonfiguration.
- Auf einem Cluster bei dem die Knotenkonfiguration ungünstig ist können `imagePullSecrets` genutzt werden.
3. Cluster mit proprieritären Images, mit einigen Images die eine erweiterte Zugriffskontrolle erfordern.
- Stellen sie sicher das [AlwaysPullImages admission controller](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/#alwayspullimages) aktiv ist, anderenfalls können alle Pods potenziell Zugriff auf alle Images haben.
- Verschieben sie sensitive Daten in eine "Secret" Ressource statt sie im Image abzulegen.
4. Ein mandantenfähiger Cluster in dem jeder Mandant eine eigene private Registry benötigt.
- Stellen sie dicher das [AlwaysPullImages admission controller](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/#alwayspullimages) aktiv ist, anderenfalls können alle Pods potenziell Zugriff auf alle Images haben.
- Nutzen sie eine private Registry die eine Authorisierung erfordert.
- Generieren die Registry - Zugriffsdaten für jeden Mandanten, abgelegt in einem Secret das in jedem Mandanten - Namespace vorhanden ist.
- Der Mandant fügt dieses Sercret zu den imagePullSecrets in jedem seiner Namespace hinzu.
{{% /capture %}}
Falls die Zugriff auf mehrere Registries benötigen, können sie ein Secret für jede Registry erstellen, Kubelet wird jedwede `imagePullSecrets` in einer einzelnen `.docker/config.json` zusammenfassen.
+1 -1
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@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ title: Kubernetes Dokumentation
noedit: true
cid: docsHome
layout: docsportal_home
class: gridPage gridPageHome
class: gridPage
linkTitle: "Home"
main_menu: true
weight: 10
+3 -3
View File
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ Dieser Abschnitt der Kubernetes-Dokumentation enthält Referenzinformationen.
* [Kubernetes API Überblick](/docs/reference/using-api/api-overview/) - Übersicht über die API für Kubernetes.
* Kubernetes API Versionen
* [1.17](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.17/)
* [1.16](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.16/)
* [1.15](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.15/)
* [1.14](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.14/)
* [1.13](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.13/)
* [1.12](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.12/)
* [1.11](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.11/)
* [1.10](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.10/)
## API-Clientbibliotheken
+1 -1
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@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@ tags:
<!--more-->
Halten Sie immer einen Sicherungsplan für etcds Daten für Ihren Kubernetes-Cluster bereit. Ausführliche Informationen zu etcd finden Sie in der [etcd Dokumentation](https://etcd.io/docs).
Halten Sie immer einen Sicherungsplan für etcds Daten für Ihren Kubernetes-Cluster bereit. Ausführliche Informationen zu etcd finden Sie in der [etcd Dokumentation](https://github.com/coreos/etcd/blob/master/Documentation/docs.md).
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ source <(kubectl completion bash) # Wenn Sie autocomplete in bash in der aktuell
echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc # Fügen Sie der Bash-Shell dauerhaft Autocomplete hinzu.
```
Sie können auch ein Abkürzungsalias für `kubectl` verwenden, welches auch mit Vervollständigung funktioniert:
Sie können auch ein Abkürzungsalias für `kubectl` verwenden, weleches auch mit Vervollständigung funktioniert:
```bash
alias k=kubectl
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp
## Ressourcen aktualisieren
Ab Version 1.11 ist das `rolling-update` veraltet (Lesen Sie [CHANGELOG-1.11.md](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG/CHANGELOG-1.11.md) für weitere Informationen), verwenden Sie stattdessen `rollout`.
Ab Version 1.11 ist das `rolling-update` veraltet (Lesen Sie [CHANGELOG-1.11.md](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.11.md) für weitere Informationen), verwenden Sie stattdessen `rollout`.
```bash
kubectl set image deployment/frontend www=image:v2 # Fortlaufende Aktualisierung der "www" Container der "Frontend"-Bereitstellung, Aktualisierung des Images
+53 -73
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@@ -7,96 +7,76 @@ content_template: templates/concept
{{% capture overview %}}
Diese Sektion umfasst verschiedene Optionen zum Einrichten und Betrieb von Kubernetes.
Auf dieser Seite finden Sie die Lösung, die Ihren Anforderungen am besten entspricht.
Verschiedene Kubernetes Lösungen haben verschiedene Anforderungen: Einfache Wartung, Sicherheit, Kontrolle, verfügbare Resourcen und erforderliches Fachwissen zum Betrieb und zur Verwaltung dess folgende Diagramm zeigt die möglichen Abstraktionen eines Kubernetes-Clusters und ob eine Abstraktion selbst verwaltet oder von einem Anbieter verwaltet wird.
Sie können einen Kubernetes-Cluster auf einer lokalen Maschine, Cloud, On-Prem Datacenter bereitstellen; oder wählen Sie einen verwalteten Kubernetes-Cluster. Sie können auch eine individuelle Lösung über eine grosse Auswahl an Cloud Anbietern oder Bare-Metal-Umgebungen nutzen.
Noch einfacher können Sie einen Kubernetes-Cluster in einer Lern- und Produktionsumgebung erstellen.
Die Entscheidung, wo Kubernetes ausgeführt wird, hängt davon ab, welche Ressourcen Sie zur Verfügung haben und wie viel Flexibilität Sie benötigen.
Sie können Kubernetes fast überall ausführen, von Ihrem Laptop über VMs bei einem Cloud-Anbieter bis hin zu Bare-Metal-Servern.
Sie können einen vollständig verwalteten Cluster einrichten, indem Sie einen einzelnen Befehl ausführen oder einen eigenen benutzerdefinierten Cluster auf Ihren Bare-Metal-Servern erstellen.
{{% /capture %}}
{{% capture body %}}
## Lernumgebung
## Lösungen für lokale Maschinen
Benutzen Sie eine Docker-basierende Lösung, wenn Sie Kubernetes erlernen wollen: Von der Kubernetes-Community unterstützte Werkzeuge oder Werkzeuge in einem Ökosystem zum Einrichten eines Kubernetes-Clusters auf einer lokalen Maschine.
Eine lokale Lösung ist eine einfache Möglichkeit, mit Kubernetes anzufangen.
Sie können Kubernetes-Cluster erstellen und testen, ohne sich Gedanken über den Verbrauch von Cloud-Ressourcen und -Kontingenten machen zu müssen.
{{< table caption="Tabelle mit Lösungen für lokale Maschinen, in der die Tools aufgeführt sind, die von der Community und dem Ökosystem für die Bereitstellung von Kubernetes unterstützt werden." >}}
Sie sollten eine lokale Lösung auswählen, wenn Sie:
|Community |Ökosystem |
| ------------ | -------- |
| [Minikube](/docs/setup/learning-environment/minikube/) | [CDK on LXD](https://www.ubuntu.com/kubernetes/docs/install-local) |
| [kind (Kubernetes IN Docker)](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kind) | [Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop)|
| | [Minishift](https://docs.okd.io/latest/minishift/)|
| | [MicroK8s](https://microk8s.io/)|
| | [IBM Cloud Private-CE (Community Edition)](https://github.com/IBM/deploy-ibm-cloud-private) |
| | [IBM Cloud Private-CE (Community Edition) on Linux Containers](https://github.com/HSBawa/icp-ce-on-linux-containers)|
| | [k3s](https://k3s.io)|
* Zum ausprobieren oder wenn Sie etwas über Kubernetes lernen möchten
* Cluster lokal entwickeln und testen
Wählen Sie eine [lokale Lösung](/de/docs/setup/) aus.
## Gehostete Lösungen
Gehostete Lösungen sind eine bequeme Möglichkeit, Kubernetes-Cluster zu erstellen und zu warten.
Sie verwalten und betreiben Ihre Cluster, so dass Sie dies nicht tun müssen.
Sie sollten eine gehostete Lösung auswählen, wenn Sie:
* Eine vollständig verwaltete Lösung wünschen
* Sie möchten sich auf die Entwicklung Ihrer Apps oder Dienste konzentrieren
* Sie haben kein dediziertes Site-Reliability-Engineering-Team (SRE), möchten jedoch eine hohe Verfügbarkeit
* Sie haben keine Ressourcen zum Hosten und Überwachen Ihrer Cluster
Wählen Sie eine [gehostete Lösung](/de/docs/setup/) aus.
## Schlüsselfertige Cloud-Lösungen
## Produktionsumgebung
Mit diesen Lösungen können Sie Kubernetes-Cluster mit nur wenigen Befehlen erstellen. Sie werden aktiv entwickelt und verfügen über eine Community-Unterstützung.
Sie können auch auf einer Reihe von Cloud-IaaS-Anbietern gehostet werden, und bieten mehr Freiheit und Flexibilität für eine Gegenleistung.
Überlegen Sie sich bei der Bewertung einer Lösung für eine Produktionsumgebung, welche Aspekte des Betriebs eines Kubernetes-Clusters (oder von _abstractions_) Sie selbst verwalten oder an einen Anbieter auslagern möchten.
Sie sollten eine schlüsselfertige Cloud-Lösung auswählen, wenn Sie:
Einige mögliche Abstraktionen von Kubernetes-Clustern sind {{< glossary_tooltip text="applications" term_id="applications" >}}, {{< glossary_tooltip text="data plane" term_id="data-plane" >}}, {{< glossary_tooltip text="control plane" term_id="control-plane" >}}, {{< glossary_tooltip text="cluster infrastructure" term_id="cluster-infrastructure" >}} und {{< glossary_tooltip text="cluster operations" term_id="cluster-operations" >}}.
* Mehr Kontrolle über Ihre Cluster haben möchten, als die gehosteten Lösungen zulassen
* Mehr operative Verantwortung übernehmen Möchten
Das folgende Diagramm zeigt die möglichen Abstraktionen eines Kubernetes-Clusters und ob eine Abstraktion selbst verwaltet oder von einem Anbieter verwaltet wird.
Wählen Sie eine [schlüsselfertige Cloud-Lösung](/de/docs/setup/) aus.
Lösungen für Produktionsumgebungen![Lösungen für Produktionsumgebungen](/images/docs/KubernetesSolutions.svg)
## Schlüsselfertige On-Premises-Lösungen
{{< table caption="Tabelle für Produktionsumgebungs-Lösungen listet Anbieter und deren Lösungen auf." >}}
Mit diesen Lösungen können Sie Kubernetes-Cluster mit nur wenigen Befehlen in Ihrem internen, sicheren Cloud-Netzwerk erstellen.
Die folgende Tabelle für Produktionsumgebungs-Lösungen listet Anbieter und deren Lösungen auf.
Sie sollten eine schlüsselfertige lokal betriebene Cloud-Lösung auswählen, wenn Sie:
|Providers | Managed | Turnkey cloud | On-Prem Datacenter | Custom (cloud) | Custom (On-premises VMs)| Custom (Bare Metal) |
| --------- | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | ----- |
| [Agile Stacks](https://www.agilestacks.com/products/kubernetes)| | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | |
| [Alibaba Cloud](https://www.alibabacloud.com/product/kubernetes)| | &#x2714; | | | |
| [Amazon](https://aws.amazon.com) | [Amazon EKS](https://aws.amazon.com/eks/) |[Amazon EC2](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/) | | | |
| [AppsCode](https://appscode.com/products/pharmer/) | &#x2714; | | | | |
| [APPUiO](https://appuio.ch/)  | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | | |
| [Banzai Cloud Pipeline Kubernetes Engine (PKE)](https://banzaicloud.com/products/pke/) | | &#x2714; | | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; |
| [CenturyLink Cloud](https://www.ctl.io/) | | &#x2714; | | | |
| [Cisco Container Platform](https://cisco.com/go/containers) | | | &#x2714; | | |
| [Cloud Foundry Container Runtime (CFCR)](https://docs-cfcr.cfapps.io/) | | | | &#x2714; |&#x2714; |
| [CloudStack](https://cloudstack.apache.org/) | | | | | &#x2714;|
| [Canonical](https://ubuntu.com/kubernetes) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; |&#x2714; | &#x2714;
| [Containership](https://containership.io) | &#x2714; |&#x2714; | | | |
| [D2iQ](https://d2iq.com/) | | [Kommander](https://d2iq.com/solutions/ksphere) | [Konvoy](https://d2iq.com/solutions/ksphere/konvoy) | [Konvoy](https://d2iq.com/solutions/ksphere/konvoy) | [Konvoy](https://d2iq.com/solutions/ksphere/konvoy) | [Konvoy](https://d2iq.com/solutions/ksphere/konvoy) |
| [Digital Rebar](https://provision.readthedocs.io/en/tip/README.html) | | | | | | &#x2714;
| [DigitalOcean](https://www.digitalocean.com/products/kubernetes/) | &#x2714; | | | | |
| [Docker Enterprise](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-enterprise) | |&#x2714; | &#x2714; | | | &#x2714;
| [Gardener](https://gardener.cloud/) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | [Custom Extensions](https://github.com/gardener/gardener/blob/master/docs/extensions/overview.md) |
| [Giant Swarm](https://www.giantswarm.io/) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | |
| [Google](https://cloud.google.com/) | [Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/) | [Google Compute Engine (GCE)](https://cloud.google.com/compute/)|[GKE On-Prem](https://cloud.google.com/gke-on-prem/) | | | | | | | |
| [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/in-en/cloud) | [IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service](https://cloud.ibm.com/kubernetes/catalog/cluster)| |[IBM Cloud Private](https://www.ibm.com/in-en/cloud/private) | |
| [Ionos](https://www.ionos.com/enterprise-cloud) | [Ionos Managed Kubernetes](https://www.ionos.com/enterprise-cloud/managed-kubernetes) | [Ionos Enterprise Cloud](https://www.ionos.com/enterprise-cloud) | |
| [Kontena Pharos](https://www.kontena.io/pharos/) | |&#x2714;| &#x2714; | | |
| [KubeOne](https://kubeone.io/) | | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; |
| [Kubermatic](https://kubermatic.io/) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | |
| [KubeSail](https://kubesail.com/) | &#x2714; | | | | |
| [Kubespray](https://kubespray.io/#/) | | | |&#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714; |
| [Kublr](https://kublr.com/) |&#x2714; | &#x2714; |&#x2714; |&#x2714; |&#x2714; |&#x2714; |
| [Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com) | [Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/kubernetes-service/) | | | | |
| [Mirantis Cloud Platform](https://www.mirantis.com/software/kubernetes/) | | | &#x2714; | | |
| [Nirmata](https://www.nirmata.com/) | | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | |
| [Nutanix](https://www.nutanix.com/en) | [Nutanix Karbon](https://www.nutanix.com/products/karbon) | [Nutanix Karbon](https://www.nutanix.com/products/karbon) | | | [Nutanix AHV](https://www.nutanix.com/products/acropolis/virtualization) |
| [OpenNebula](https://www.opennebula.org) |[OpenNebula Kubernetes](https://marketplace.opennebula.systems/docs/service/kubernetes.html) | | | | |
| [OpenShift](https://www.openshift.com) |[OpenShift Dedicated](https://www.openshift.com/products/dedicated/) and [OpenShift Online](https://www.openshift.com/products/online/) | | [OpenShift Container Platform](https://www.openshift.com/products/container-platform/) | | [OpenShift Container Platform](https://www.openshift.com/products/container-platform/) |[OpenShift Container Platform](https://www.openshift.com/products/container-platform/)
| [Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE)](https://docs.cloud.oracle.com/iaas/Content/ContEng/Concepts/contengoverview.htm) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | | |
| [oVirt](https://www.ovirt.org/) | | | | | &#x2714; |
| [Pivotal](https://pivotal.io/) | | [Enterprise Pivotal Container Service (PKS)](https://pivotal.io/platform/pivotal-container-service) | [Enterprise Pivotal Container Service (PKS)](https://pivotal.io/platform/pivotal-container-service) | | |
| [Platform9](https://platform9.com/) | [Platform9 Managed Kubernetes](https://platform9.com/managed-kubernetes/) | | [Platform9 Managed Kubernetes](https://platform9.com/managed-kubernetes/) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | &#x2714;
| [Rancher](https://rancher.com/) | | [Rancher 2.x](https://rancher.com/docs/rancher/v2.x/en/) | | [Rancher Kubernetes Engine (RKE)](https://rancher.com/docs/rke/latest/en/) | | [k3s](https://k3s.io/)
| [StackPoint](https://stackpoint.io/)  | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | | |
| [Supergiant](https://supergiant.io/) | |&#x2714; | | | |
| [SUSE](https://www.suse.com/) | | &#x2714; | | | |
| [SysEleven](https://www.syseleven.io/) | &#x2714; | | | | |
| [Tencent Cloud](https://intl.cloud.tencent.com/) | [Tencent Kubernetes Engine](https://intl.cloud.tencent.com/product/tke) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | | &#x2714; |
| [VEXXHOST](https://vexxhost.com/) | &#x2714; | &#x2714; | | | |
| [VMware](https://cloud.vmware.com/) | [VMware Cloud PKS](https://cloud.vmware.com/vmware-cloud-pks) |[VMware Enterprise PKS](https://cloud.vmware.com/vmware-enterprise-pks) | [VMware Enterprise PKS](https://cloud.vmware.com/vmware-enterprise-pks) | [VMware Essential PKS](https://cloud.vmware.com/vmware-essential-pks) | |[VMware Essential PKS](https://cloud.vmware.com/vmware-essential-pks)
| [Z.A.R.V.I.S.](https://zarvis.ai/) | &#x2714; | | | | | |
* Cluster in Ihrem privaten Cloud-Netzwerk bereitstellen möchten
* Ein engagiertes SRE-Team haben
* Über die Ressourcen zum Hosten und Überwachen Ihrer Cluster verfügen
Wählen Sie eine [schlüsselfertige On-Premises-Lösung](/de/docs/setup/) aus.
## Individuelle Lösungen
Individuelle Lösungen geben Ihnen die größte Freiheit in Ihren Clustern, erfordern jedoch das meiste Know-how.
Diese Lösungen reichen von Bare-Metal-Anbietern bis hin zu Cloud-Anbietern mit unterschiedlichen Betriebssystemen.
Wählen Sie eine [individuelle Lösung](/de/docs/setup/) aus.
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Gehen Sie zu [Auswählen der richtigen Lösung](/de/docs/setup/) für eine vollständige Liste der möglichen Lösungen.
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@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
---
title: Indivduelle Cloud-Lösungen
weight: 50
---
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---
title: "Cluster mit kubeadm bootstrappen"
weight: 30
---
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@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ Weitere Informationen zu unterstützten Treibern und zur Installation von Plugin
### Lokale Images durch erneute Verwendung des Docker-Daemon ausführen
Wenn Sie eine einzige Kubernetes VM verwenden, ist es sehr praktisch, den integrierten Docker-Daemon von Minikube wiederzuverwenden; Dies bedeutet, dass Sie auf Ihrem lokalen Computer keine Docker-Registy erstellen und das Image in die Registry importieren müssen - Sie können einfach innerhalb desselben Docker-Daemons wie Minikube arbeiten, was lokale Experimente beschleunigt. Stellen Sie einfach sicher, dass Sie Ihr Docker-Image mit einem anderen Element als 'latest' versehen, und verwenden Sie dieses Tag, wenn Sie das Image laden. Andernfalls, wenn Sie keine Version Ihres Images angeben, wird es als `:latest` angenommen, mit der Pull-Image-Richtlinie von `Always` entsprechend, was schließlich zu `ErrImagePull` führen kann, da Sie möglicherweise noch keine Versionen Ihres Docker-Images in der Standard-Docker-Registry (normalerweise DockerHub) haben.
Wenn Sie eine einzige Kubernetes VM verwenden, ist es sehr praktisch, den integrierten Docker-Daemon von Minikube wiederzuverwenden; Dies bedeutet, dass Sie auf Ihrem lokalen Computer keine Docker-Registy erstellen und das Image in die Registry importortieren müssen - Sie können einfach innerhalb desselben Docker-Daemons wie Minikube arbeiten, was lokale Experimente beschleunigt. Stellen Sie einfach sicher, dass Sie Ihr Docker-Image mit einem anderen Element als 'latest' versehen, und verwenden Sie dieses Tag, wenn Sie das Image laden. Andernfalls, wenn Sie keine Version Ihres Images angeben, wird es als `:latest` angenommen, mit der Pull-Image-Richtlinie von `Always` entsprechend, was schließlich zu `ErrImagePull` führen kann, da Sie möglicherweise noch keine Versionen Ihres Docker-Images in der Standard-Docker-Registry (normalerweise DockerHub) haben.
Um mit dem Docker-Daemon auf Ihrem Mac/Linux-Computer arbeiten zu können, verwenden Sie den `docker-env`-Befehl in Ihrer Shell:
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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title: Lokale VMs
weight: 60
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---
title: Schlüsselfertige Cloud-Lösungen
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---
title: "Windows in Kubernetes"
weight: 65
---
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Minikube unterstützt auch die Option `--vm-driver=none`, mit der die Kubernetes
Die einfachste Möglichkeit, Minikube unter macOS zu installieren, ist die Verwendung von [Homebrew](https://brew.sh):
```shell
brew install minikube
brew cask install minikube
```
Sie können es auch auf macOS installieren, indem Sie eine statische Binärdatei herunterladen:
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@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ Um den "Hallo-Welt"-Container außerhalb des virtuellen Netzwerks von Kubernetes
```
Bei Cloud-Anbietern, die Load-Balancer unterstützen, wird eine externe IP-Adresse für den Zugriff auf den Dienst bereitgestellt.
Bei Minikube ermöglicht der Typ `LoadBalancer` den Dienst über den Befehl `minikube service` verfügbar zu machen.
Bei Minikube ermöglicht der Typ `LoadBalancer` den Dienst über den Befehl `minikube service` verfuügbar zu machen.
3. Führen Sie den folgenden Befehl aus:
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@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ Kubernetes is open source giving you the freedom to take advantage of on-premise
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe/?utm_source=kubernetes.io&utm_medium=nav&utm_campaign=kccnceu20" button id="desktopKCButton">Attend KubeCon in Amsterdam in July/August TBD</a>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe-2020/" button id="desktopKCButton">Attend KubeCon in Amsterdam on Mar. 30-Apr. 2, 2020</a>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.org/kubecon-cloudnativecon-north-america/?utm_source=kubernetes.io&utm_medium=nav&utm_campaign=kccncna20" button id="desktopKCButton">Attend KubeCon in Boston on November 17-20, 2020</a>
<a href="https://events.linuxfoundation.cn/kubecon-cloudnativecon-open-source-summit-china/" button id="desktopKCButton">Attend KubeCon in Shanghai on July 28-30, 2020</a>
</div>
<div id="videoPlayer">
<iframe data-url="https://www.youtube.com/embed/H06qrNmGqyE?autoplay=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Zend Server - The Complete PHP Application Platform
This list will grow, and is curated [here](https://opendev.org/x/k8s-docker-suite-app-murano/src/branch/master/Kubernetes). You can examine (and contribute to) the YAML file that tells Murano how to install and start the Kubernetes cluster [here](https://opendev.org/x/k8s-docker-suite-app-murano/src/branch/master/Kubernetes/KubernetesCluster/package/Classes/KubernetesCluster.yaml).
This list will grow, and is curated [here](https://github.com/openstack/murano-apps/tree/master/Docker/Kubernetes). You can examine (and contribute to) the YAML file that tells Murano how to install and start the Kubernetes cluster [here](https://github.com/openstack/murano-apps/blob/master/Docker/Kubernetes/KubernetesCluster/package/Classes/KubernetesCluster.yaml).
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ There are a seemingly infinite set of choices, with an infinite set of possible
* [Amazon EC2](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/) as our cloud platform, including RDS for persistence&nbsp;
* [Docker Swarm](https://docs.docker.com/swarm/) as our "scheduler"&nbsp;
* [Consul](https://consul.io/) for service discovery when bootstrapping Swarm&nbsp;
* [Weave Net](https://www.weave.works/oss/net/) for our network and service discovery for the application itself&nbsp;
* [Weave Net](http://weave.works/product/net/) for our network and service discovery for the application itself&nbsp;
* [Terraform](https://terraform.io/) as our provisioner&nbsp;
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ url: /blog/2016/03/1000-Nodes-And-Beyond-Updates-To-Kubernetes-Performance-And-S
---
_Editor's&nbsp;note: this is the first in a [series of in-depth posts](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-12) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.2_
We're proud to announce that with the [release of 1.2](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/kubernetes-1-2-even-more-performance-upgrades-plus-easier-application-deployment-and-management), Kubernetes now supports 1000-node clusters, with a reduction of 80% in 99th percentile tail latency for most API operations. This means in just six months, we've increased our overall scale by 10 times while maintaining a great user experience&nbsp;—&nbsp;the&nbsp;99th percentile pod startup times are less than 3 seconds, and 99th percentile latency of most API operations is tens of milliseconds (the exception being LIST operations, which take hundreds of milliseconds in very large clusters).
We're proud to announce that with the [release of 1.2](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/Kubernetes-1.2-even-more-performance-upgrades-plus-easier-application-deployment-and-management-), Kubernetes now supports 1000-node clusters, with a reduction of 80% in 99th percentile tail latency for most API operations. This means in just six months, we've increased our overall scale by 10 times while maintaining a great user experience&nbsp;—&nbsp;the&nbsp;99th percentile pod startup times are less than 3 seconds, and 99th percentile latency of most API operations is tens of milliseconds (the exception being LIST operations, which take hundreds of milliseconds in very large clusters).
Words are fine, but nothing speaks louder than a demo. Check this out!
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ _Editor's note: this is the third post in a [series of in-depth posts](https://k
### Introduction&nbsp;
One of the most frequently-requested features for Kubernetes is the ability to run applications across multiple zones. And with good reason — developers need to deploy applications across multiple domains, to improve availability in thxe advent of a single zone outage.
[Kubernetes 1.2](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/kubernetes-1-2-even-more-performance-upgrades-plus-easier-application-deployment-and-management), released two weeks ago, adds support for running a single cluster across multiple failure zones (GCP calls them simply "zones," Amazon calls them "availability zones," here we'll refer to them as "zones"). This is the first step in a broader effort to allow federating multiple Kubernetes clusters together (sometimes referred to by the affectionate nickname "[Ubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/docs/proposals/federation.md)"). This initial version (referred to as "Ubernetes Lite") offers improved application availability by spreading applications across multiple zones within a single cloud provider.
[Kubernetes 1.2](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/Kubernetes-1.2-even-more-performance-upgrades-plus-easier-application-deployment-and-management-), released two weeks ago, adds support for running a single cluster across multiple failure zones (GCP calls them simply "zones," Amazon calls them "availability zones," here we'll refer to them as "zones"). This is the first step in a broader effort to allow federating multiple Kubernetes clusters together (sometimes referred to by the affectionate nickname "[Ubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/docs/proposals/federation.md)"). This initial version (referred to as "Ubernetes Lite") offers improved application availability by spreading applications across multiple zones within a single cloud provider.
Multi-zone clusters are deliberately simple, and by design, very easy to use — no Kubernetes API changes were required, and no application changes either. You simply deploy your existing Kubernetes application into a new-style multi-zone cluster, and your application automatically becomes resilient to zone failures.
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ date: 2016-03-28
slug: five-days-of-kubernetes-12
url: /blog/2016/03/Five-Days-Of-Kubernetes-12
---
The Kubernetes project has had some huge milestones over the past few weeks. We released [Kubernetes 1.2](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/kubernetes-1-2-even-more-performance-upgrades-plus-easier-application-deployment-and-management), had our [first conference in Europe](https://kubecon.io/), and were accepted into the [Cloud Native Computing Foundation](https://cncf.io/). While we catch our breath, we would like to take a moment to highlight some of the great work contributed by the community since our last milestone, just four months ago.
The Kubernetes project has had some huge milestones over the past few weeks. We released [Kubernetes 1.2](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/Kubernetes-1.2-even-more-performance-upgrades-plus-easier-application-deployment-and-management-), had our [first conference in Europe](https://kubecon.io/), and were accepted into the [Cloud Native Computing Foundation](https://cncf.io/). While we catch our breath, we would like to take a moment to highlight some of the great work contributed by the community since our last milestone, just four months ago.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Our mission is to make building distributed systems easy and accessible for all.
|
3/29
|
\* [Building highly available applications using Kubernetes new multi-zone clusters (a.k.a. Ubernetes Lite")](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/building-highly-available-applications-using-kubernetes-new-multi-zone-clusters-aka-ubernetes-lite/)
\* [Building highly available applications using Kubernetes new multi-zone clusters (a.k.a. Ubernetes Lite")](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/building-highly-available-applications-using-Kubernetes-new-multi-zone-clusters-a.k.a-Ubernetes-Lite)
\* Guest post by AppFormix: [Helping Enterprises Operationalize Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/appformix-helping-enterprises)
|
|
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Our mission is to make building distributed systems easy and accessible for all.
|
3/31
|
\* [Kubernetes 1.2 and simplifying advanced networking with Ingress](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/kubernetes-1-2-and-simplifying-advanced-networking-with-ingress/)
\* [Kubernetes 1.2 and simplifying advanced networking with Ingress](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/Kubernetes-1.2-and-simplifying-advanced-networking-with-Ingress)
|
|
4/1
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Our heaviest use of the Kubernetes API is definitely our system of creating dyna
**Ingresses**
In order to provide a backend for HTTP API calls and allow self-registration of handlers we make use of the Ingress system in Kubernetes. It wasn't the clearest thing to set up, but reading through enough of the [nginx example](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/kubernetes-1-2-and-simplifying-advanced-networking-with-ingress/) eventually got us to a good spot where it is easy to connect services to the frontend.
In order to provide a backend for HTTP API calls and allow self-registration of handlers we make use of the Ingress system in Kubernetes. It wasn't the clearest thing to set up, but reading through enough of the [nginx example](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/Kubernetes-1.2-and-simplifying-advanced-networking-with-Ingress) eventually got us to a good spot where it is easy to connect services to the frontend.
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2016-07-12
slug: autoscaling-in-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/07/Autoscaling-In-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
Customers using Kubernetes respond to end user requests quickly and ship software faster than ever before. But what happens when you build a service that is even more popular than you planned for, and run out of compute? In [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/), we are proud to announce that we have a solution: autoscaling. On [Google Compute Engine](https://cloud.google.com/compute/) (GCE) and [Google Container Engine](https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/) (GKE) (and coming soon on [AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/)), Kubernetes will automatically scale up your cluster as soon as you need it, and scale it back down to save you money when you dont.
Customers using Kubernetes respond to end user requests quickly and ship software faster than ever before. But what happens when you build a service that is even more popular than you planned for, and run out of compute? In [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads), we are proud to announce that we have a solution: autoscaling. On [Google Compute Engine](https://cloud.google.com/compute/) (GCE) and [Google Container Engine](https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/) (GKE) (and coming soon on [AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/)), Kubernetes will automatically scale up your cluster as soon as you need it, and scale it back down to save you money when you dont.
### Benefits of Autoscaling
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ I wish all our experiences working together with a technical partner were as goo
Next, NetScaler CPX needed to be inserted in the data path of GCP ingress load balancer so that NetScaler CPX can spread traffic to front end web servers. The NetScaler team made modifications so that NetScaler CPX listens to API server events and configures itself to create a VIP, IP table rules and server rules to take ingress traffic and load balance across front end applications. Google Cloud Platform team provided feedback and assistance to verify modifications made to overcome the technical hurdles. Done!
NetScaler CPX use case is supported in [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/). Citrix customers and the broader enterprise market will have the opportunity to leverage NetScaler with Kubernetes, thereby lowering the friction to move workloads to the cloud.&nbsp;
NetScaler CPX use case is supported in [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads). Citrix customers and the broader enterprise market will have the opportunity to leverage NetScaler with Kubernetes, thereby lowering the friction to move workloads to the cloud.&nbsp;
You can learn more about&nbsp;NetScaler CPX [here](https://www.citrix.com/networking/microservices.html).
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ slug: cross-cluster-services
url: /blog/2016/07/Cross-Cluster-Services
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
As Kubernetes users scale their production deployments weve heard a clear desire to deploy services across zone, region, cluster and cloud boundaries. Services that span clusters provide geographic distribution, enable hybrid and multi-cloud scenarios and improve the level of high availability beyond single cluster multi-zone deployments. Customers who want their services to span one or more (possibly remote) clusters, need them to be reachable in a consistent manner from both within and outside their clusters.
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ slug: dashboard-web-interface-for-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/07/Dashboard-Web-Interface-For-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
[Kubernetes Dashboard](http://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard) is a project that aims to bring a general purpose monitoring and operational web interface to the Kubernetes world.&nbsp;Three months ago we [released](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/04/building-awesome-user-interfaces-for-kubernetes) the first production ready version, and since then the dashboard has made massive improvements. In a single UI, youre able to perform majority of possible interactions with your Kubernetes clusters without ever leaving your browser. This blog post breaks down new features introduced in the latest release and outlines the roadmap for the future.&nbsp;
**Full-Featured Dashboard**
Thanks to a large number of contributions from the community and project members, we were able to deliver many new features for [Kubernetes 1.3 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/). We have been carefully listening to all the great feedback we have received from our users (see the [summary infographics](http://static.lwy.io/img/kubernetes_dashboard_infographic.png)) and addressed the highest priority requests and pain points.
Thanks to a large number of contributions from the community and project members, we were able to deliver many new features for [Kubernetes 1.3 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads). We have been carefully listening to all the great feedback we have received from our users (see the [summary infographics](http://static.lwy.io/img/kubernetes_dashboard_infographic.png)) and addressed the highest priority requests and pain points.
The Dashboard UI now handles all workload resources. This means that no matter what workload type you run, it is visible in the web interface and you can do operational changes on it. For example, you can modify your stateful MySQL installation with [Pet Sets](/docs/user-guide/petset/), do a rolling update of your web server with Deployments or install cluster monitoring with DaemonSets.&nbsp;
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ date: 2016-07-11
slug: five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3
url: /blog/2016/07/Five-Days-Of-Kubernetes-1-3
---
Last week we [released Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/), two years from the day when the first Kubernetes commit was pushed to GitHub. Now 30,000+ commits later from over 800 contributors, this 1.3 releases is jam packed with updates driven by feedback from users.
Last week we [released Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads), two years from the day when the first Kubernetes commit was pushed to GitHub. Now 30,000+ commits later from over 800 contributors, this 1.3 releases is jam packed with updates driven by feedback from users.
While many new improvements and features have been added in the latest release, well be highlighting several that stand-out. Follow along and read these in-depth posts on whats new and how we continue to make Kubernetes the best way to manage containers at scale.&nbsp;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Day 5
|
Bonus
|
\* [Updates to Performance and Scalability](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/update-on-kubernetes-for-windows-server-containers/)
\* [Updates to Performance and Scalability](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-updates-to-performance-and-scalability-in-1.3)
|
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Kubernetes was the first external orchestration platform supported by [Rancher](
### Rancher and Kubernetes 1.2
Kubernetes 1.2 introduced enhanced Ingress object to simplify allowing inbound connections to reach the cluster services: heres an excellent [blog post about ingress](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/kubernetes-1-2-and-simplifying-advanced-networking-with-ingress/) policies. Ingress resource allows users to define host name routing rules and TLS config for the Load Balancer in a user friendly way. Then it should be backed up by an Ingress controller that would configure a corresponding cloud providers Load Balancer with the Ingress rules. Since Rancher already included a software defined Load Balancer based on HAproxy, we already supported all of the configuration requirements of the Ingress resource, and didnt have to do any changes on the Rancher side to adopt Ingress. What we had to do was write an Ingress controller that would listen to Kubernetes ingress specific events, configure the Rancher Load Balancer accordingly, and propagate the Load Balancer public entry point back to Kubernetes:
Kubernetes 1.2 introduced enhanced Ingress object to simplify allowing inbound connections to reach the cluster services: heres an excellent [blog post about ingress](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/Kubernetes-1.2-and-simplifying-advanced-networking-with-Ingress) policies. Ingress resource allows users to define host name routing rules and TLS config for the Load Balancer in a user friendly way. Then it should be backed up by an Ingress controller that would configure a corresponding cloud providers Load Balancer with the Ingress rules. Since Rancher already included a software defined Load Balancer based on HAproxy, we already supported all of the configuration requirements of the Ingress resource, and didnt have to do any changes on the Rancher side to adopt Ingress. What we had to do was write an Ingress controller that would listen to Kubernetes ingress specific events, configure the Rancher Load Balancer accordingly, and propagate the Load Balancer public entry point back to Kubernetes:
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Then every underlying Kubernetes cluster represented by Rancher environment, sho
- Kubernetes [cluster federation design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/docs/design/federation-phase-1.md)
- Kubernetes [blog post on multi zone clusters](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/building-highly-available-applications-using-kubernetes-new-multi-zone-clusters-aka-ubernetes-lite/)
- Kubernetes [blog post on multi zone clusters](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/03/building-highly-available-applications-using-Kubernetes-new-multi-zone-clusters-a.k.a-Ubernetes-Lite)
- Kubernetes [federated services design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/docs/design/federated-services.md)
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ date: 2016-07-11
slug: minikube-easily-run-kubernetes-locally
url: /blog/2016/07/Minikube-Easily-Run-Kubernetes-Locally
---
_Editor's note: This is the first post in a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3&nbsp;_
_Editor's note: This is the first post in a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3&nbsp;_
While Kubernetes is one of the best tools for managing containerized applications available today, and has been production-ready for over a year, Kubernetes has been missing a great local development platform.
For the past several months, several of us from the Kubernetes community have been working to fix this in the [Minikube](http://github.com/kubernetes/minikube) repository on GitHub. Our goal is to build an easy-to-use, high-fidelity Kubernetes distribution that can be run locally on Mac, Linux and Windows workstations and laptops with a single command.
Thanks to lots of help from members of the community, we're proud to announce the official release of Minikube. This release comes with support for [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/), new commands to make interacting with your local cluster easier and experimental drivers for xhyve (on macOS) and KVM (on Linux).
Thanks to lots of help from members of the community, we're proud to announce the official release of Minikube. This release comes with support for [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads), new commands to make interacting with your local cluster easier and experimental drivers for xhyve (on macOS) and KVM (on Linux).
**Using Minikube**
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2016-07-11
slug: rktnetes-brings-rkt-container-engine-to-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/07/Rktnetes-Brings-Rkt-Container-Engine-To-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of&nbsp;a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3&nbsp;_
_Editors note: this post is part of&nbsp;a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3&nbsp;_
As part of [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/), were happy to report that our work to bring interchangeable container engines to Kubernetes is bearing early fruit. What we affectionately call “rktnetes” is included in the version 1.3 Kubernetes release, and is ready for development use. rktnetes integrates support for [CoreOS rkt](https://coreos.com/rkt/) into Kubernetes as the container runtime on cluster nodes, and is now part of the mainline Kubernetes source code. Today its easier than ever for developers and ops pros with container portability in mind to try out running Kubernetes with a different container engine.
As part of [Kubernetes 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads), were happy to report that our work to bring interchangeable container engines to Kubernetes is bearing early fruit. What we affectionately call “rktnetes” is included in the version 1.3 Kubernetes release, and is ready for development use. rktnetes integrates support for [CoreOS rkt](https://coreos.com/rkt/) into Kubernetes as the container runtime on cluster nodes, and is now part of the mainline Kubernetes source code. Today its easier than ever for developers and ops pros with container portability in mind to try out running Kubernetes with a different container engine.
"We find CoreOSs rkt a compelling container engine in Kubernetes because of how rkt is composed with the underlying systemd,” said Mark Petrovic, senior MTS and architect at Xoom, a PayPal service. “The rkt runtime assumes only the responsibility it needs to, then delegates to other system services where appropriate. This separation of concerns is important to us.”
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ slug: thousand-instances-of-cassandra-using-kubernetes-pet-set
url: /blog/2016/07/Thousand-Instances-Of-Cassandra-Using-Kubernetes-Pet-Set
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.3) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.3_
## Running The Greek Pet Monster Races
For the [Kubernetes 1.3 launch](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/), we wanted to put the new Pet Set through its paces. By testing a thousand instances of [Cassandra](https://cassandra.apache.org/), we could make sure that Kubernetes 1.3 was production ready. Read on for how we adapted Cassandra to Kubernetes, and had our largest deployment ever.
For the [Kubernetes 1.3 launch](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads), we wanted to put the new Pet Set through its paces. By testing a thousand instances of [Cassandra](https://cassandra.apache.org/), we could make sure that Kubernetes 1.3 was production ready. Read on for how we adapted Cassandra to Kubernetes, and had our largest deployment ever.
Its fairly straightforward to use containers with basic stateful applications today. Using a persistent volume, you can mount a disk in a pod, and ensure that your data lasts beyond the life of your pod. However, with deployments of distributed stateful applications, things can become more tricky. With Kubernetes 1.3, the new [Pet Set](/docs/user-guide/petset/) component makes everything much easier. To test this new feature out at scale, we decided to host the Greek Pet Monster Races! We raced Centaurs and other Ancient Greek Monsters over hundreds of thousands of races across multiple availability zones.
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ date: 2016-07-07
slug: update-on-kubernetes-for-windows-server-containers
url: /blog/2016/07/Update-On-Kubernetes-For-Windows-Server-Containers
---
We are proud to announce that with the [release of version 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/), Kubernetes now supports 2000-node clusters with even better end-to-end pod startup time. The latency of our API calls are within our one-second [Service Level Objective (SLO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_level_objective) and most of them are even an order of magnitude better than that. It is possible to run larger deployments than a 2,000 node cluster, but performance may be degraded and it may not meet our strict SLO.
We are proud to announce that with the [release of version 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads), Kubernetes now supports 2000-node clusters with even better end-to-end pod startup time. The latency of our API calls are within our one-second [Service Level Objective (SLO)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_level_objective) and most of them are even an order of magnitude better than that. It is possible to run larger deployments than a 2,000 node cluster, but performance may be degraded and it may not meet our strict SLO.
In this blog post we discuss the detailed performance results from Kubernetes 1.3 and what changes we made from version 1.2 to achieve these results. We also describe Kubemark, a performance testing tool that weve integrated into our continuous testing framework to detect performance and scalability regressions.
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ url: /blog/2016/07/happy-k8sbday-1
---
Last year at OSCON, I got to reconnect with a bunch of friends and see what they have been working on. That turned out to be the [Kubernetes 1.0 launch event](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL69nYSiGNLP0Ljwa9J98xUd6UlM604Y-l). Even that day, it was clear the project was supported by a broad community -- a group that showed an ambitious vision for distributed computing.&nbsp;
Today, on the first anniversary of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch, its amazing to see what a community of dedicated individuals can do. Kubernauts have collectively put in [237 person years of coding effort](https://www.openhub.net/p/kubernetes) since launch to bring forward our most recent [release 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/). However the community is much more than simply coding effort. It is made up of people -- individuals that have given their expertise and energy to make this project flourish. With more than 830 diverse contributors, from independents to the largest companies in the world, its their work that makes Kubernetes stand out. Here are stories from a couple early contributors reflecting back on the project:
Today, on the first anniversary of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch, its amazing to see what a community of dedicated individuals can do. Kubernauts have collectively put in [237 person years of coding effort](https://www.openhub.net/p/kubernetes) since launch to bring forward our most recent [release 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads). However the community is much more than simply coding effort. It is made up of people -- individuals that have given their expertise and energy to make this project flourish. With more than 830 diverse contributors, from independents to the largest companies in the world, its their work that makes Kubernetes stand out. Here are stories from a couple early contributors reflecting back on the project:
- [Sam Ghods](https://www.box.com/blog/kubernetes-box-microservices-maximum-velocity/), services architect and co-founder at Box
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Google spent over ten years developing, applying and refining the principles of
- Dynamically scheduled, for increased infrastructure efficiency and decreased operational overhead; and&nbsp;
- Microservices-based. Loosely coupled components significantly increase the overall agility, resilience and maintainability of applications.
These principles have enabled us to build the largest, most efficient, most powerful cloud infrastructure in the world, which anyone can access via [Google Cloud Platform](http://cloud.google.com/). They are the same principles responsible for the recent surge in popularity of Linux containers. Two years ago, we open-sourced Kubernetes to spur adoption of containers and scalable, microservices-based applications, and the recently released [Kubernetes version 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/) introduces a number of features to bridge enterprise and cloud native workloads. We expect that adoption of cloud-native principles will drive the same benefits within the OpenStack community, as well as smoothing the path between OpenStack and the public cloud providers that embrace them.
These principles have enabled us to build the largest, most efficient, most powerful cloud infrastructure in the world, which anyone can access via [Google Cloud Platform](http://cloud.google.com/). They are the same principles responsible for the recent surge in popularity of Linux containers. Two years ago, we open-sourced Kubernetes to spur adoption of containers and scalable, microservices-based applications, and the recently released [Kubernetes version 1.3](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads) introduces a number of features to bridge enterprise and cloud native workloads. We expect that adoption of cloud-native principles will drive the same benefits within the OpenStack community, as well as smoothing the path between OpenStack and the public cloud providers that embrace them.
**Making OpenStack better**
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ url: /blog/2016/07/stateful-applications-in-containers-kubernetes
_Editor's note: todays guest post is from Mark Balch, VP of Products at Diamanti, wholl share more about the contributions theyve made to Kubernetes._
Congratulations to the Kubernetes community on another [value-packed release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/). A focus on stateful applications and federated clusters are two reasons why Im so excited about 1.3. Kubernetes support for stateful apps such as Cassandra, Kafka, and MongoDB is critical. Important services rely on databases, key value stores, message queues, and more. Additionally, relying on one data center or container cluster simply wont work as apps grow to serve millions of users around the world. Cluster federation allows users to deploy apps across multiple clusters and data centers for scale and resiliency.
Congratulations to the Kubernetes community on another [value-packed release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads). A focus on stateful applications and federated clusters are two reasons why Im so excited about 1.3. Kubernetes support for stateful apps such as Cassandra, Kafka, and MongoDB is critical. Important services rely on databases, key value stores, message queues, and more. Additionally, relying on one data center or container cluster simply wont work as apps grow to serve millions of users around the world. Cluster federation allows users to deploy apps across multiple clusters and data centers for scale and resiliency.
You may have [heard me say before](https://www.diamanti.com/blog/the-next-great-application-platform/) that containers are the next great application platform. Diamanti is accelerating container adoption for stateful apps in production - where performance and ease of deployment really matter.&nbsp;
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ slug: dynamic-provisioning-and-storage-in-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/10/Dynamic-Provisioning-And-Storage-In-Kubernetes
---
Storage is a critical part of running containers, and Kubernetes offers some powerful primitives for managing it. Dynamic volume provisioning, a feature unique to Kubernetes, allows storage volumes to be created on-demand. Without dynamic provisioning, cluster administrators have to manually make calls to their cloud or storage provider to create new storage volumes, and then create PersistentVolume objects to represent them in Kubernetes. The dynamic provisioning feature eliminates the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. Instead, it automatically provisions storage when it is requested by users. This feature was introduced as alpha in Kubernetes 1.2, and has been improved and promoted to beta in the [latest release, 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/). This release makes dynamic provisioning far more flexible and useful.
Storage is a critical part of running containers, and Kubernetes offers some powerful primitives for managing it. Dynamic volume provisioning, a feature unique to Kubernetes, allows storage volumes to be created on-demand. Without dynamic provisioning, cluster administrators have to manually make calls to their cloud or storage provider to create new storage volumes, and then create PersistentVolume objects to represent them in Kubernetes. The dynamic provisioning feature eliminates the need for cluster administrators to pre-provision storage. Instead, it automatically provisions storage when it is requested by users. This feature was introduced as alpha in Kubernetes 1.2, and has been improved and promoted to beta in the [latest release, 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1.4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere). This release makes dynamic provisioning far more flexible and useful.
**Whats New?**
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ _Editor's note: Todays post is by Allan Naim, Product Manager, and Quinton Ho
In Kubernetes 1.3, we announced Kubernetes Cluster Federation and introduced the concept of Cross Cluster Service Discovery, enabling developers to deploy a service that was sharded across a federation of clusters spanning different zones, regions or cloud providers. This enables developers to achieve higher availability for their applications, without sacrificing quality of service, as detailed in our [previous](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/cross-cluster-services) blog post.
In the latest release, [Kubernetes 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/), we've extended Cluster Federation to support Replica Sets, Secrets, Namespaces and Ingress objects. This means that you no longer need to deploy and manage these objects individually in each of your federated clusters. Just create them once in the federation, and have its built-in controllers automatically handle that for you.
In the latest release, [Kubernetes 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1.4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere), we've extended Cluster Federation to support Replica Sets, Secrets, Namespaces and Ingress objects. This means that you no longer need to deploy and manage these objects individually in each of your federated clusters. Just create them once in the federation, and have its built-in controllers automatically handle that for you.
[**Federated Replica Sets**](/docs/user-guide/federation/replicasets/) leverage the same configuration as non-federated Kubernetes Replica Sets and automatically distribute Pods across one or more federated clusters. By default, replicas are evenly distributed across all clusters, but for cases where that is not the desired behavior, we've introduced Replica Set preferences, which allow replicas to be distributed across only some clusters, or in non-equal proportions ([define annotations](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/federation/apis/federation/types.go#L114)).
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ So what do you do when there are too many places for things to be found?
In this case, were not creating Yet Another Place for Applications, rather promoting an existing one as the canonical location. As part of the Special Interest Group Apps ([SIG Apps](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-apps)) work for the [Kubernetes 1.4 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/), we began to provide a home for these Kubernetes deployable applications that provides continuous releases of well documented and user friendly packages. These packages are being created as Helm [**Charts**](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/charts.md) and can be installed using the Helm tool. **[Helm](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm)** allows users to easily templatize their Kubernetes manifests and provide a set of configuration parameters that allows users to customize their deployment.
In this case, were not creating Yet Another Place for Applications, rather promoting an existing one as the canonical location. As part of the Special Interest Group Apps ([SIG Apps](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-apps)) work for the [Kubernetes 1.4 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1.4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere), we began to provide a home for these Kubernetes deployable applications that provides continuous releases of well documented and user friendly packages. These packages are being created as Helm [**Charts**](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/charts.md) and can be installed using the Helm tool. **[Helm](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm)** allows users to easily templatize their Kubernetes manifests and provide a set of configuration parameters that allows users to customize their deployment.
**Helm is the package manager** (analogous to yum and apt) and **Charts are packages** (analogous to debs and rpms). The home for these Charts is the [Kubernetes Charts repository](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts) which provides continuous integration for pull requests, as well as automated releases of Charts in the master branch.
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ The following applications are now available:
|[Drupal](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/drupal) | [Consul](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/consul) |
|[Jenkins](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/jenkins)|[Elasticsearch](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/elasticsearch) |
| [MariaDB](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/mariadb) | [etcd](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/etcd) |
| [MySQL](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/mysql) | [Grafana](https://github.com/helm/charts/tree/master/stable/grafana) |
| [Redmine](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/redmine)|[MongoDB](https://github.com/helm/charts/tree/master/stable/mongodb)|
| [MySQL](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/mysql) | [Grafana](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/grafana) |
| [Redmine](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/redmine)|[MongoDB](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/mongodb)|
| [Wordpress](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/wordpress)|[Patroni](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/patroni) |
||[Prometheus](https://github.com/helm/charts/tree/master/stable/prometheus)|
| | [Spark](https://github.com/helm/charts/tree/master/stable/spark)|
||[Prometheus](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/prometheus)|
| | [Spark](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/spark)|
| | [ZooKeeper](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/incubator/zookeeper) |
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ The following applications are now available:
1. [Create a chart](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/charts.md)
2. Developer provides parameters via the [values.yaml](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/charts.md#values-files) file allowing users to customize their deployment. This can be seen as the API between chart devs and chart users.
3. A [README](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/tree/master/stable/mariadb) is written to help describe the application and its parameterized values.
4. Once the application installs properly and the values customize the deployment appropriately, the developer adds a [NOTES.txt](https://github.com/helm/helm/blob/dev-v2/docs/charts.md) file that is shown as soon as the user installs. This file generally points out the next steps for the user to connect to or use the application.
4. Once the application installs properly and the values customize the deployment appropriately, the developer adds a [NOTES.txt](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/charts.md#chart-license-readme-and-notes) file that is shown as soon as the user installs. This file generally points out the next steps for the user to connect to or use the application.
5. If the application requires persistent storage, the developer adds a mechanism to store the data such that pod restarts do not lose data. Most charts requiring this today are using [dynamic volume provisioning](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/10/dynamic-provisioning-and-storage-in-kubernetes) to abstract away underlying storage details from the user which allows a single configuration to work against Kubernetes installations.
6. Submit a [Pull Request to the Kubernetes Charts repo](https://github.com/kubernetes/charts/pulls). Once tested and reviewed, the PR will be merged.
7. Once merged to the master branch, the chart will be packaged and released to Helms default repository and available for users to install.
@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@ The following applications are now available:
**Example workflow for a Chart user**
1. 1.[Install Helm](https://helm.sh/docs/intro/quickstart/#install-helm)
2. 2.[Initialize Helm](https://helm.sh/docs/intro/quickstart/#install-an-example-chart)
3. 3.[Search for a chart](https://helm.sh/docs/intro/using_helm/#helm-search-finding-charts)
1. 1.[Install Helm](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/quickstart.md#install-helm)
2. 2.[Initialize Helm](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/quickstart.md#install-an-example-chart)
3. 3.[Search for a chart](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/using_helm.md#helm-search-finding-charts)
```
$ helm search
NAME VERSION DESCRIPTION stable/drupal 0.3.1 One of the most versatile open source content m...stable/jenkins 0.1.0 A Jenkins Helm chart for Kubernetes. stable/mariadb 0.4.0 Chart for MariaDB stable/mysql 0.1.0 Chart for MySQL stable/redmine 0.3.1 A flexible project management web application. stable/wordpress 0.3.0 Web publishing platform for building blogs and ...
```
4. 4.[Install the chart](https://helm.sh/docs/intro/using_helm/#helm-install-installing-a-package)
4. 4.[Install the chart](https://github.com/kubernetes/helm/blob/master/docs/using_helm.md#helm-install-installing-a-package)
```
$ helm install stable/jenkins
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ date: 2016-10-03
slug: production-kubernetes-dashboard-ui-1.4-improvements_3
url: /blog/2016/10/Production-Kubernetes-Dashboard-UI-1-4-improvements_3
---
With the release of [Kubernetes 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/) last week, Dashboard the official web UI for Kubernetes has a number of exciting updates and improvements of its own. The past three months have been busy ones for the Dashboard team, and were excited to share the resulting features of that effort here. If youre not familiar with Dashboard, the [GitHub repo](https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard#kubernetes-dashboard) is a great place to get started.
With the release of [Kubernetes 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1.4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere) last week, Dashboard the official web UI for Kubernetes has a number of exciting updates and improvements of its own. The past three months have been busy ones for the Dashboard team, and were excited to share the resulting features of that effort here. If youre not familiar with Dashboard, the [GitHub repo](https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard#kubernetes-dashboard) is a great place to get started.
A quick recap before unwrapping our shiny new features: Dashboard was initially released March 2016. One of the focuses for Dashboard throughout its lifetime has been the onboarding experience; its a less intimidating way for Kubernetes newcomers to get started, and by showing multiple resources at once, it provides contextualization lacking in [kubectl](/docs/user-guide/kubectl-overview/) (the CLI). After that initial release though, the product team realized that fine-tuning for a beginner audience was getting ahead of ourselves: there were still fundamental product requirements that Dashboard needed to satisfy in order to have a productive UX to onboard new users too. That became our mission for this release: closing the gap between Dashboard and kubectl by showing more resources, leveraging a web UIs strengths in monitoring and troubleshooting, and architecting this all in a user friendly way.
@@ -4,29 +4,29 @@ date: 2016-11-07
slug: bringing-kubernetes-support-to-azure
url: /blog/2016/11/Bringing-Kubernetes-Support-To-Azure
---
_Editor's note: Todays post is by Brendan Burns, Partner Architect, at Microsoft & Kubernetes co-founder talking about bringing Kubernetes to Azure Container Service._
With more than a thousand people coming to [KubeCon](http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon) in my hometown of Seattle, nearly three years after I helped start the Kubernetes project, its amazing and humbling to see what a small group of people and a radical idea have become after three years of hard work from a large and growing community. In July of 2014, scarcely a month after Kubernetes became publicly available, Microsoft announced its initial support for Azure. The release of [Kubernetes 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/), brought support for native Microsoft networking, [load-balancer](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/28821) and [disk integration](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/29836).&nbsp;
Today, Microsoft [announced](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/azure-container-service-the-cloud-s-most-open-option-for-containers/) the next step in Kubernetes on Azure: the introduction of Kubernetes as a supported orchestrator in Azure Container Service (ACS). Its been really exciting for me to join the ACS team and help build this new addition. The integration of Kubernetes into ACS means that with a few clicks in the Azure portal, or by running a single command in the new python-based Azure command line tool, you will be able to create a fully functional Kubernetes cluster that is integrated with the rest of your Azure resources.
Kubernetes is available in public preview in Azure Container Service today. Community participation has always been an important part of the Kubernetes experience. Over the next few months, I hope youll join us and provide your feedback on the experience as we bring it to general availability.
In the spirit of community, we are also excited to announce a new open source project: [ACS Engine](https://github.com/azure/acs-engine). The goal of ACS Engine is to provide an open, community driven location to develop and share best practices for orchestrating containers on Azure. All of our knowledge of running containers in Azure has been captured in that repository, and we look forward to improving and extending it as we move forward with the community. Going forward, the templates in ACS Engine will be the basis for clusters deployed via the ACS API, and thus community driven improvements, features and more will have a natural path into the Azure Container Service. Were excited to invite you to join us in improving ACS. Prior to the creation of ACS Engine, customers with unique requirements not supported by the ACS API needed to maintain variations on our templates. While these differences start small, they grew larger over time as the mainline template was improved and users also iterated their templates. These differences and drift really impact the ability for users to collaborate, since their templates are all different. Without the ability to share and collaborate, its difficult to form a community since every user is siloed in their own variant.
To solve this problem, the core of ACS Engine is a template processor, built in Go, that enables you to dynamically combine different pieces of configuration together to form a final template that can be used to build up your cluster. Thus, each user can mix and match the pieces build the final container cluster that suits their needs. At the same time, each piece can be built and maintained collaboratively by the community. Weve been beta testing this approach with some customers and the feedback weve gotten so far has been really positive.
Beyond services to help you run containers on Azure, I think its incredibly important to improve the experience of developing and deploying containerized applications to Kubernetes. To that end, Ive been doing a bunch of work lately to build a Kubernetes extension for the really excellent, open source, [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/). The Kubernetes extension enables you to quickly deploy JSON or YAML files you are editing onto a Kubernetes cluster. Additionally, it enables you to import existing Kubernetes objects into Code for easy editing. Finally, it enables synchronization between your running containers and the source code that you are developing for easy debugging of issues you are facing in production.
But really, a demo is worth a thousand words, so please have a look at this [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhY9XdzNbbY):
Of course, like everything else in Kubernetes its released as open source, and I look forward to working on it further with the community. Thanks again, I look forward to seeing everyone at the OpenShift Gathering today, as well as at the Microsoft Azure booth during KubeCon tomorrow and Wednesday. Welcome to Seattle!
_Editor's note: Todays post is by Brendan Burns, Partner Architect, at Microsoft & Kubernetes co-founder talking about bringing Kubernetes to Azure Container Service._
With more than a thousand people coming to [KubeCon](http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon) in my hometown of Seattle, nearly three years after I helped start the Kubernetes project, its amazing and humbling to see what a small group of people and a radical idea have become after three years of hard work from a large and growing community. In July of 2014, scarcely a month after Kubernetes became publicly available, Microsoft announced its initial support for Azure. The release of [Kubernetes 1.4](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1.4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere), brought support for native Microsoft networking, [load-balancer](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/28821) and [disk integration](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/29836).&nbsp;
Today, Microsoft [announced](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/azure-container-service-the-cloud-s-most-open-option-for-containers/) the next step in Kubernetes on Azure: the introduction of Kubernetes as a supported orchestrator in Azure Container Service (ACS). Its been really exciting for me to join the ACS team and help build this new addition. The integration of Kubernetes into ACS means that with a few clicks in the Azure portal, or by running a single command in the new python-based Azure command line tool, you will be able to create a fully functional Kubernetes cluster that is integrated with the rest of your Azure resources.
Kubernetes is available in public preview in Azure Container Service today. Community participation has always been an important part of the Kubernetes experience. Over the next few months, I hope youll join us and provide your feedback on the experience as we bring it to general availability.
In the spirit of community, we are also excited to announce a new open source project: [ACS Engine](https://github.com/azure/acs-engine). The goal of ACS Engine is to provide an open, community driven location to develop and share best practices for orchestrating containers on Azure. All of our knowledge of running containers in Azure has been captured in that repository, and we look forward to improving and extending it as we move forward with the community. Going forward, the templates in ACS Engine will be the basis for clusters deployed via the ACS API, and thus community driven improvements, features and more will have a natural path into the Azure Container Service. Were excited to invite you to join us in improving ACS. Prior to the creation of ACS Engine, customers with unique requirements not supported by the ACS API needed to maintain variations on our templates. While these differences start small, they grew larger over time as the mainline template was improved and users also iterated their templates. These differences and drift really impact the ability for users to collaborate, since their templates are all different. Without the ability to share and collaborate, its difficult to form a community since every user is siloed in their own variant.
To solve this problem, the core of ACS Engine is a template processor, built in Go, that enables you to dynamically combine different pieces of configuration together to form a final template that can be used to build up your cluster. Thus, each user can mix and match the pieces build the final container cluster that suits their needs. At the same time, each piece can be built and maintained collaboratively by the community. Weve been beta testing this approach with some customers and the feedback weve gotten so far has been really positive.
Beyond services to help you run containers on Azure, I think its incredibly important to improve the experience of developing and deploying containerized applications to Kubernetes. To that end, Ive been doing a bunch of work lately to build a Kubernetes extension for the really excellent, open source, [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/). The Kubernetes extension enables you to quickly deploy JSON or YAML files you are editing onto a Kubernetes cluster. Additionally, it enables you to import existing Kubernetes objects into Code for easy editing. Finally, it enables synchronization between your running containers and the source code that you are developing for easy debugging of issues you are facing in production.
But really, a demo is worth a thousand words, so please have a look at this [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhY9XdzNbbY):
Of course, like everything else in Kubernetes its released as open source, and I look forward to working on it further with the community. Thanks again, I look forward to seeing everyone at the OpenShift Gathering today, as well as at the Microsoft Azure booth during KubeCon tomorrow and Wednesday. Welcome to Seattle!
- [Download](http://get.k8s.io/) Kubernetes
- Get involved with the Kubernetes project on [GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes)&nbsp;
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2016-12-22
slug: cluster-federation-in-kubernetes-1.5
url: /blog/2016/12/Cluster-Federation-In-Kubernetes-1-5
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-5/) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.5) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
In the latest [Kubernetes 1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/), youll notice that support for Cluster Federation is maturing. That functionality was introduced in Kubernetes 1.3, and the 1.5 release includes a number of new features, including an easier setup experience and a step closer to supporting all Kubernetes API objects.
In the latest [Kubernetes 1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads), youll notice that support for Cluster Federation is maturing. That functionality was introduced in Kubernetes 1.3, and the 1.5 release includes a number of new features, including an easier setup experience and a step closer to supporting all Kubernetes API objects.
A new command line tool called **[kubefed](/docs/admin/federation/kubefed/)** was introduced to make getting started with Cluster Federation much simpler. Also, alpha level support was added for Federated DaemonSets, Deployments and ConfigMaps. In summary:
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@ date: 2016-12-19
slug: container-runtime-interface-cri-in-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/12/Container-Runtime-Interface-Cri-In-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-5/) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.5) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
At the lowest layers of a Kubernetes node is the software that, among other things, starts and stops containers. We call this the “Container Runtime”. The most widely known container runtime is Docker, but it is not alone in this space. In fact, the container runtime space has been rapidly evolving. As part of the effort to make Kubernetes more extensible, we've been working on a new plugin API for container runtimes in Kubernetes, called "CRI".
**What is the CRI and why does Kubernetes need it?**
Each container runtime has it own strengths, and many users have asked for Kubernetes to support more runtimes. In the Kubernetes 1.5 release, we are proud to introduce the [Container Runtime Interface](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/242a97307b34076d5d8f5bbeb154fa4d97c9ef1d/docs/devel/container-runtime-interface.md) (CRI) -- a plugin interface which enables kubelet to use a wide variety of container runtimes, without the need to recompile. CRI consists of a [protocol buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/) and [gRPC API](http://www.grpc.io/), and [libraries](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/release-1.5/pkg/kubelet/server/streaming), with additional specifications and tools under active development. CRI is being released as Alpha in [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads).
Each container runtime has it own strengths, and many users have asked for Kubernetes to support more runtimes. In the Kubernetes 1.5 release, we are proud to introduce the [Container Runtime Interface](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/242a97307b34076d5d8f5bbeb154fa4d97c9ef1d/docs/devel/container-runtime-interface.md) (CRI) -- a plugin interface which enables kubelet to use a wide variety of container runtimes, without the need to recompile. CRI consists of a [protocol buffers](https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/) and [gRPC API](http://www.grpc.io/), and [libraries](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/release-1.5/pkg/kubelet/server/streaming), with additional specifications and tools under active development. CRI is being released as Alpha in [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads).
Supporting interchangeable container runtimes is not a new concept in Kubernetes. In the 1.3 release, we announced the [rktnetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/rktnetes-brings-rkt-container-engine-to-Kubernetes) project to enable [rkt container engine](https://github.com/coreos/rkt) as an alternative to the Docker container runtime. However, both Docker and rkt were integrated directly and deeply into the kubelet source code through an internal and volatile interface. Such an integration process requires a deep understanding of Kubelet internals and incurs significant maintenance overhead to the Kubernetes community. These factors form high barriers to entry for nascent container runtimes. By providing a clearly-defined abstraction layer, we eliminate the barriers and allow developers to focus on building their container runtimes. This is a small, yet important step towards truly enabling pluggable container runtimes and building a healthier ecosystem.
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ date: 2016-12-19
slug: five-days-of-kubernetes-1.5
url: /blog/2016/12/Five-Days-Of-Kubernetes-1-5
---
With the help of our growing community of 1,000 contributors, we pushed some 5,000 commits to extend support for production workloads and deliver [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/). While many improvements and new features have been added, we selected few to highlight in a series of in-depths posts listed below.&nbsp;
With the help of our growing community of 1,000 contributors, we pushed some 5,000 commits to extend support for production workloads and deliver [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads). While many improvements and new features have been added, we selected few to highlight in a series of in-depths posts listed below.&nbsp;
This progress is our commitment in continuing to make Kubernetes best way to manage your production workloads at scale.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ This progress is our commitment in continuing to make Kubernetes best way to man
| Day 1 | [Introducing Container Runtime Interface (CRI) in Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/container-runtime-interface-cri-in-kubernetes) |
| Day 2 | [StatefulSet: Run and Scale Stateful Applications Easily in Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/statefulset-run-scale-stateful-applications-in-kubernetes) |
| Day 3 | [Windows Server Support Comes to Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/windows-server-support-kubernetes) |
| Day 4 | [Cluster Federation in Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/cluster-federation-in-kubernetes-1-5/) |
| Day 4 | [Cluster Federation in Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/cluster-federation-in-kubernetes-1.5) |
| Day 5 | [Kubernetes supports OpenAPI](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-supports-openapi) |
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ The CNCF recently announced the [Kubernetes Managed Service Provider](https://ku
**Community Velocity**
In the past three months weve seen more than a hundred new contributors join the project with some 5,000 commits pushed, reaching new milestones by bringing the total for the core project to 1,000+ contributors and 40,000+ commits. This incredible momentum is only possible by having an open design, being open to new ideas, and empowering an open community to be welcoming to new and senior contributors alike. A big thanks goes out to the release team for 1.5 -- Saad Ali of Google, Davanum Srinivas of Mirantis, and Caleb Miles of CoreOS for their work bringing the 1.5 release to light.
Offline, the community can be found at one of the many Kubernetes related [meetups](https://www.meetup.com/topics/kubernetes/) around the world. The strength and scale of the community was visible in the crowded halls of CloudNativeCon/KubeCon Seattle (the recorded user talks are [here](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj6h78yzYM2PqgIGU1Qmi8nY7dqn9PCr4)). The next C[loudNativeCon + KubeCon is in Berlin](https://events.linuxfoundation.org/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe/) March 29-30, 2017, be sure to get your ticket and [submit your talk](https://docs.google.com/a/google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc0lPQhSuDusPXLKJDTcWrH3DbOuoQlTD0lB4IGUz6NAmcf2g/viewform) before the CFP deadline of Dec 16th.
Offline, the community can be found at one of the many Kubernetes related [meetups](https://www.meetup.com/topics/kubernetes/) around the world. The strength and scale of the community was visible in the crowded halls of CloudNativeCon/KubeCon Seattle (the recorded user talks are [here](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLj6h78yzYM2PqgIGU1Qmi8nY7dqn9PCr4)). The next C[loudNativeCon + KubeCon is in Berlin](http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudnativecon-and-kubecon-europe) March 29-30, 2017, be sure to get your ticket and [submit your talk](https://docs.google.com/a/google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc0lPQhSuDusPXLKJDTcWrH3DbOuoQlTD0lB4IGUz6NAmcf2g/viewform) before the CFP deadline of Dec 16th.
Ready to start contributing? Share your voice at our weekly [community meeting](https://kubernetes.io/community/).&nbsp;
Ready to start contributing? Share your voice at our weekly [community meeting](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/community/README.md).&nbsp;
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)&nbsp;
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ date: 2016-12-23
slug: kubernetes-supports-openapi
url: /blog/2016/12/Kubernetes-Supports-Openapi
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-5/) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.5) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
[OpenAPI](https://www.openapis.org/) allows API providers to define their operations and models, and enables developers to automate their tools and generate their favorite languages client to talk to that API server. Kubernetes has supported swagger 1.2 (older version of OpenAPI spec) for a while, but the spec was incomplete and invalid, making it hard to generate tools/clients based on it.
In Kubernetes 1.4, we introduced alpha support for the OpenAPI spec (formerly known as swagger 2.0 before it was donated to the [Open API Initiative](https://www.openapis.org/about)) by upgrading the current models and operations. Beginning in [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/), the support for the OpenAPI spec has been completed by auto-generating the spec directly from Kubernetes source, which will keep the spec--and documentation--completely in sync with future changes in operations/models.
In Kubernetes 1.4, we introduced alpha support for the OpenAPI spec (formerly known as swagger 2.0 before it was donated to the [Open API Initiative](https://www.openapis.org/about)) by upgrading the current models and operations. Beginning in [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads), the support for the OpenAPI spec has been completed by auto-generating the spec directly from Kubernetes source, which will keep the spec--and documentation--completely in sync with future changes in operations/models.
The new spec enables us to have better API documentation and we have even introduced a supported [python client](https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/client-python).
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2016-12-20
slug: statefulset-run-scale-stateful-applications-in-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/12/Statefulset-Run-Scale-Stateful-Applications-In-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-5/) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.5) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
In the latest release, [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/), weve moved the feature formerly known as PetSet into beta as [StatefulSet](/docs/concepts/abstractions/controllers/statefulsets/). There were no major changes to the API Object, other than the community selected name, but we added the semantics of “at most one pod per index” for deployment of the Pods in the set. Along with ordered deployment, ordered termination, unique network names, and persistent stable storage, we think we have the right primitives to support many containerized stateful workloads. We dont claim that the feature is 100% complete (it is software after all), but we believe that it is useful in its current form, and that we can extend the API in a backwards-compatible way as we progress toward an eventual GA release.
In the latest release, [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads), weve moved the feature formerly known as PetSet into beta as [StatefulSet](/docs/concepts/abstractions/controllers/statefulsets/). There were no major changes to the API Object, other than the community selected name, but we added the semantics of “at most one pod per index” for deployment of the Pods in the set. Along with ordered deployment, ordered termination, unique network names, and persistent stable storage, we think we have the right primitives to support many containerized stateful workloads. We dont claim that the feature is 100% complete (it is software after all), but we believe that it is useful in its current form, and that we can extend the API in a backwards-compatible way as we progress toward an eventual GA release.
**When is StatefulSet the Right Choice for my Storage Application?**
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2016-12-21
slug: windows-server-support-kubernetes
url: /blog/2016/12/Windows-Server-Support-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-5/) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.5) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.5_
Extending on the theme of giving users choice, [Kubernetes 1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/) includes the support for Windows Servers. WIth more than [80%](http://www.gartner.com/document/3446217) of enterprise apps running Java on Linux or .Net on Windows, Kubernetes is previewing capabilities that extends its reach to the mass majority of enterprise workloads.&nbsp;
Extending on the theme of giving users choice, [Kubernetes 1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads) includes the support for Windows Servers. WIth more than [80%](http://www.gartner.com/document/3446217) of enterprise apps running Java on Linux or .Net on Windows, Kubernetes is previewing capabilities that extends its reach to the mass majority of enterprise workloads.&nbsp;
The new Kubernetes Windows Server 2016 and Windows Container support includes public preview with the following features:
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ _Editor's note: Todays post is by Sandeep Dinesh, Developer Advocate, Google
Conventional wisdom says you cant run a database in a container. “Containers are stateless!” they say, and “databases are pointless without state!”
Of course, this is not true at all. At Google, everything runs in a container, including databases. You just need the right tools. [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/) includes the new [StatefulSet](/docs/concepts/abstractions/controllers/statefulsets/) API object (in previous versions, StatefulSet was known as PetSet). With StatefulSets, Kubernetes makes it much easier to run stateful workloads such as databases.
Of course, this is not true at all. At Google, everything runs in a container, including databases. You just need the right tools. [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads) includes the new [StatefulSet](/docs/concepts/abstractions/controllers/statefulsets/) API object (in previous versions, StatefulSet was known as PetSet). With StatefulSets, Kubernetes makes it much easier to run stateful workloads such as databases.
If youve followed my previous posts, you know how to create a [MEAN Stack app with Docker](http://blog.sandeepdinesh.com/2015/07/running-mean-web-application-in-docker.html), then [migrate it to Kubernetes](https://medium.com/google-cloud/running-a-mean-stack-on-google-cloud-platform-with-kubernetes-149ca81c2b5d) to provide easier management and reliability, and [create a MongoDB replica set](https://medium.com/google-cloud/mongodb-replica-sets-with-kubernetes-d96606bd9474) to provide redundancy and high availability.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Our goals for v1.6 are centered around refactoring, stabilization and security.&
First and foremost, we want to get kubeadm and its composable configuration experience to beta. We will refactor kubeadm so each phase in the bootstrap process is invokable separately. We want to bring the TLS Bootstrap API, the Certificates API and the ComponentConfig API to beta, and to get kops (and other tools) using them.&nbsp;
We will also graduate the token discovery were using now (aka. the gcr.io/google\_containers/kube-discovery:1.0 image) to beta by adding a new controller to the controller manager: the [BootstrapSigner](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/36101). Using tokens managed as Secrets, that controller will sign the contents (a kubeconfig file) of a well known ConfigMap in a new kube-public namespace. This object will be available to unauthenticated users in order to enable a secure bootstrap with a simple and short shared token.You can read the full proposal [here](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
We will also graduate the token discovery were using now (aka. the gcr.io/google\_containers/kube-discovery:1.0 image) to beta by adding a new controller to the controller manager: the [BootstrapSigner](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/36101). Using tokens managed as Secrets, that controller will sign the contents (a kubeconfig file) of a well known ConfigMap in a new kube-public namespace. This object will be available to unauthenticated users in order to enable a secure bootstrap with a simple and short shared token.You can read the full proposal [here](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/bootstrap-discovery.md).
In addition to making it possible to invoke phases separately, we will also add a new phase for bringing up the control plane in a self-hosted mode (as opposed to the current static pod technique). The self-hosted technique was developed by CoreOS in the form of [bootkube](https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/bootkube), and will now be incorporated as an alternative into an official Kubernetes product. Thanks to CoreOS for pushing that paradigm forward! This will be done by first setting up a temporary control plane with static pods, injecting the Deployments, ConfigMaps and DaemonSets as necessary, and lastly turning down the temporary control plane. For now, etcd will still be in a static pod by default.&nbsp;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ This then points to the other benefit of next generation PaaS being built on top
Kubernetes is infrastructure for next generation applications, PaaS and more. Given this, Im really excited by our [announcement](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/kubernetes-now-generally-available-on-azure-container-service/) today that Kubernetes on Azure Container Service has reached general availability. When you deploy your next generation application to Azure, whether on a PaaS or deployed directly onto Kubernetes itself (or both) you can deploy it onto a managed, supported Kubernetes cluster.
Furthermore, because we know that the world of PaaS and software development in general is a hybrid one, were excited to announce the preview availability of [Windows clusters in Azure Container Service](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/container-service/container-service-kubernetes-walkthrough). Were also working on [hybrid clusters](https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine/blob/master/docs/kubernetes/windows.md) in [ACS-Engine](https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine) and expect to roll those out to general availability in the coming months.
Furthermore, because we know that the world of PaaS and software development in general is a hybrid one, were excited to announce the preview availability of [Windows clusters in Azure Container Service](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/container-service/container-service-kubernetes-walkthrough). Were also working on [hybrid clusters](https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine/blob/master/docs/kubernetes.windows.md) in [ACS-Engine](https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine) and expect to roll those out to general availability in the coming months.
Im thrilled to see how containers and container as a service is changing the world of compute, Im confident that were only scratching the surface of the transformation well see in the coming months and years.
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ slug: highly-available-kubernetes-clusters
url: /blog/2017/02/Highly-Available-Kubernetes-Clusters
---
Todays post shows how to set-up a reliable, highly available distributed Kubernetes cluster. The support for running such clusters on Google Compute Engine (GCE) was added as an alpha feature in [Kubernetes 1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/).
Todays post shows how to set-up a reliable, highly available distributed Kubernetes cluster. The support for running such clusters on Google Compute Engine (GCE) was added as an alpha feature in [Kubernetes 1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads).
**Motivation**
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ In an earlier [post](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/creating-postgresql-clus
**Step 1** - Create Kubernetes Environment
StatefulSets is a new feature implemented in [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/) (prior versions it was known as PetSets). As a result, running this example will require an environment based on Kubernetes 1.5.0 or above.
StatefulSets is a new feature implemented in [Kubernetes 1.5](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads) (prior versions it was known as PetSets). As a result, running this example will require an environment based on Kubernetes 1.5.0 or above.
The example in this blog deploys on Centos7 using [kubeadm](/docs/admin/kubeadm/). Some instructions on what kubeadm provides and how to deploy a Kubernetes cluster is located [here](http://linoxide.com/containers/setup-kubernetes-kubeadm-centos).
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ date: 2017-03-31
slug: advanced-scheduling-in-kubernetes
url: /blog/2017/03/Advanced-Scheduling-In-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
The Kubernetes schedulers default behavior works well for most cases -- for example, it ensures that pods are only placed on nodes that have sufficient free resources, it ties to spread pods from the same set ([ReplicaSet](/docs/user-guide/replicasets/), [StatefulSet](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/), etc.) across nodes, it tries to balance out the resource utilization of nodes, etc.
But sometimes you want to control how your pods are scheduled. For example, perhaps you want to ensure that certain pods only schedule on nodes with specialized hardware, or you want to co-locate services that communicate frequently, or you want to dedicate a set of nodes to a particular set of users. Ultimately, you know much more about how your applications should be scheduled and deployed than Kubernetes ever will. So **[Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) offers four advanced scheduling features: node affinity/anti-affinity, taints and tolerations, pod affinity/anti-affinity, and custom schedulers**. Each of these features are now in _beta_ in Kubernetes 1.6.
But sometimes you want to control how your pods are scheduled. For example, perhaps you want to ensure that certain pods only schedule on nodes with specialized hardware, or you want to co-locate services that communicate frequently, or you want to dedicate a set of nodes to a particular set of users. Ultimately, you know much more about how your applications should be scheduled and deployed than Kubernetes ever will. So **[Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) offers four advanced scheduling features: node affinity/anti-affinity, taints and tolerations, pod affinity/anti-affinity, and custom schedulers**. Each of these features are now in _beta_ in Kubernetes 1.6.
**Node Affinity/Anti-Affinity**
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ slug: dynamic-provisioning-and-storage-classes-kubernetes
url: /blog/2017/03/Dynamic-Provisioning-And-Storage-Classes-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Storage is a critical part of running stateful containers, and Kubernetes offers
StorageClasses use provisioners that are specific to the storage platform or cloud provider to give Kubernetes access to the physical media being used. Several storage provisioners are provided in-tree (see [user-guide](/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/index#provisioner)), but additionally out-of-tree provisioners are now supported (see [kubernetes-incubator](https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-storage)).
In the [Kubernetes 1.6 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale), **dynamic provisioning has been promoted to stable** (having entered beta in 1.4). This is a big step forward in completing the Kubernetes storage automation vision, allowing cluster administrators to control how resources are provisioned and giving users the ability to focus more on their application. With all of these benefits, **there are a few important user-facing changes (discussed below) that are important to understand before using Kubernetes 1.6**.
In the [Kubernetes 1.6 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale), **dynamic provisioning has been promoted to stable** (having entered beta in 1.4). This is a big step forward in completing the Kubernetes storage automation vision, allowing cluster administrators to control how resources are provisioned and giving users the ability to focus more on their application. With all of these benefits, **there are a few important user-facing changes (discussed below) that are important to understand before using Kubernetes 1.6**.
**Storage Classes and How to Use them**
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ slug: five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6
url: /blog/2017/03/Five-Days-Of-Kubernetes-1-6
---
With the help of our growing community of 1,110 plus contributors, we pushed around 5,000 commits to deliver [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale), bringing focus on multi-user, multi-workloads at scale. While many improvements have been contributed, we selected few features to highlight in a series of in-depths posts listed below.&nbsp;
With the help of our growing community of 1,110 plus contributors, we pushed around 5,000 commits to deliver [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale), bringing focus on multi-user, multi-workloads at scale. While many improvements have been contributed, we selected few features to highlight in a series of in-depths posts listed below.&nbsp;
Follow along and read whats new:
|| Five Days of Kubernetes|
|-|-|
| Day 1 | [Dynamic Provisioning and Storage Classes in Kubernetes Stable in 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/dynamic-provisioning-and-storage-classes-kubernetes) |
| Day 2 | [Scalability updates in Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1-6/) |
| Day 2 | [Scalability updates in Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1.6) |
| Day 3 | [Advanced Scheduling in Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/advanced-scheduling-in-kubernetes) |
| Day 4 | [Configuring Private DNS Zones and Upstream Nameservers in Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/04/configuring-private-dns-zones-upstream-nameservers-kubernetes) |
|Day 5 | [RBAC support in Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/04/rbac-support-in-kubernetes) |
@@ -109,4 +109,4 @@ Many thanks for your contributions and advocacy!
_-- Aparna Sinha, Senior Product Manager,&nbsp;Kubernetes, Google_
_**PS: read this [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6**_
_**PS: read this [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6**_
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2017-03-30
slug: scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1.6
url: /blog/2017/03/Scalability-Updates-In-Kubernetes-1-6
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
Last summer we [shared](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/update-on-kubernetes-for-windows-server-containers/) updates on Kubernetes scalability, since then weve been working hard and are proud to announce that [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) can handle 5,000-node clusters with up to 150,000 pods. Moreover, those cluster have even better end-to-end pod startup time than the previous 2,000-node clusters in the 1.3 release; and latency of the API calls are within the one-second SLO.
Last summer we [shared](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-updates-to-performance-and-scalability-in-1.3) updates on Kubernetes scalability, since then weve been working hard and are proud to announce that [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) can handle 5,000-node clusters with up to 150,000 pods. Moreover, those cluster have even better end-to-end pod startup time than the previous 2,000-node clusters in the 1.3 release; and latency of the API calls are within the one-second SLO.
In this blog post we review what metrics we monitor in our tests and describe our performance results from Kubernetes 1.6. We also discuss what changes we made to achieve the improvements, and our plans for upcoming releases in the area of system scalability.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ If you are interested in scalability and performance, please join our community
- Chat with us in the Kubernetes Slack [scalability channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-scale/):&nbsp;
- Join our Special Interest Group, [SIG-Scalability](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-scalability/README.md), which meets every Thursday at 9:00 AM PST
Thanks for the support and contributions! Read more in-depth posts on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6 [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6).
Thanks for the support and contributions! Read more in-depth posts on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6 [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6).
_-- Wojciech Tyczynski, Software Engineer, Google_
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ date: 2017-04-04
slug: configuring-private-dns-zones-upstream-nameservers-kubernetes
url: /blog/2017/04/Configuring-Private-Dns-Zones-Upstream-Nameservers-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
Many users have existing domain name zones that they would like to integrate into their Kubernetes DNS namespace. For example, hybrid-cloud users may want to resolve their internal “.corp” domain addresses within the cluster. Other users may have a zone populated by a non-Kubernetes service discovery system (like Consul). Were pleased to announce that, in [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale), [kube-dns](/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) adds support for configurable private DNS zones (often called “stub domains”) and external upstream DNS nameservers. In this blog post, we describe how to configure and use this feature.
Many users have existing domain name zones that they would like to integrate into their Kubernetes DNS namespace. For example, hybrid-cloud users may want to resolve their internal “.corp” domain addresses within the cluster. Other users may have a zone populated by a non-Kubernetes service discovery system (like Consul). Were pleased to announce that, in [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale), [kube-dns](/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) adds support for configurable private DNS zones (often called “stub domains”) and external upstream DNS nameservers. In this blog post, we describe how to configure and use this feature.
**Default lookup flow**
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ If youd like to contribute or simply help provide feedback and drive the road
- Chat with us on the Kubernetes [Slack network channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-network/)
- Join our Special Interest Group, [SIG-Network](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/wiki/SIG-Network), which meets on Tuesdays at 14:00 PT
Thanks for your support and contributions. Read more in-depth posts on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6 [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6).
Thanks for your support and contributions. Read more in-depth posts on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6 [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6).
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ So obviously, one of the main things that really sold us on using Kubernetes, wa
The great stability, speed and operational reliability we saw in our early tests in mid-2016 made the migration to Kubernetes a no-brainer.
And, it didnt hurt that the vision for scale the Kubernetes project has been pursuing is closely aligned with our own goals as a company. Aiming for \>1,000 node clusters might be a lofty goal, but for a fast growing video company like ours, having your infrastructure aim to support future growth is essential. Also, after initial brainstorming for our new infrastructure, we immediately knew that we would be running a huge number of containers and having a system, with the expressed goal of working at global scale, was the perfect fit for us. Now with the recent [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale/) release and its [support for 5,000 node clusters](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1-6/), we feel even more validated in our choice of a container orchestration system.
And, it didnt hurt that the vision for scale the Kubernetes project has been pursuing is closely aligned with our own goals as a company. Aiming for \>1,000 node clusters might be a lofty goal, but for a fast growing video company like ours, having your infrastructure aim to support future growth is essential. Also, after initial brainstorming for our new infrastructure, we immediately knew that we would be running a huge number of containers and having a system, with the expressed goal of working at global scale, was the perfect fit for us. Now with the recent [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) release and its [support for 5,000 node clusters](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1.6), we feel even more validated in our choice of a container orchestration system.
During the testing and migration phase of getting our infrastructure running on Kubernetes, we got quite familiar with the Kubernetes API and the whole ecosystem around it. So when we were looking at expanding our cloud video encoding offering for customers to use in their own datacenters or cloud environments, we quickly decided to leverage Kubernetes as our ubiquitous cloud operating system to base the solution on.
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ date: 2017-04-06
slug: rbac-support-in-kubernetes
url: /blog/2017/04/Rbac-Support-In-Kubernetes
---
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
_Editors note: this post is part of a [series of in-depth articles](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6) on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6_
One of the highlights of the [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) release is the RBAC authorizer feature moving to _beta_. RBAC, Role-based access control, is an authorization mechanism for managing permissions around Kubernetes resources. RBAC allows configuration of flexible authorization policies that can be updated without cluster restarts.
One of the highlights of the [Kubernetes 1.6](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale) release is the RBAC authorizer feature moving to _beta_. RBAC, Role-based access control, is an authorization mechanism for managing permissions around Kubernetes resources. RBAC allows configuration of flexible authorization policies that can be updated without cluster restarts.
The focus of this post is to highlight some of the interesting new capabilities and best practices.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ If youd like to contribute or simply help provide feedback and drive the road
- Chat with us on the Kubernetes [Slack sig-auth channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-auth/)
- Join the biweekly [SIG-Auth meetings](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-auth/README.md) on Wednesday at 11:00 AM PT
Thanks for your support and contributions. Read more in-depth posts on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6 [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1-6).
Thanks for your support and contributions. Read more in-depth posts on what's new in Kubernetes 1.6 [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/five-days-of-kubernetes-1.6).
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Of course, as is the expectation with all infrastructure software today, Draft i
To give you a sense for what Draft can do, here is an example drawn from the [Getting Started](https://github.com/Azure/draft/blob/master/docs/getting-started.md) page in the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/Azure/draft).
There are multiple example applications included within the [examples directory](https://github.com/Azure/draft/blob/master/examples). For this walkthrough, we'll be using the [python example application](https://github.com/Azure/draft/tree/master/examples/example-python) which uses [Flask](http://flask.pocoo.org/) to provide a very simple Hello World webserver.
There are multiple example applications included within the [examples directory](https://github.com/Azure/draft/blob/master/examples). For this walkthrough, we'll be using the [python example application](https://github.com/Azure/draft/blob/master/examples/python) which uses [Flask](http://flask.pocoo.org/) to provide a very simple Hello World webserver.
```
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ spec:
The other two services that we will need to deploy if we want to run the app are **details** and **reviews-v1**. We dont need to deploy the **ratings** service at this time because v1 of the reviews service doesnt use it. The remaining services follow essentially the same pattern as **productpage**. The yaml files for all services can be found [here](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/master/samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo.yaml).
The other two services that we will need to deploy if we want to run the app are **details** and **reviews-v1**. We dont need to deploy the **ratings** service at this time because v1 of the reviews service doesnt use it. The remaining services follow essentially the same pattern as **productpage**. The yaml files for all services can be found [here](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/master/samples/apps/bookinfo/bookinfo-v1.yaml).
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ Notice that this time we use the istioctl kube-inject command to modify bookinfo
In the Istio service mesh we will not want to access the application **productpage** directly, as we did in plain Kubernetes. Instead, we want an Envoy sidecar in the request path so that we can use Istios management features (version routing, circuit breakers, policies, etc.) to control external calls to **productpage** , just like we can for internal requests. Istios Ingress controller is used for this purpose.
To use the Istio Ingress controller, we need to create a Kubernetes [Ingress resource](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/master/samples/bookinfo/platform/kube/bookinfo-ingress.yaml) for the app, annotated with kubernetes.io/ingress.class: "istio", like this:
To use the Istio Ingress controller, we need to create a Kubernetes [Ingress resource](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/istio/istio/master/samples/apps/bookinfo/bookinfo-ingress.yaml) for the app, annotated with kubernetes.io/ingress.class: "istio", like this:
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ July 2016
-
Kubernauts celebrated its [first anniversary](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/happy-k8sbday-1) of the Kubernetes 1.0 launch with 20 [#k8sbday](https://twitter.com/search?q=k8sbday&src=typd) parties hosted worldwide
-
Kubernetes [v1.3 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1-3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads/)
Kubernetes [v1.3 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/07/kubernetes-1.3-bridging-cloud-native-and-enterprise-workloads)
September 2016
-
Kubernetes [v1.4 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1-4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere/)
Kubernetes [v1.4 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/kubernetes-1.4-making-it-easy-to-run-on-kuberentes-anywhere)
-
Launch of [kubeadm](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/09/how-we-made-kubernetes-easy-to-install), a tool that makes Kubernetes dramatically easier to install
-
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Cloud Native Computing Foundation partners with The Linux Foundation to launch a
December 2016
-
Kubernetes [v1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1-5-supporting-production-workloads/)
Kubernetes [v1.5 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/kubernetes-1.5-supporting-production-workloads)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ March 2017
-
CloudNativeCon/KubeCon [Europe](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/04/17/highlights-cloudnativecon-kubecon-europe-2017/)
-
Kubernetes[v1.6 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1-6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale)
Kubernetes[v1.6 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/kubernetes-1.6-multi-user-multi-workloads-at-scale)
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Stutterstock and Kubernetes appear in [The Wall Street Journal](https://blogs.ws
June 2017
-
Kubernetes [v1.7 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/06/kubernetes-1-7-security-hardening-stateful-application-extensibility-updates)
Kubernetes [v1.7 release](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/06/kubernetes-1.7-security-hardening-stateful-application-extensibility-updates)
-
[Survey](https://www.cncf.io/blog/2017/06/28/survey-shows-kubernetes-leading-orchestration-platform/) from CloudNativeCon + KubeCon Europe shows Kubernetes leading as the orchestration platform of choice
-
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ tags:
date: 2018-03-26
modified_time: '2018-03-27T11:01:39.569-07:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-112706738355446097.post-6519705795358457586
blogger_orig_url: https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/03/26/kubernetes-1.10-stabilizing-storage-security-networking/
blogger_orig_url: https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/03/kubernetes-1.10-stabilizing-storage-security-networking
slug: kubernetes-1.10-stabilizing-storage-security-networking
date: 2018-03-26
---
@@ -75,16 +75,16 @@ Within just a few commands, data scientists and software engineers can now creat
# Community Contributions
Itd be impossible to have gotten where we are without enormous help from everyone in the community. Some specific contributions that we want to highlight include:
* [Argo](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/v0.7.0/kubeflow/argo) for managing ML workflows
* [Argo](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/master/kubeflow/argo) for managing ML workflows
* [Caffe2 Operator](https://github.com/kubeflow/caffe2-operator) for running Caffe2 jobs
* [Horovod & OpenMPI](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/master/components/openmpi-controller) for improved distributed training performance of TensorFlow
* [Identity Aware Proxy](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/blob/master/docs/gke/iap_request.py), which enables using security your services with identities, rather than VPNs and Firewalls
* [Katib](https://github.com/kubeflow/katib) for hyperparameter tuning
* [Kubernetes volume controller](https://github.com/kubeflow/experimental-kvc) which provides basic volume and data management using volumes and volume sources in a Kubernetes cluster.
* [Kubebench](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubebench) for benchmarking of HW and ML stacks
* [Pachyderm](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/v0.7.0/kubeflow/pachyderm) for managing complex data pipelines
* [Pachyderm](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/master/kubeflow/pachyderm) for managing complex data pipelines
* [PyTorch operator](https://github.com/kubeflow/pytorch-operator) for running PyTorch jobs
* [Seldon Core](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/v0.7.0/kubeflow/seldon) for running complex model deployments and non-TensorFlow serving
* [Seldon Core](https://github.com/kubeflow/kubeflow/tree/master/kubeflow/seldon) for running complex model deployments and non-TensorFlow serving
Its difficult to overstate how much the community has helped bring all these projects (and more) to fruition. Just a few of the contributing companies include: Alibaba Cloud, Ant Financial, Caicloud, Canonical, Cisco, Datawire, Dell, GitHub, Google, Heptio, Huawei, Intel, Microsoft, Momenta, One Convergence, Pachyderm, Project Jupyter, Red Hat, Seldon, Uber and Weaveworks.
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Its difficult to overstate how much the community has helped bring all these
If youd like to try out Kubeflow, we have a number of options for you:
1. You can use sample walkthroughs hosted on [Katacoda](https://www.katacoda.com/kubeflow)
2. You can follow a guided tutorial with existing models from the [examples repository](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples). These include the [GitHub Issue Summarization](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples/tree/master/github_issue_summarization), [MNIST](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples/tree/master/mnist) and [Reinforcement Learning with Agents](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples/tree/v0.5.1/agents).
2. You can follow a guided tutorial with existing models from the [examples repository](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples). These include the [GitHub Issue Summarization](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples/tree/master/github_issue_summarization), [MNIST](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples/tree/master/mnist) and [Reinforcement Learning with Agents](https://github.com/kubeflow/examples/tree/master/agents).
3. You can start a cluster on your own and try your own model. Any Kubernetes conformant cluster will support Kubeflow including those from contributors [Caicloud](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/caicloud-releases-its-kubernetes-based-cluster-as-a-service-product-claas-20-and-the-first-tensorflow-as-a-service-taas-11-while-closing-6m-series-a-funding-300418071.html), [Canonical](https://jujucharms.com/canonical-kubernetes/), [Google](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/creating-a-container-cluster), [Heptio](https://heptio.com/products/kubernetes-subscription/), [Mesosphere](https://github.com/mesosphere/dcos-kubernetes-quickstart), [Microsoft](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/kubernetes-walkthrough), [IBM](https://cloud.ibm.com/docs/containers?topic=containers-cs_cluster_tutorial#cs_cluster_tutorial), [Red Hat/Openshift ](https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/3.3/install_config/install/quick_install.html#install-config-install-quick-install)and [Weaveworks](https://www.weave.works/product/cloud/).
There were also a number of sessions at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon EU 2018 covering Kubeflow. The links to the talks are here; the associated videos will be posted in the coming days.
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ You can find out more on the [CoreDNS Blog](https://coredns.io/blog).
### Get involved with CoreDNS
CoreDNS is an incubated [CNCF](https://cncf.io) project.
CoreDNS is an incubated [CNCF](https:://cncf.io) project.
We're most active on Slack (and GitHub):
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ In addition to the above interfaces, the storage services from the cloud provide
## Azure cloud provider implementation and VMSS
In the Azure cloud provider, for every type of cluster we implement, there is a VMType option which we specify. In case of VMSS, the VM type is “vmss”. The provisioning software (acs-engine, in future AKS etc.) would setup these values in /etc/kubernetes/azure.json file. Based on this type, various implementations would get instantiated [[3]](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.17/staging/src/k8s.io/legacy-cloud-providers/azure/azure_vmss.go)
In the Azure cloud provider, for every type of cluster we implement, there is a VMType option which we specify. In case of VMSS, the VM type is “vmss”. The provisioning software (acs-engine, in future AKS etc.) would setup these values in /etc/kubernetes/azure.json file. Based on this type, various implementations would get instantiated [[3]](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/cloudprovider/providers/azure/azure_vmss.go)
The load balancer interface provides access to the underlying cloud provider load balancer service. The information about the load balancers and the control operations on them are required for Kubernetes to handle the services which gets hosted on the Kubernetes cluster. For VMSS support the changes ensure that the VMSS instances are part of the load balancer pool as required.
@@ -264,8 +264,7 @@ With v1.12 we bring user assigned managed identity support for Kubernetes. With
To understand the internals, we will focus on a cluster created using acs-engine. This can be configured in other ways, but the basic interactions are of the same pattern.
The acs-engine sets up the cluster with the required configuration. The /etc/kubernetes/azure.json file provides a way for the cluster components (eg: kube-apiserver) to gather configuration on how to access the cloud resources. In a user managed identity cluster there is a value filled with the key as `UserAssignedIdentityID`. This value is filled with the client id of the user assigned identity created by acs-engine or provided by the user, however the case may be. The code which does the authentication for Kubernetes on azure can be found here [[14]](
https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.17/staging/src/k8s.io/legacy-cloud-providers/azure/auth/azure_auth.go). This code uses Azure adal packages to get authenticated to access various resources in the cloud. In case of user assigned identity the following API call is made to get new token:
The acs-engine sets up the cluster with the required configuration. The /etc/kubernetes/azure.json file provides a way for the cluster components (eg: kube-apiserver) to gather configuration on how to access the cloud resources. In a user managed identity cluster there is a value filled with the key as `UserAssignedIdentityID`. This value is filled with the client id of the user assigned identity created by acs-engine or provided by the user, however the case may be. The code which does the authentication for Kubernetes on azure can be found here [[14]](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/cloudprovider/providers/azure/auth/azure_auth.go). This code uses Azure adal packages to get authenticated to access various resources in the cloud. In case of user assigned identity the following API call is made to get new token:
```
adal.NewServicePrincipalTokenFromMSIWithUserAssignedID(msiEndpoint,
@@ -312,7 +311,7 @@ For the acs-engine (the unmanaged variety) on Azure docs can be found here: [[9]
2) /docs/concepts/architecture/cloud-controller/
3) https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.17/staging/src/k8s.io/legacy-cloud-providers/azure/azure_vmss.go
3) https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/cloudprovider/providers/azure/azure_vmss.go
4) https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine/blob/master/docs/kubernetes/deploy.md
@@ -334,6 +333,6 @@ For the acs-engine (the unmanaged variety) on Azure docs can be found here: [[9]
13) https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine/tree/master/examples/kubernetes-msi-userassigned
14)https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.17/staging/src/k8s.io/legacy-cloud-providers/azure/auth/azure_auth.go
14) https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/cloudprovider/providers/azure/auth/azure_auth.go
15) https://github.com/Azure/acs-engine/tree/master/examples/addons/cluster-autoscaler
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ date: 2018-10-26
**Author**: Michael Gasch (VMware)
Hello and welcome back to the second and final part about tips for KubeCon first-time speakers. If you missed the last post, please give it a read [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/10/18/tips-for-your-first-kubecon-presentation-part-1/).
Hello and welcome back to the second and final part about tips for KubeCon first-time speakers. If you missed the last post, please give it a read [here](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/10/18/tips-for-your-first-kubecon-presentation---part-1/).
## The Day before the Show
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ That way, your clients can always use the short form on the left, and always be
As further reading, a more elaborate example for users is available in the [Multi-Cluster Service DNS with ExternalDNS guide](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/docs/servicedns-with-externaldns.md).
# Try it yourself
To get started with Federation v2, please refer to the [user guide](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/docs/userguide.md). Deployment can be accomplished with a [Helm chart](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubefed/blob/master/charts/kubefed/README.md), and once the control plane is available, the [user guides example](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/docs/userguide.md#example) can be used to get some hands-on experience with using Federation V2.
To get started with Federation v2, please refer to the [user guide](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/docs/userguide.md). Deployment can be accomplished with a [Helm chart](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/charts/federation-v2/README.md), and once the control plane is available, the [user guides example](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/docs/userguide.md#example) can be used to get some hands-on experience with using Federation V2.
Federation v2 can be deployed in both _cluster-scoped_ and _namespace-scoped_ configurations. A cluster-scoped deployment will require cluster-admin privileges to both host and member clusters, and may be a good fit for evaluating federation on clusters that are not running critical workloads. Namespace-scoped deployment requires access to only a single namespace on host and member clusters, and is a better fit for evaluating federation on clusters running workloads. Most of the user guide refers to cluster-scoped deployment, with the [namespaced federation](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/federation-v2/blob/master/docs/userguide.md#namespaced-federation) section documenting how use of a namespaced deployment differs. The same cluster can host multiple federations, and clusters can be part of multiple federations when using namespaced federation.
@@ -97,11 +97,3 @@ semantics to fields! It's also going to improve support for CRDs and unions!
- Some kubectl apply features are missing from diff and could be useful, like the ability
to filter by label, or to display pruned resources.
- Eventually, kubectl diff will use server-side apply!
{{< note >}}
The flag `kubectl apply --server-dry-run` is deprecated in v1.18.
Use the flag `--dry-run=server` for using server-side dry-run in
`kubectl apply` and other subcommands.
{{< /note >}}
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ date: 2019-03-28
*A few days ago, the Kubernetes community announced [Kubernetes 1.14](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/03/25/kubernetes-1-14-release-announcement/), the most recent version of Kubernetes. Alongside it, Minikube, a part of the Kubernetes project, recently hit the [1.0 milestone](https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases/tag/v1.0.0), which supports [Kubernetes 1.14](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/03/25/kubernetes-1-14-release-announcement/) by default.*
Kubernetes is a real winner (and a de facto standard) in the world of distributed Cloud Native computing. While it can handle up to [5000 nodes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1-6/) in a single cluster, local deployment on a single machine (e.g. a laptop, a developer workstation, etc.) is an increasingly common scenario for using Kubernetes.
Kubernetes is a real winner (and a de facto standard) in the world of distributed Cloud Native computing. While it can handle up to [5000 nodes](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2017/03/scalability-updates-in-kubernetes-1.6) in a single cluster, local deployment on a single machine (e.g. a laptop, a developer workstation, etc.) is an increasingly common scenario for using Kubernetes.
A few weeks ago I ran a poll on Twitter asking the community to specify their preferred option for running Kubernetes locally on Linux:
@@ -12,45 +12,21 @@ When APIs evolve, the old API is deprecated and eventually removed.
The **v1.16** release will stop serving the following deprecated API versions in favor of newer and more stable API versions:
* NetworkPolicy in the **extensions/v1beta1** API version is no longer served
* Migrate to use the **networking.k8s.io/v1** API version, available since v1.8.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* PodSecurityPolicy in the **extensions/v1beta1** API version
* NetworkPolicy (in the **extensions/v1beta1** API group)
* Migrate to use the **networking.k8s.io/v1** API, available since v1.8.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the **networking.k8s.io/v1** API.
* PodSecurityPolicy (in the **extensions/v1beta1** API group)
* Migrate to use the **policy/v1beta1** API, available since v1.10.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* DaemonSet in the **extensions/v1beta1** and **apps/v1beta2** API versions is no longer served
* Migrate to use the **apps/v1** API version, available since v1.9.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* Notable changes:
* `spec.templateGeneration` is removed
* `spec.selector` is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
* `spec.updateStrategy.type` now defaults to `RollingUpdate` (the default in `extensions/v1beta1` was `OnDelete`)
* Deployment in the **extensions/v1beta1**, **apps/v1beta1**, and **apps/v1beta2** API versions is no longer served
* Migrate to use the **apps/v1** API version, available since v1.9.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* Notable changes:
* `spec.rollbackTo` is removed
* `spec.selector` is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
* `spec.progressDeadlineSeconds` now defaults to `600` seconds (the default in `extensions/v1beta1` was no deadline)
* `spec.revisionHistoryLimit` now defaults to `10` (the default in `apps/v1beta1` was `2`, the default in `extensions/v1beta1` was to retain all)
* `maxSurge` and `maxUnavailable` now default to `25%` (the default in `extensions/v1beta1` was `1`)
* StatefulSet in the **apps/v1beta1** and **apps/v1beta2** API versions is no longer served
* Migrate to use the **apps/v1** API version, available since v1.9.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* Notable changes:
* `spec.selector` is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
* `spec.updateStrategy.type` now defaults to `RollingUpdate` (the default in `apps/v1beta1` was `OnDelete`)
* ReplicaSet in the **extensions/v1beta1**, **apps/v1beta1**, and **apps/v1beta2** API versions is no longer served
* Migrate to use the **apps/v1** API version, available since v1.9.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* Notable changes:
* `spec.selector` is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the **policy/v1beta1** API.
* DaemonSet, Deployment, StatefulSet, and ReplicaSet (in the **extensions/v1beta1** and **apps/v1beta2** API groups)
* Migrate to use the **apps/v1** API, available since v1.9.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the **apps/v1** API.
The **v1.22** release will stop serving the following deprecated API versions in favor of newer and more stable API versions:
The **v1.20** release will stop serving the following deprecated API versions in favor of newer and more stable API versions:
* Ingress in the **extensions/v1beta1** API version will no longer be served
* Migrate to use the **networking.k8s.io/v1beta1** API version, available since v1.14.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the new version.
* Ingress (in the **extensions/v1beta1** API group)
* Migrate to use the **networking.k8s.io/v1beta1** API, serving Ingress since v1.14.
Existing persisted data can be retrieved/updated via the **networking.k8s.io/v1beta1** API.
# What To Do
@@ -84,8 +60,8 @@ apiserver startup arguments:
Deprecations are announced in the Kubernetes release notes. You can see these
announcements in
[1.14](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG/CHANGELOG-1.14.md#deprecations)
and [1.15](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG/CHANGELOG-1.15.md#deprecations-and-removals).
[1.14](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.14.md#deprecations)
and [1.15](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.15.md#deprecations-and-removals).
You can read more [in our deprecation policy document](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/using-api/deprecation-policy/#deprecating-parts-of-the-api)
about the deprecation policies for Kubernetes APIs, and other Kubernetes components.
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Kubernetes 1.17 Feature: Kubernetes In-Tree to CSI Volume Migration Moves to Beta"
date: 2019-12-09T09:00:00+08:00
slug: kubernetes-1-17-feature-csi-migration-beta
---
**Authors:** David Zhu, Software Engineer, Google
The Kubernetes in-tree storage plugin to [Container Storage Interface (CSI)](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/01/15/container-storage-interface-ga/) migration infrastructure is now beta in Kubernetes v1.17. CSI migration was introduced as alpha in Kubernetes v1.14.
Kubernetes features are generally introduced as alpha and moved to beta (and eventually to stable/GA) over subsequent Kubernetes releases. This process allows Kubernetes developers to get feedback, discover and fix issues, iterate on the designs, and deliver high quality, production grade features.
## Why are we migrating in-tree plugins to CSI?
Prior to CSI, Kubernetes provided a powerful volume plugin system. These volume plugins were “in-tree” meaning their code was part of the core Kubernetes code and shipped with the core Kubernetes binaries. However, adding support for new volume plugins to Kubernetes was challenging. Vendors that wanted to add support for their storage system to Kubernetes (or even fix a bug in an existing volume plugin) were forced to align with the Kubernetes release process. In addition, third-party storage code caused reliability and security issues in core Kubernetes binaries and the code was often difficult (and in some cases impossible) for Kubernetes maintainers to test and maintain. Using the Container Storage Interface in Kubernetes resolves these major issues.
As more CSI Drivers were created and became production ready, we wanted all Kubernetes users to reap the benefits of the CSI model. However, we did not want to force users into making workload/configuration changes by breaking the existing generally available storage APIs. The way forward was clear - we would have to replace the backend of the “in-tree plugin” APIs with CSI.
## What is CSI migration?
The CSI migration effort enables the replacement of existing in-tree storage plugins such as `kubernetes.io/gce-pd` or `kubernetes.io/aws-ebs` with a corresponding [CSI driver](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/introduction.html). If CSI Migration is working properly, Kubernetes end users shouldnt notice a difference. After migration, Kubernetes users may continue to rely on all the functionality of in-tree storage plugins using the existing interface.
When a Kubernetes cluster administrator updates a cluster to enable CSI migration, existing stateful deployments and workloads continue to function as they always have; however, behind the scenes Kubernetes hands control of all storage management operations (previously targeting in-tree drivers) to CSI drivers.
The Kubernetes team has worked hard to ensure the stability of storage APIs and for the promise of a smooth upgrade experience. This involves meticulous accounting of all existing features and behaviors to ensure backwards compatibility and API stability. You can think of it like changing the wheels on a racecar while its speeding down the straightaway.
## How to try out CSI migration for existing plugins?
If you are Kubernetes distributor that deploys in one of the environments listed below, now would be a good time to start testing the CSI migration and figuring out how to deploy/manage the appropriate CSI driver.
To try out CSI migration in beta for an existing plugin you must be using Kubernetes v1.17 or higher. First, you must update/create a Kubernetes cluster with the feature flags `CSIMigration` (on by default in 1.17) and `CSIMigration{provider}` (off by default) enabled on all Kubernetes components (master and node). Where {provider} is the in-tree cloud provider storage type that is used in your cluster. Please note that during a cluster upgrade you must drain each node (remove running workloads) before updating or changing configuration of your Kubelet. You may also see an optional `CSIMigration{provider}Complete` flag that you *may* enable if all of your nodes have CSI migration enabled.
You must also install the requisite CSI driver on your cluster - instructions for this can generally be found from you provider of choice. CSI migration is available for GCE Persistent Disk and AWS Elastic Block Store in beta as well as for Azure File/Disk and Openstack Cinder in alpha. Kubernetes distributors should look at automating the deployment and management (upgrade, downgrade, etc.) of the CSI Drivers they will depend on.
To verify the feature flag is enabled and driver installed on a particular node you can get the CSINode object. You should see the in-tree plugin name of the migrated plugin as well as your [installed] driver in the drivers list.
```shell
kubectl get csinodes -o yaml
```
```yaml
- apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: CSINode
metadata:
annotations:
storage.alpha.kubernetes.io/migrated-plugins: kubernetes.io/gce-pd
name: test-node
...
spec:
drivers:
name: pd.csi.storage.gke.io
...
```
After the above set up is complete you can confirm that your cluster has functioning CSI migration by deploying a stateful workload using the legacy APIs.
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: test-disk
spec:
storageClassName: standard
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: web-server
spec:
containers:
- name: web-server
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /var/lib/www/html
name: mypvc
volumes:
- name: mypvc
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: test-disk
```
Verify that the pod is RUNNING after some time
```shell
kubectl get pods web-server
```
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
web-server 1/1 Running 0 39s
```
To confirm that the CSI driver is actually serving your requests it may be prudent to check the container logs of the CSI Driver after exercising the storage management operations. Note that your container logs may look different depending on the provider used.
```shell
kubectl logs {CSIdriverPodName} --container={CSIdriverContainerName}
```
```
/csi.v1.Controller/ControllerPublishVolume called with request: ...
Attaching disk ... to ...
ControllerPublishVolume succeeded for disk ... to instance ...
```
## Current limitations
Although CSI migration is now beta there is one major limitation that prevents us from turning it on by default. Turning on migration still requires a cluster administrator to install a CSI driver before storage functionality is seamlessly handed over. We are currently working with SIG-CloudProvider to provide a frictionless experience of bundling the required CSI Drivers with cloud distributions.
## What is the timeline/status?
The timeline for CSI migration is actually set by the cloud provider extraction project. It is part of the effort to remove all cloud provider code from Kubernetes. By migrating cloud storage plugins to external CSI drivers we are able to extract out all the cloud provider dependencies.
Although the overall feature is beta and not on by default, there is still work to be done on a per-plugin basis. Currently only GCE PD and AWS EBS have gone beta with Migration and yet both are still off by default since they depend on a manual installation of their respective CSI Drivers. Azure File/Disk, OpenStack, and VMWare plugins are currently in less mature states and non-cloud plugins such as NFS, Portworx, RBD etc are still in the planning stages.
The current and targeted releases for each individual cloud driver is shown in the table below:
| Driver | Alpha | Beta (in-tree deprecated) | GA | Target "in-tree plugin" removal |
| ----------------- | ------------- | ------------------------- | ------------- | ------------------------------- |
| AWS EBS | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.19 (Target) | 1.21 |
| GCE PD | 1.14 | 1.17 | 1.19 (Target) | 1.21 |
| OpenStack Cinder | 1.14 | 1.18 (Target) | 1.19 (Target) | 1.21 |
| Azure Disk + File | 1.15 | 1.18 (Target) | 1.19 (Target) | 1.21 |
| VSphere | 1.18 (Target) | 1.19 (Target) | 1.20 (Target) | 1.22 |
## What's next?
Major upcoming work includes implementing and hardening CSI migration for the remaining in-tree plugins, installing CSI Drivers by default in distributions, turning on CSI migration by default, and finally removing all in-tree plugin code as a part of cloud provider extraction. We expect to complete this project including the full switch to “on-by-default” migration by Kubernetes v1.21.
## What should I do as a user?
Note that all new features for the Kubernetes storage system (like volume snapshotting) will only be added to the CSI interface. Therefore, if you are starting up a new cluster, creating stateful applications for the first time, or require these new features we recommend using CSI drivers natively (instead of the in-tree volume plugin API). Follow the [updated user guides for CSI drivers](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/drivers.html) and use the new CSI APIs.
However, if you choose to roll a cluster forward or continue using specifications with the legacy volume APIs, CSI Migration will ensure we continue to support those deployments with the new CSI drivers.
## How do I get involved?
The Kubernetes Slack channel csi-migration along with any of the standard [SIG Storage communication channels](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-storage/README.md#contact) are great mediums to reach out to the SIG Storage and migration working group teams.
This project, like all of Kubernetes, is the result of hard work by many contributors from diverse backgrounds working together. We offer a huge thank you to the contributors who stepped up these last quarters to help the project reach Beta:
- David Zhu
- Deep Debroy
- Cheng Pan
- Jan Šafránek
With special thanks to:
- Michelle Au
- Saad Ali
- Jonathan Basseri
- Fabio Bertinatto
- Ben Elder
- Andrew Sy Kim
- Hemant Kumar
For fruitful dialogues, insightful reviews, and thorough consideration of CSI migration in other features.
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Kubernetes 1.17: Stability"
date: 2019-12-09T13:00:00-08:00
slug: kubernetes-1-17-release-announcement
---
**Authors:** [Kubernetes 1.17 Release Team](https://github.com/kubernetes/sig-release/blob/master/releases/release-1.17/release_team.md)
Were pleased to announce the delivery of Kubernetes 1.17, our fourth and final release of 2019! Kubernetes v1.17 consists of 22 enhancements: 14 enhancements have graduated to stable, 4 enhancements are moving to beta, and 4 enhancements are entering alpha.
## Major Themes
### Cloud Provider Labels reach General Availability
Added as a beta feature way back in v1.2, v1.17 sees the general availability of cloud provider labels.
### Volume Snapshot Moves to Beta
The Kubernetes Volume Snapshot feature is now beta in Kubernetes v1.17. It was introduced as alpha in Kubernetes v1.12, with a second alpha with breaking changes in Kubernetes v1.13.
### CSI Migration Beta
The Kubernetes in-tree storage plugin to Container Storage Interface (CSI) migration infrastructure is now beta in Kubernetes v1.17. CSI migration was introduced as alpha in Kubernetes v1.14.
## Cloud Provider Labels reach General Availability
When nodes and volumes are created, a set of standard labels are applied based on the underlying cloud provider of the Kubernetes cluster. Nodes get a label for the instance type. Both nodes and volumes get two labels describing the location of the resource in the cloud provider topology, usually organized in zones and regions.
Standard labels are used by Kubernetes components to support some features. For example, the scheduler would ensure that pods are placed on the same zone as the volumes they claim; and when scheduling pods belonging to a deployment, the scheduler would prioritize spreading them across zones. You can also use the labels in your pod specs to configure things as such node affinity. Standard labels allow you to write pod specs that are portable among different cloud providers.
The labels are reaching general availability in this release. Kubernetes components have been updated to populate the GA and beta labels and to react to both. However, if you are using the beta labels in your pod specs for features such as node affinity, or in your custom controllers, we recommend that you start migrating them to the new GA labels. You can find the documentation for the new labels here:
- [node.kubernetes.io/instance-type](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/labels-annotations-taints/#nodekubernetesioinstance-type)
- [topology.kubernetes.io/region](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/labels-annotations-taints/#topologykubernetesioregion)
- [topology.kubernetes.io/zone](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/labels-annotations-taints/#topologykubernetesiozone)
## Volume Snapshot Moves to Beta
The Kubernetes Volume Snapshot feature is now beta in Kubernetes v1.17. It was introduced as alpha in Kubernetes v1.12, with a second alpha with breaking changes in Kubernetes v1.13. This post summarizes the changes in the beta release.
### What is a Volume Snapshot?
Many storage systems (like Google Cloud Persistent Disks, Amazon Elastic Block Storage, and many on-premise storage systems) provide the ability to create a “snapshot” of a persistent volume. A snapshot represents a point-in-time copy of a volume. A snapshot can be used either to provision a new volume (pre-populated with the snapshot data) or to restore an existing volume to a previous state (represented by the snapshot).
### Why add Volume Snapshots to Kubernetes?
The Kubernetes volume plugin system already provides a powerful abstraction that automates the provisioning, attaching, and mounting of block and file storage.
Underpinning all these features is the Kubernetes goal of workload portability: Kubernetes aims to create an abstraction layer between distributed systems applications and underlying clusters so that applications can be agnostic to the specifics of the cluster they run on and application deployment requires no “cluster specific” knowledge.
The Kubernetes Storage SIG identified snapshot operations as critical functionality for many stateful workloads. For example, a database administrator may want to snapshot a database volume before starting a database operation.
By providing a standard way to trigger snapshot operations in the Kubernetes API, Kubernetes users can now handle use cases like this without having to go around the Kubernetes API (and manually executing storage system specific operations).
Instead, Kubernetes users are now empowered to incorporate snapshot operations in a cluster agnostic way into their tooling and policy with the comfort of knowing that it will work against arbitrary Kubernetes clusters regardless of the underlying storage.
Additionally these Kubernetes snapshot primitives act as basic building blocks that unlock the ability to develop advanced, enterprise grade, storage administration features for Kubernetes: including application or cluster level backup solutions.
You can read more in the blog entry about [releasing CSI volume snapshots to beta](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/12/09/kubernetes-1-17-feature-cis-volume-snapshot-beta/).
## CSI Migration Beta
### Why are we migrating in-tree plugins to CSI?
Prior to CSI, Kubernetes provided a powerful volume plugin system. These volume plugins were “in-tree” meaning their code was part of the core Kubernetes code and shipped with the core Kubernetes binaries. However, adding support for new volume plugins to Kubernetes was challenging. Vendors that wanted to add support for their storage system to Kubernetes (or even fix a bug in an existing volume plugin) were forced to align with the Kubernetes release process. In addition, third-party storage code caused reliability and security issues in core Kubernetes binaries and the code was often difficult (and in some cases impossible) for Kubernetes maintainers to test and maintain. Using the Container Storage Interface in Kubernetes resolves these major issues.
As more CSI Drivers were created and became production ready, we wanted all Kubernetes users to reap the benefits of the CSI model. However, we did not want to force users into making workload/configuration changes by breaking the existing generally available storage APIs. The way forward was clear - we would have to replace the backend of the “in-tree plugin” APIs with CSI.
What is CSI migration?
The CSI migration effort enables the replacement of existing in-tree storage plugins such as `kubernetes.io/gce-pd` or `kubernetes.io/aws-ebs` with a corresponding CSI driver. If CSI Migration is working properly, Kubernetes end users shouldnt notice a difference. After migration, Kubernetes users may continue to rely on all the functionality of in-tree storage plugins using the existing interface.
When a Kubernetes cluster administrator updates a cluster to enable CSI migration, existing stateful deployments and workloads continue to function as they always have; however, behind the scenes Kubernetes hands control of all storage management operations (previously targeting in-tree drivers) to CSI drivers.
The Kubernetes team has worked hard to ensure the stability of storage APIs and for the promise of a smooth upgrade experience. This involves meticulous accounting of all existing features and behaviors to ensure backwards compatibility and API stability. You can think of it like changing the wheels on a racecar while its speeding down the straightaway.
You can read more in the blog entry about [CSI migration going to beta](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/12/09/kubernetes-1-17-feature-csi-migration-beta/).
## Other Updates
### Graduated to Stable 💯
- [Taint Node by Condition](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/382)
- [Configurable Pod Process Namespace Sharing](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/495)
- [Schedule DaemonSet Pods by kube-scheduler](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/548)
- [Dynamic Maximum Volume Count](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/554)
- [Kubernetes CSI Topology Support](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/557)
- [Provide Environment Variables Expansion in SubPath Mount](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/559)
- [Defaulting of Custom Resources](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/575)
- [Move Frequent Kubelet Heartbeats To Lease Api](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/589)
- [Break Apart The Kubernetes Test Tarball](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/714)
- [Add Watch Bookmarks Support](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/956)
- [Behavior-Driven Conformance Testing](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/960)
- [Finalizer Protection For Service Loadbalancers](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/980)
- [Avoid Serializing The Same Object Independently For Every Watcher](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/1152)
### Major Changes
- [Add IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack Support](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/563)
### Other Notable Features
- [Topology Aware Routing of Services (Alpha)](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/536)
- [RunAsUserName for Windows](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/1043)
### Availability
Kubernetes 1.17 is available for [download on GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases/tag/v1.17.0). To get started with Kubernetes, check out these [interactive tutorials](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/). You can also easily install 1.17 using [kubeadm](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/create-cluster-kubeadm/).
### Release Team
This release is made possible through the efforts of hundreds of individuals who contributed both technical and non-technical content. Special thanks to the [release team](https://github.com/kubernetes/sig-release/blob/master/releases/release-1.17/release_team.md) led by Guinevere Saenger. The 35 individuals on the release team coordinated many aspects of the release, from documentation to testing, validation, and feature completeness.
As the Kubernetes community has grown, our release process represents an amazing demonstration of collaboration in open source software development. Kubernetes continues to gain new users at a rapid pace. This growth creates a positive feedback cycle where more contributors commit code creating a more vibrant ecosystem. Kubernetes has had over [39,000 individual contributors](https://k8s.devstats.cncf.io/d/24/overall-project-statistics?orgId=1) to date and an active community of more than 66,000 people.
### Webinar
Join members of the Kubernetes 1.17 release team on Jan 7th, 2020 to learn about the major features in this release. Register [here](https://zoom.us/webinar/register/9315759188139/WN_kPOZA_6RTjeGdXTG7YFO3A).
### Get Involved
The simplest way to get involved with Kubernetes is by joining one of the many [Special Interest Groups](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-list.md) (SIGs) that align with your interests. Have something youd like to broadcast to the Kubernetes community? Share your voice at our weekly [community meeting](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/communication), and through the channels below. Thank you for your continued feedback and support.
- Follow us on Twitter [@Kubernetesio](https://twitter.com/kubernetesio) for latest updates
- Join the community discussion on [Discuss](https://discuss.kubernetes.io/)
- Join the community on [Slack](http://slack.k8s.io/)
- Post questions (or answer questions) on [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes)
- Share your Kubernetes [story](https://docs.google.com/a/linuxfoundation.org/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScuI7Ye3VQHQTwBASrgkjQDSS5TP0g3AXfFhwSM9YpHgxRKFA/viewform)
@@ -1,454 +0,0 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Kubernetes 1.17 Feature: Kubernetes Volume Snapshot Moves to Beta"
date: 2019-12-09T10:00:00-08:00
slug: kubernetes-1-17-feature-cis-volume-snapshot-beta
---
**Authors:** Xing Yang, VMware & Xiangqian Yu, Google
The Kubernetes Volume Snapshot feature is now beta in Kubernetes v1.17. It was introduced [as alpha](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2018/10/09/introducing-volume-snapshot-alpha-for-kubernetes/) in Kubernetes v1.12, with a [second alpha](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/01/17/update-on-volume-snapshot-alpha-for-kubernetes/) with breaking changes in Kubernetes v1.13. This post summarizes the changes in the beta release.
## What is a Volume Snapshot?
Many storage systems (like Google Cloud Persistent Disks, Amazon Elastic Block Storage, and many on-premise storage systems) provide the ability to create a “snapshot” of a persistent volume. A snapshot represents a point-in-time copy of a volume. A snapshot can be used either to provision a new volume (pre-populated with the snapshot data) or to restore an existing volume to a previous state (represented by the snapshot).
## Why add Volume Snapshots to Kubernetes?
The Kubernetes volume plugin system already provides a powerful abstraction that automates the provisioning, attaching, and mounting of block and file storage.
Underpinning all these features is the Kubernetes goal of workload portability: Kubernetes aims to create an abstraction layer between distributed applications and underlying clusters so that applications can be agnostic to the specifics of the cluster they run on and application deployment requires no “cluster specific” knowledge.
The Kubernetes Storage SIG identified snapshot operations as critical functionality for many stateful workloads. For example, a database administrator may want to snapshot a database volume before starting a database operation.
By providing a standard way to trigger snapshot operations in the Kubernetes API, Kubernetes users can now handle use cases like this without having to go around the Kubernetes API (and manually executing storage system specific operations).
Instead, Kubernetes users are now empowered to incorporate snapshot operations in a cluster agnostic way into their tooling and policy with the comfort of knowing that it will work against arbitrary Kubernetes clusters regardless of the underlying storage.
Additionally these Kubernetes snapshot primitives act as basic building blocks that unlock the ability to develop advanced, enterprise grade, storage administration features for Kubernetes: including application or cluster level backup solutions.
## Whats new in Beta?
With the promotion of Volume Snapshot to beta, the feature is now enabled by default on standard Kubernetes deployments instead of being opt-in.
The move of the Kubernetes Volume Snapshot feature to beta also means:
- A revamp of volume snapshot APIs.
- The CSI external-snapshotter sidecar is split into two controllers, a common snapshot controller and a CSI external-snapshotter sidecar.
- Deletion secret is added as an annotation to the volume snapshot content.
- A new finalizer is added to the volume snapshot API object to prevent it from being deleted when it is bound to a volume snapshot content API object.
## Kubernetes Volume Snapshots Requirements
As mentioned above, with the promotion of Volume Snapshot to beta, the feature is now enabled by default on standard Kubernetes deployments instead of being opt-in.
In order to use the Kubernetes Volume Snapshot feature, you must ensure the following components have been deployed on your Kubernetes cluster:
- [Kubernetes Volume Snapshot CRDs](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/config/crd)
- [Volume snapshot controller](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/pkg/common-controller)
- CSI Driver supporting Kubernetes volume snapshot beta
See the deployment section below for details.
## Which drivers support Kubernetes Volume Snapshots?
Kubernetes supports three types of volume plugins: in-tree, Flex, and CSI. See [Kubernetes Volume Plugin FAQ](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-storage/volume-plugin-faq.md) for details.
Snapshots are only supported for CSI drivers (not for in-tree or Flex). To use the Kubernetes snapshots feature, ensure that a CSI Driver that implements snapshots is deployed on your cluster.
Read the “[Container Storage Interface (CSI) for Kubernetes GA](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/01/15/container-storage-interface-ga/)” blog post to learn more about CSI and how to deploy CSI drivers.
As of the publishing of this blog, the following CSI drivers have been updated to support volume snapshots beta:
- [GCE Persistent Disk CSI Driver](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/gcp-compute-persistent-disk-csi-driver)
- [Portworx CSI Driver](https://github.com/libopenstorage/openstorage/tree/master/csi)
- [NetApp Trident CSI Driver](https://github.com/NetApp/trident)
Beta level Volume Snapshot support for other [CSI drivers](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/drivers.html) is pending, and should be available soon.
## Kubernetes Volume Snapshot Beta API
A number of changes were made to the Kubernetes volume snapshot API between alpha to beta. These changes are not backward compatible. The purpose of these changes was to make API definitions clear and easier to use.
The following changes are made:
- `DeletionPolicy` is now a required field rather than optional in both `VolumeSnapshotClass` and `VolumeSnapshotContent`. This way the user has to explicitly specify it, leaving no room for confusion.
- `VolumeSnapshotSpec` has a new required `Source` field. `Source` may be either a `PersistentVolumeClaimName` (if dynamically provisioning a snapshot) or `VolumeSnapshotContentName` (if pre-provisioning a snapshot).
- `VolumeSnapshotContentSpec` also has a new required `Source` field. This `Source` may be either a `VolumeHandle` (if dynamically provisioning a snapshot) or a `SnapshotHandle` (if pre-provisioning volume snapshots).
- `VolumeSnapshotStatus` now contains a `BoundVolumeSnapshotContentName` to indicate the `VolumeSnapshot` object is bound to a `VolumeSnapshotContent`.
- `VolumeSnapshotContent`now contains a `Status` to indicate the current state of the content. It has a field `SnapshotHandle` to indicate that the `VolumeSnapshotContent` represents a snapshot on the storage system.
The beta Kubernetes VolumeSnapshot API object:
```go
type VolumeSnapshot struct {
metav1.TypeMeta
metav1.ObjectMeta
Spec VolumeSnapshotSpec
Status *VolumeSnapshotStatus
}
```
```go
type VolumeSnapshotSpec struct {
Source VolumeSnapshotSource
VolumeSnapshotClassName *string
}
// Exactly one of its members MUST be specified
type VolumeSnapshotSource struct {
// +optional
PersistentVolumeClaimName *string
// +optional
VolumeSnapshotContentName *string
}
```
```go
type VolumeSnapshotStatus struct {
BoundVolumeSnapshotContentName *string
CreationTime *metav1.Time
ReadyToUse *bool
RestoreSize *resource.Quantity
Error *VolumeSnapshotError
}
```
The beta Kubernetes VolumeSnapshotContent API object:
```go
type VolumeSnapshotContent struct {
metav1.TypeMeta
metav1.ObjectMeta
Spec VolumeSnapshotContentSpec
Status *VolumeSnapshotContentStatus
}
```
```go
type VolumeSnapshotContentSpec struct {
VolumeSnapshotRef core_v1.ObjectReference
Source VolumeSnapshotContentSource
DeletionPolicy DeletionPolicy
Driver string
VolumeSnapshotClassName *string
}
```
```go
type VolumeSnapshotContentSource struct {
// +optional
VolumeHandle *string
// +optional
SnapshotHandle *string
}
```
```go
type VolumeSnapshotContentStatus struct {
CreationTime *int64
ReadyToUse *bool
RestoreSize *int64
Error *VolumeSnapshotError
SnapshotHandle *string
}
```
The beta Kubernetes VolumeSnapshotClass API object:
```go
type VolumeSnapshotClass struct {
metav1.TypeMeta
metav1.ObjectMeta
Driver string
Parameters map[string]string
DeletionPolicy DeletionPolicy
}
```
### How do I deploy support for Volume Snapshots on my Kubernetes Cluster?
Please note that the Volume Snapshot feature now depends on a new, common [volume snapshot controller](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/pkg/common-controller) in addition to the volume snapshot CRDs. Both the volume snapshot controller and the CRDs are independent of any CSI driver. Regardless of the number of CSI drivers deployed on the cluster, there must be only one instance of the volume snapshot controller running and one set of volume snapshot CRDs installed per cluster.
Therefore, it is strongly recommended that Kubernetes distributors bundle and deploy the controller and CRDs as part of their Kubernetes cluster management process (independent of any CSI Driver).
If your cluster does not come pre-installed with the correct components, you may manually install these components by executing the following steps.
#### Install Snapshot Beta CRDs
- `kubectl create -f config/crd`
- [https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/config/crd](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/config/crd)
- Do this once per cluster
#### Install Common Snapshot Controller
- `kubectl create -f deploy/kubernetes/snapshot-controller`
- [https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/deploy/kubernetes/snapshot-controller](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/tree/master/deploy/kubernetes/snapshot-controller)
- Do this once per cluster
#### Install CSI Driver
Follow instructions provided by your CSI Driver vendor.
### How do I use Kubernetes Volume Snapshots?
Assuming all the required components (including CSI driver) are already deployed and running on your cluster, you can create volume snapshots using the VolumeSnapshot API object, and restore them by specifying a VolumeSnapshot data source on a PVC.
#### Creating a New Volume Snapshot with Kubernetes
You can enable creation/deletion of volume snapshots in a Kubernetes cluster, by creating a VolumeSnapshotClass API object pointing to a CSI Driver that support volume snapshots.
The following VolumeSnapshotClass, for example, tells the Kubernetes cluster that a CSI driver, `testdriver.csi.k8s.io`, can handle volume snapshots, and that when these snapshots are created, their deletion policy should be to delete.
```yaml
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: VolumeSnapshotClass
metadata:
name: test-snapclass
driver: testdriver.csi.k8s.io
deletionPolicy: Delete
parameters:
csi.storage.k8s.io/snapshotter-secret-name: mysecret
csi.storage.k8s.io/snapshotter-secret-namespace: mysecretnamespace
```
The common snapshot controller reserves the parameter keys `csi.storage.k8s.io/snapshotter-secret-name` and `csi.storage.k8s.io/snapshotter-secret-namespace`. If specified, it fetches the referenced Kubernetes secret and sets it as an annotation on the volume snapshot content object. The CSI external-snapshotter sidecar retrieves it from the content annotation and passes it to the CSI driver during snapshot creation.
Creation of a volume snapshot is triggered by the creation of a VolumeSnapshot API object.
The VolumeSnapshot object must specify the following source type:
`persistentVolumeClaimName` - The name of the PVC to snapshot. Please note that the source PVC, PV, and VolumeSnapshotClass for a VolumeSnapshot object must point to the same CSI driver.
The following VolumeSnapshot, for example, triggers the creation of a snapshot for a PVC called `test-pvc` using the VolumeSnapshotClass above.
```yaml
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: VolumeSnapshot
metadata:
name: test-snapshot
spec:
volumeSnapshotClassName: test-snapclass
source:
persistentVolumeClaimName: test-pvc
```
When volume snapshot creation is invoked, the common snapshot controller first creates a VolumeSnapshotContent object with the `volumeSnapshotRef`, source `volumeHandle`, `volumeSnapshotClassName` if specified, `driver`, and `deletionPolicy`.
The CSI external-snapshotter sidecar then passes the VolumeSnapshotClass parameters, the source volume ID, and any referenced secret(s) to the CSI driver (in this case `testdriver.csi.k8s.io`) via a CSI `CreateSnapshot` call. In response, the CSI driver creates a new snapshot for the specified volume, and returns the ID for that snapshot. The CSI external-snapshotter sidecar then updates the `snapshotHandle`, `creationTime`, `restoreSize`, and `readyToUse` in the status field of the VolumeSnapshotContent object that represents the new snapshot. For a storage system that needs to upload the snapshot after it has been cut, the CSI external-snapshotter sidecar will keep calling the CSI `CreateSnapshot` to check the status until upload is complete and set `readyToUse` to true.
The common snapshot controller binds the VolumeSnapshotContent object to the VolumeSnapshot (sets `BoundVolumeSnapshotContentName`), and updates the `creationTime`, `restoreSize`, and `readyToUse` in the status field of the VolumeSnapshot object based on the status field of the VolumeSnapshotContent object.
If no `volumeSnapshotClassName` is specified, one is automatically selected as follows:
The `StorageClass` from PVC or PV of the source volume is fetched. The default VolumeSnapshotClass is fetched, if available. A default VolumeSnapshotClass is a snapshot class created by the admin with the `snapshot.storage.kubernetes.io/is-default-class` annotation. If the `Driver` field of the default VolumeSnapshotClass is the same as the `Provisioner` field in the StorageClass, the default VolumeSnapshotClass is used. If there is no default VolumeSnapshotClass or more than one default VolumeSnapshotClass for a snapshot, an error will be returned.
Please note that the Kubernetes Snapshot API does not provide any consistency guarantees. You have to prepare your application (pause application, freeze filesystem etc.) before taking the snapshot for data consistency either manually or using some other higher level APIs/controllers.
You can verify that the VolumeSnapshot object is created and bound with VolumeSnapshotContent by running `kubectl describe volumesnapshot`:
`Bound Volume Snapshot Content Name` - field in the `Status` indicates the volume is bound to the specified VolumeSnapshotContent.
`Ready To Use` - field in the `Status` indicates this volume snapshot is ready for use.
`Creation Time` - field in the `Status` indicates when the snapshot was actually created (cut).
`Restore Size` - field in the `Status` indicates the minimum volume size required when restoring a volume from this snapshot.
```
Name: test-snapshot
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
API Version: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
Kind: VolumeSnapshot
Metadata:
Creation Timestamp: 2019-11-16T00:36:04Z
Finalizers:
snapshot.storage.kubernetes.io/volumesnapshot-as-source-protection
snapshot.storage.kubernetes.io/volumesnapshot-bound-protection
Generation: 1
Resource Version: 1294
Self Link: /apis/snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/volumesnapshots/new-snapshot-demo
UID: 32ceaa2a-3802-4edd-a808-58c4f1bd7869
Spec:
Source:
Persistent Volume Claim Name: test-pvc
Volume Snapshot Class Name: test-snapclass
Status:
Bound Volume Snapshot Content Name: snapcontent-32ceaa2a-3802-4edd-a808-58c4f1bd7869
Creation Time: 2019-11-16T00:36:04Z
Ready To Use: true
Restore Size: 1Gi
```
As a reminder to any developers building controllers using volume snapshot APIs: before using a VolumeSnapshot API object, validate the bi-directional binding between the VolumeSnpashot and the VolumeSnapshotContent it is bound to, to ensure the binding is complete and correct (not doing so may result in security issues).
```shell
kubectl describe volumesnapshotcontent
```
```
Name: snapcontent-32ceaa2a-3802-4edd-a808-58c4f1bd7869
Namespace:
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
API Version: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
Kind: VolumeSnapshotContent
Metadata:
Creation Timestamp: 2019-11-16T00:36:04Z
Finalizers:
snapshot.storage.kubernetes.io/volumesnapshotcontent-bound-protection
Generation: 1
Resource Version: 1292
Self Link: /apis/snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1/volumesnapshotcontents/snapcontent-32ceaa2a-3802-4edd-a808-58c4f1bd7869
UID: 7dfdf22e-0b0c-4b71-9ddf-2f1612ca2aed
Spec:
Deletion Policy: Delete
Driver: testdriver.csi.k8s.io
Source:
Volume Handle: d1b34a5f-0808-11ea-808a-0242ac110003
Volume Snapshot Class Name: test-snapclass
Volume Snapshot Ref:
API Version: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
Kind: VolumeSnapshot
Name: test-snapshot
Namespace: default
Resource Version: 1286
UID: 32ceaa2a-3802-4edd-a808-58c4f1bd7869
Status:
Creation Time: 1573864564608810101
Ready To Use: true
Restore Size: 1073741824
Snapshot Handle: 127c5798-0809-11ea-808a-0242ac110003
Events: <none>
```
#### Importing an existing volume snapshot with Kubernetes
You can always expose a pre-existing volume snapshot in Kubernetes by manually creating a VolumeSnapshotContent object to represent the existing volume snapshot. Because VolumeSnapshotContent is a non-namespace API object, only a cluster admin may have the permission to create it. By specifying the `volumeSnapshotRef` the cluster admin specifies exactly which user can use the snapshot.
The following VolumeSnapshotContent, for example exposes a volume snapshot with the name `7bdd0de3-aaeb-11e8-9aae-0242ac110002` belonging to a CSI driver called `testdriver.csi.k8s.io`.
A VolumeSnapshotContent object should be created by a cluster admin with the following fields to represent an existing snapshot:
- `driver` - CSI driver used to handle this volume. This field is required.
- `source` - Snapshot identifying information
- `snapshotHandle` - name/identifier of the snapshot. This field is required.
- `volumeSnapshotRef` - Pointer to the VolumeSnapshot object this content should bind to.
- `name` and `namespace` - Specifies the name and namespace of the VolumeSnapshot object which the content is bound to.
- `deletionPolicy` - Valid values are `Delete` and `Retain`. If the `deletionPolicy` is `Delete`, then the underlying storage snapshot will be deleted along with the VolumeSnapshotContent object. If the - `deletionPolicy` is `Retain`, then both the underlying snapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent remain.
```yaml
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: VolumeSnapshotContent
metadata:
name: manually-created-snapshot-content
spec:
deletionPolicy: Delete
driver: testdriver.csi.k8s.io
source:
snapshotHandle: 7bdd0de3-aaeb-11e8-9aae-0242ac110002
volumeSnapshotRef:
name: test-snapshot
namespace: default
```
Once a VolumeSnapshotContent object is created, a user can create a VolumeSnapshot object pointing to the VolumeSnapshotContent object. The name and namespace of the VolumeSnapshot object must match the name/namespace specified in the volumeSnapshotRef of the VolumeSnapshotContent. It specifies the following fields:
`volumeSnapshotContentName` - name of the volume snapshot content specified above. This field is required.
`volumeSnapshotClassName` - name of the volume snapshot class. This field is optional.
```yaml
apiVersion: snapshot.storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: VolumeSnapshot
metadata:
name: manually-created-snapshot
spec:
source:
volumeSnapshotContentName: test-content
```
Once both objects are created, the common snapshot controller verifies the binding between VolumeSnapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent objects is correct and marks the VolumeSnapshot as ready (if the CSI driver supports the `ListSnapshots` call, the controller also validates that the referenced snapshot exists). The CSI external-snapshotter sidecar checks if the snapshot exists if ListSnapshots CSI method is implemented, otherwise it assumes the snapshot exists. The external-snapshotter sidecar sets `readyToUse` to true in the status field of VolumeSnapshotContent. The common snapshot controller marks the snapshot as ready accordingly.
## Create Volume From Snapshot
Once you have a bound and ready VolumeSnapshot object, you can use that object to provision a new volume that is pre-populated with data from the snapshot.
To provision a new volume pre-populated with data from a snapshot, use the `dataSource` field in the `PersistentVolumeClaim`. It has three parameters:
`name` - name of the VolumeSnapshot object representing the snapshot to use as source
`kind` - must be VolumeSnapshot
`apiGroup` - must be snapshot.storage.k8s.io
The namespace of the source VolumeSnapshot object is assumed to be the same as the namespace of the `PersistentVolumeClaim` object.
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: pvc-restore
namespace: demo-namespace
spec:
storageClassName: testdriver.csi.k8s.io
dataSource:
name: manually-created-snapshot
kind: VolumeSnapshot
apiGroup: snapshot.storage.k8s.io
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
```
When the `PersistentVolumeClaim` object is created, it will trigger provisioning of a new volume that is pre-populated with data from the specified snapshot.
As a storage vendor, how do I add support for snapshots to my CSI driver?
To implement the snapshot feature, a CSI driver MUST add support for additional controller capabilities `CREATE_DELETE_SNAPSHOT` and `LIST_SNAPSHOTS`, and implement additional controller RPCs: `CreateSnapshot`, `DeleteSnapshot`, and `ListSnapshots`. For details, see the [CSI spec](https://github.com/container-storage-interface/spec/blob/master/spec.md) and the [Kubernetes-CSI Driver Developer Guide](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/snapshot-restore-feature.html).
Although Kubernetes is as minimally prescriptive on the packaging and deployment of a CSI Volume Driver as possible, it provides a suggested mechanism for deploying an arbitrary containerized CSI driver on Kubernetes to simplify deployment of containerized CSI compatible volume drivers.
As part of this recommended deployment process, the Kubernetes team provides a number of sidecar (helper) containers, including the [external-snapshotter sidecar](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/external-snapshotter.html) container.
The external-snapshotter watches the Kubernetes API server for VolumeSnapshotContent object and triggers `CreateSnapshot` and `DeleteSnapshot` operations against a CSI endpoint. The CSI [external-provisioner sidecar container](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/external-provisioner.html) has also been updated to support restoring volume from snapshot using the dataSource PVC field.
In order to support snapshot feature, it is recommended that storage vendors deploy the external-snapshotter sidecar containers in addition to the external provisioner, along with their CSI driver.
## What are the limitations of beta?
The beta implementation of volume snapshots for Kubernetes has the following limitations:
- Does not support reverting an existing volume to an earlier state represented by a snapshot (beta only supports provisioning a new volume from a snapshot).
- No snapshot consistency guarantees beyond any guarantees provided by storage system (e.g. crash consistency). These are the responsibility of higher level APIs/controllers
## Whats next?
Depending on feedback and adoption, the Kubernetes team plans to push the CSI Snapshot implementation to GA in either 1.18 or 1.19. Some of the features we are interested in supporting include consistency groups, application consistent snapshots, workload quiescing, in-place restores, volume backups, and more.
## How can I learn more?
You can also have a look at the [external-snapshotter source code repository](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter).
Check out additional documentation on the snapshot feature [here](http://k8s.io/docs/concepts/storage/volume-snapshots) and [here](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/).
## How do I get involved?
This project, like all of Kubernetes, is the result of hard work by many contributors from diverse backgrounds working together.
We offer a huge thank you to the contributors who stepped up these last few quarters to help the project reach Beta:
- Xing Yang (xing-yang)
- Xiangqian Yu (yuxiangqian)
- Jing Xu (jingxu97)
- Grant Griffiths (ggriffiths)
- Can Zhu (zhucan)
With special thanks to the following people for their insightful reviews and thorough consideration with the design:
- Michelle Au (msau42)
- Saad Ali (saadali)
- Patrick Ohly (pohly)
- Tim Hockin (thockin)
- Jordan Liggitt (liggitt).
Those interested in getting involved with the design and development of CSI or any part of the Kubernetes Storage system, join the [Kubernetes Storage Special Interest Group (SIG)](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-storage). Were rapidly growing and always welcome new contributors.
We also hold regular [SIG-Storage Snapshot Working Group meetings](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qdfvAj5O-tTAZzqJyz3B-yczLLxOiQd-XKpJmTEMazs/edit?usp=sharing). New attendees are welcome to join for design and development discussions.
@@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
---
title: Testing of CSI drivers
date: 2020-01-08
---
**Author:** Patrick Ohly (Intel)
When developing a [Container Storage Interface (CSI)
driver](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/), it is useful to leverage
as much prior work as possible. This includes source code (like the
[sample CSI hostpath
driver](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-host-path/)) but
also existing tests. Besides saving time, using tests written by
someone else has the advantage that it can point out aspects of the
specification that might have been overlooked otherwise.
An earlier blog post about [end-to-end
testing](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/03/22/kubernetes-end-to-end-testing-for-everyone/)
already showed how to use the [Kubernetes storage
tests](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/test/e2e/storage/testsuites)
for testing of a third-party CSI driver. That
approach makes sense when the goal to also add custom E2E tests, but
depends on quite a bit of effort for setting up and maintaining a test
suite.
When the goal is to merely run the existing tests, then there are
simpler approaches. This blog post introduces those.
## Sanity testing
[csi-test
sanity](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/tree/master/pkg/sanity)
ensures that a CSI driver conforms to the CSI specification by calling
the gRPC methods in various ways and checking that the outcome is as
required. Despite
its current hosting under the Kubernetes-CSI organization, it is
completely independent of Kubernetes. Tests connect to a running CSI
driver through its Unix domain socket, so although the tests are
written in Go, the driver itself can be implemented in any language.
The main
[README](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/blob/master/pkg/sanity/README.md)
explains how to include those tests into an existing Go test
suite. The simpler alternative is to just invoke the [csi-sanity](
https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/tree/master/cmd/csi-sanity)
command.
### Installation
Starting with csi-test v3.0.0, you can build the `csi-sanity` command
with `go get github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/cmd/csi-sanity` and
you'll find the compiled binary in `$GOPATH/bin/csi-sanity`.
`go get` always builds the latest revision from the master branch. To
build a certain release, [get the source
code](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/releases) and run
`make -C cmd/csi-sanity`. This produces `cmd/csi-sanity/csi-sanity`.
### Usage
The `csi-sanity` binary is a full [Ginkgo test
suite](http://onsi.github.io/ginkgo/) and thus has the usual `-gingko`
command line flags. In particular, `-ginkgo.focus` and
`-ginkgo.skip` can be used to select which tests are run resp. not
run.
During a test run, `csi-sanity` simulates the behavior of a container
orchestrator (CO) by creating staging and target directories as required by the CSI spec
and calling a CSI driver via gRPC. The driver must be started before
invoking `csi-sanity`. Although the tests currently only check the gRPC
return codes, that might change and so the driver really should make
the changes requested by a call, like mounting a filesystem. That may
mean that it has to run as root.
At least one [gRPC
endpoint](https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/master/doc/naming.md) must
be specified via the `-csi.endpoint` parameter when invoking
`csi-sanity`, either as absolute path (`unix:/tmp/csi.sock`) for a Unix
domain socket or as host name plus port (`dns:///my-machine:9000`) for
TCP. `csi-sanity` then uses that endpoint for both node and controller
operations. A separate endpoint for controller operations can be
specified with `-csi.controllerendpoint`. Directories are created in
`/tmp` by default. This can be changed via `-csi.mountdir` and
`-csi.stagingdir`.
Some drivers cannot be deployed such that everything is guaranteed to
run on the same host. In such a case, custom scripts have to be used
to handle directories: they log into the host where the CSI node
controller runs and create or remove the directories there.
For example, during CI testing the [CSI hostpath example
driver](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-host-path) gets
deployed on a real Kubernetes cluster before invoking `csi-sanity` and then
`csi-sanity` connects to it through port forwarding provided by
[`socat`](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-host-path/blob/v1.2.0/deploy/kubernetes-1.16/hostpath/csi-hostpath-testing.yaml).
[Scripts](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-host-path/blob/v1.2.0/release-tools/prow.sh#L808-L859)
are used to create and remove the directories.
Here's how one can replicate that, using the v1.2.0 release of the CSI hostpath driver:
```
$ cd csi-driver-host-path
$ git describe --tags HEAD
v1.2.0
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
127.0.0.1 Ready <none> 42m v1.16.0
$ deploy/kubernetes-1.16/deploy-hostpath.sh
applying RBAC rules
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-csi/external-provisioner/v1.4.0/deploy/kubernetes/rbac.yaml
...
deploying hostpath components
deploy/kubernetes-1.16/hostpath/csi-hostpath-attacher.yaml
using image: quay.io/k8scsi/csi-attacher:v2.0.0
service/csi-hostpath-attacher created
statefulset.apps/csi-hostpath-attacher created
deploy/kubernetes-1.16/hostpath/csi-hostpath-driverinfo.yaml
csidriver.storage.k8s.io/hostpath.csi.k8s.io created
deploy/kubernetes-1.16/hostpath/csi-hostpath-plugin.yaml
using image: quay.io/k8scsi/csi-node-driver-registrar:v1.2.0
using image: quay.io/k8scsi/hostpathplugin:v1.2.0
using image: quay.io/k8scsi/livenessprobe:v1.1.0
...
service/hostpath-service created
statefulset.apps/csi-hostpath-socat created
07:38:46 waiting for hostpath deployment to complete, attempt #0
deploying snapshotclass
volumesnapshotclass.snapshot.storage.k8s.io/csi-hostpath-snapclass created
$ cat >mkdir_in_pod.sh <<EOF
#!/bin/sh
kubectl exec csi-hostpathplugin-0 -c hostpath -- mktemp -d /tmp/csi-sanity.XXXXXX
EOF
$ cat >rmdir_in_pod.sh <<EOF
#!/bin/sh
kubectl exec csi-hostpathplugin-0 -c hostpath -- rmdir "\$@"
EOF
$ chmod u+x *_in_pod.sh
$ csi-sanity -ginkgo.v \
-csi.endpoint dns:///127.0.0.1:$(kubectl get "services/hostpath-service" -o "jsonpath={..nodePort}") \
-csi.createstagingpathcmd ./mkdir_in_pod.sh \
-csi.createmountpathcmd ./mkdir_in_pod.sh \
-csi.removestagingpathcmd ./rmdir_in_pod.sh \
-csi.removemountpathcmd ./rmdir_in_pod.sh
Running Suite: CSI Driver Test Suite
====================================
Random Seed: 1570540138
Will run 72 of 72 specs
...
Controller Service [Controller Server] ControllerGetCapabilities
should return appropriate capabilities
/nvme/gopath/src/github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/pkg/sanity/controller.go:111
STEP: connecting to CSI driver
STEP: creating mount and staging directories
STEP: checking successful response
------------------------------
Controller Service [Controller Server] GetCapacity
should return capacity (no optional values added)
/nvme/gopath/src/github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/pkg/sanity/controller.go:149
STEP: reusing connection to CSI driver at dns:///127.0.0.1:30056
STEP: creating mount and staging directories
...
Ran 53 of 72 Specs in 148.206 seconds
SUCCESS! -- 53 Passed | 0 Failed | 0 Pending | 19 Skipped
PASS
```
Some comments:
* The source code of these tests is in the [`pkg/sanity`
package](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/tree/master/pkg/sanity).
* How to determine the external IP address of the node depends on the
cluster. In this example, the cluster was brought up with
`hack/local-up-cluster.sh` and thus runs on the local host (`127.0.0.1`).
It uses a port allocated by Kubernetes, obtained above with `kubectl get "services/hostpath-service"`.
The Kubernetes-CSI CI uses
[kind](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user/quick-start/) and there [a
Docker
command](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-host-path/blob/3488dc7f994e33485629b86b69a6f34ebb7ef2d9/release-tools/prow.sh#L850)
can be used.
* The create script must print the final directory. Using a
unique directory for each test case has the advantage that if
something goes wrong in one test case, others still start with a
clean slate.
* The "staging directory", aka `NodePublishVolumeRequest.target_path`
in the CSI spec, must be created and deleted by the CSI driver while
the CO is responsible for the parent directory. `csi-sanity` handles
that by creating a directory and then giving the CSI driver that
directory path with `/target` appended at the end. Kubernetes [got
this wrong](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/75535)
and creates the actual `target_path` directory, so CSI drivers which
want to work with Kubernetes currently have to be lenient and must
not fail when that directory already exists.
* The "mount directory" corresponds to
`NodeStageVolumeRequest.staging_target_path` and really gets created
by the CO, i.e. `csi-sanity`.
## End-to-end testing
In contrast to `csi-sanity`, end-to-end testing interacts with the CSI
driver through the Kubernetes API, i.e. it simulates operations from a
normal user, like creating a PersistentVolumeClaim. Support for testing external CSI
drivers was
[added](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/commit/6644db9914379a4a7b3d3487b41b2010f226e4dc#diff-5b2d9461c960bc9b146c4ab3d77bcaa5)
in Kubernetes 1.14.0.
### Installation
For each Kubernetes release, a test tar archive is published. It's not
listed in the release notes (for example, the ones for
[1.16](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.16.md#downloads-for-v1161)),
so one has to know that the full URL is
`https://dl.k8s.io/<version>/kubernetes-test-linux-amd64.tar.gz` (like
for
[v1.16.0](https://dl.k8s.io/v1.16.0/kubernetes-test-linux-amd64.tar.gz)).
These include a `e2e.test` binary for Linux on x86-64. Archives for
other platforms are also available, see [this
KEP](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-testing/20190118-breaking-apart-the-kubernetes-test-tarball.md#proposal). The
`e2e.test` binary is completely self-contained, so one can "install"
it and the [`ginkgo` test runner](https://onsi.github.io/ginkgo/) with:
```
curl --location https://dl.k8s.io/v1.16.0/kubernetes-test-linux-amd64.tar.gz | \
tar --strip-components=3 -zxf - kubernetes/test/bin/e2e.test kubernetes/test/bin/ginkgo
```
Each `e2e.test` binary contains tests that match the features
available in the corresponding release. In particular, the `[Feature:
xyz]` tags change between releases: they separate tests of alpha
features from tests of non-alpha features. Also, the tests from an
older release might rely on APIs that were removed in more recent
Kubernetes releases. To avoid problems, it's best to simply use the
`e2e.test` binary that matches the Kubernetes release that is used for
testing.
### Usage
Not all features of a CSI driver can be discovered through the
Kubernetes API. Therefore a configuration file in YAML or JSON format
is needed which describes the driver that is to be tested. That file
is used to populate [the driverDefinition
struct](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/v1.16.0/test/e2e/storage/external/external.go#L142-L211)
and [the DriverInfo
struct](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/v1.16.0/test/e2e/storage/testsuites/testdriver.go#L139-L185)
that is embedded inside it. For detailed usage instructions of
individual fields refer to these structs.
A word of warning: tests are often only run when setting some fields and the
file parser does not warn about unknown fields, so always check that
the file really matches those structs.
Here is an example that tests the
[`csi-driver-host-path`](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-driver-host-path):
```
$ cat >test-driver.yaml <<EOF
StorageClass:
FromName: true
SnapshotClass:
FromName: true
DriverInfo:
Name: hostpath.csi.k8s.io
Capabilities:
block: true
controllerExpansion: true
exec: true
multipods: true
persistence: true
pvcDataSource: true
snapshotDataSource: true
InlineVolumes:
- Attributes: {}
EOF
```
At a minimum, you need to define the storage class you want to use in
the test, the name of your driver, and what capabilities you want to
test.
As with `csi-sanity`, the driver has to be running in the cluster
before testing it.
The actual `e2e.test` invocation then enables tests for this driver
with `-storage.testdriver` and selects the storage tests for it with
`-ginkgo.focus`:
```
$ ./e2e.test -ginkgo.v \
-ginkgo.focus='External.Storage' \
-storage.testdriver=test-driver.yaml
Oct 8 17:17:42.230: INFO: The --provider flag is not set. Continuing as if --provider=skeleton had been used.
I1008 17:17:42.230210 648569 e2e.go:92] Starting e2e run "90b9adb0-a3a2-435f-80e0-640742d56104" on Ginkgo node 1
Running Suite: Kubernetes e2e suite
===================================
Random Seed: 1570547861 - Will randomize all specs
Will run 163 of 5060 specs
Oct 8 17:17:42.237: INFO: >>> kubeConfig: /var/run/kubernetes/admin.kubeconfig
Oct 8 17:17:42.241: INFO: Waiting up to 30m0s for all (but 0) nodes to be schedulable
...
------------------------------
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
------------------------------
External Storage [Driver: hostpath.csi.k8s.io] [Testpattern: Dynamic PV (filesystem volmode)] multiVolume [Slow]
should access to two volumes with different volume mode and retain data across pod recreation on the same node
/workspace/anago-v1.16.0-rc.2.1+2bd9643cee5b3b/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/_output/dockerized/go/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/test/e2e/storage/testsuites/multivolume.go:191
[BeforeEach] [Testpattern: Dynamic PV (filesystem volmode)] multiVolume [Slow]
...
```
You can use `ginkgo` to run some kinds of test in parallel.
Alpha feature tests or those that by design have to be run
sequentially then need to be run separately:
```
$ ./ginkgo -p -v \
-focus='External.Storage' \
-skip='\[Feature:|\[Disruptive\]|\[Serial\]' \
./e2e.test \
-- \
-storage.testdriver=test-driver.yaml
$ ./ginkgo -v \
-focus='External.Storage.*(\[Feature:|\[Disruptive\]|\[Serial\])' \
./e2e.test \
-- \
-storage.testdriver=test-driver.yaml
```
## Getting involved
Both the Kubernetes storage tests and the sanity tests are meant to be
applicable to arbitrary CSI drivers. But perhaps tests are based on
additional assumptions and your driver does not pass the testing
although it complies with the CSI specification. If that happens then
please file issues (links below).
These are open source projects which depend on the help of those
using them, so once a problem has been acknowledged, a pull request
addressing it will be highly welcome.
The same applies to writing new tests. The following searches in the
issue trackers select issues that have been marked specifically as
something that needs someone's help:
- [csi-test](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-test/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22help+wanted%22)
- [Kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22+label%3Asig%2Fstorage+)
Happy testing! May the issues it finds be few and easy to fix.
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Remembering Brad Childs"
date: 2020-01-10T10:00:00-08:00
slug: Remembering-Brad-Childs
---
**Authors:** Paul Morie, Red Hat
Last year, the Kubernetes family lost one of its own. Brad Childs was a
SIG Storage chair and long time contributor to the project. Brad worked on a
number of features in storage and was known as much for his friendliness and
sense of humor as for his technical contributions and leadership.
We recently spent time remembering Brad at Kubecon NA:
- [A Tribute to Bradley Childs](https://youtu.be/4eI2PTAJ-sE)
- [CNCF Memorial](https://github.com/cncf/memorials/blob/master/bradley-childs.md)
Our hearts go out to Brads friends and family and others whose lives he touched
inside and outside the Kubernetes community.
Thank you for everything, Brad. Well miss you.

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