63f30b086a
* Fixed outdated ECR credential debug message (#18631) * Fixed outdated ECR credential debug message The log message for troubleshooting kubelet auto fetching ECR credentils issue has been changed (noticed since 1.14), and the new message reads like this when verbose log level is set to 3: - `aws_credentials.go:109] unable to get ECR credentials from cache, checking ECR API` - `aws_credentials.go:116] Got ECR credentials from ECR API for <Your ECR AWS Account ID>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com` This is based on the kubelet source code: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/release-1.14/pkg/credentialprovider/aws/aws_credentials.go#L91 This PR is to fix this and to avoid confusion for more people who are troubleshooting the kubelet ECR issue. * Update content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Fix deployment name in docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-horizontal-autoscaling.md (#18772) * ru/docs/tutorials/hello-minikube.md: sync with English translation. (#18687) * content/ru/docs/concepts/_index.md: use English names for kinds. (#18613) * Fix French typo in "when" section (#18786) * First Japanese l10n work for release-1.16 (#18790) * Translate concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/ into Japanese (#17710) * Translate concepts/services-networking/connect-applications-service/ into Japanese * Apply review * Translate content/ja/docs/tasks/_index.md into Japanese (#17789) * add task index * huge page * ja-docs: Update kops Installation Steps (#17804) * Update /ja/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube/ (#17711) * Update /ja/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube/ * Apply review * Apply review * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/tools/install-minikube.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Translate tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-cpu-resource/ in Japanese (#16160) * copy from content/en/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/ to ja * translate assign-cpu-resource.md in Japanese * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-cpu-resource.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-cpu-resource.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update assign-cpu-resource.md ここの *request* と *limit* はほかの文中の単語とは異なり、YAMLのfieldを表すため、訳さないでおく * fix translation "Pod scheduling is based on requests." の箇所。 requestsに基づいているのは事実だが、直訳されたときになにを指すのかあいまいなので、対象を具体的に記述 * Translate concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ in Japanese #14848 (#17794) * ja-trans: Translate concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ into Japanese (#14848) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ (#14848) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ (#14848) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment/ (#14848) * little fix (#18135) * update index (#18136) * Update /ja/docs/setup/_index.md (#18139) * Update /ja/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/ (#18137) * update /docs/ja/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/ * fix mongon * apply reveiw * Update /ja/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/ (#18141) * Update feature agete * tidy up feature gates list * translate new lines * table caption * blank * する -> します * apply review * fix broken link * Update content/ja/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * update translation * remove line * Update content/ja/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * rollpack * Update /ja/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ (#18138) * update /ja/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/ * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * consider Endpoints as a Kubernetes resource * full * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/_index.md (#18145) * Update concepts * control plane * apply review * fix bold (#18165) * Update /ja/docs/concepts/overview/components.md (#18153) * update /ja/docs/concepts/overview/components.md * some japanese docs are already there * translate prepend * apply upstream changes (#18278) * Translate concepts/services-networking/ingress into Japanese #17741 (#18234) * ja-trans: Translate concepts/services-networking/ingress into Japanese (#17741) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/services-networking/ingress (#17741) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/services-networking/ingress (#17741) * Update pod overview in Japanese (#18277) * Update pod-overview * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * ノード * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Translate concepts/scheduling/scheduler-perf-tuning/ in Japanese #17119 (#17796) * ja-trans: Translate concepts/scheduling/scheduler-perf-tuning/ into Japanese (#17119) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/scheduling/scheduler-perf-tuning/ (#17119) * ja-trans: Improve Japanese translation in concepts/scheduling/scheduler-perf-tuning/ (#17119) * ja-trans:conetent/ja/casestudies/nav (#18450) * Translate tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service/ in Japanese (#18395) * Translate tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service/ in Japanese * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Change all `Pods` to `Pod` and `Endpoints` to `Endpoint` * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Updated content pointed out in review * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Apply suggestions from code review Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Apply suggestions from review * Apply suggestions form review * Apply suggestions from review * Apply suggestions from review * Apply suggestions from code review Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-service.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Translate concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/ into Japanese (#18200) * Translate concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/ into Japanese * Apply suggestions from code review between L1 an L120 by oke-py Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Apply suggestions from code review by oke-py Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update CustomResourceDefinition not to localize into Japanese * Revert the link to customresourcedefinitions to English Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Apply suggestions from code review by oke-py and inductor Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Apply a suggestion from review by inductor * Apply a suggestion from code review by oke-py Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Translate tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod/ into Japanese (#16173) * copy from content/en/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod.md to Ja * Translate tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod/ into Japanese Guaranteed, Burstable, BestEffortは用語として存在するので訳さない Signed-off-by: Takuma Hashimoto <takumaxd+github@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Update content/ja/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/quality-service-pod.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * Translate content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md (#17739) (#18285) * Translate content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md (#17739) * Translated kubectl cheet sheet. * Fix typos in content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md (#17739) * Fix japanese style in content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md * Fix typo in content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md * Fix translation in content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md * Fix typo in content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md * Fix typo in content/ja/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md * Modify translation for casestudies (#18767) * modify terminology * add ten * update translation * update * update * update * fix typo (#18769) * remove english comment (#18770) * ja-trans:conetent/ja/casestudies/spotify (#18451) * ja-trans: content/ja/case-studies/spotify * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Updated with the proposal from inductor Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Updated with inductor 's proposal Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * ja-trans: content/ja/case-studies/spotify * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Update content/ja/case-studies/spotify/index.html Co-Authored-By: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> Co-authored-by: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> * Translate Japanese headers (#18776) * translate headers * add index for references * Update content/ja/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/_index.md Co-Authored-By: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * translate controller Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> * ja-docs: translate install-kubeadm into Japanese (#18198) * ja-docs: translate install-kubeadm into Japanese * translate table title in install-kubeadm to Japanese * update kubeadm install doc * remove extra spaces * fix translation miss * translate url title into japanese * fix translation miss * remove line break in sentence and translate title * remove extra line break * remove extra line break * fix translation miss Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Samuel Kihahu <kihahu@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Takuma Hashimoto <takuma-hashimoto@freee.co.jp> Co-authored-by: Keita Akutsu <kakts.git@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Masa Taniguchi <maabou512@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Soto Sugita <sotoiwa@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Kozzy Hasebe <48105562+hasebe@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: kazuaki harada <canhel.4suti50y.salamander@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Shunsuke Miyoshi <s.miyoshi@jp.fujitsu.com> * delete zh SEE ALSO(51-54) (#18788) * Added missing brackets in markdown (#18783) * Fix broken links in api_changes doc (#18743) * fix jump (#18781) * fix redundant note (#18780) * Fix typo: default-manager -> default-scheduler (#18709) like #18649 #18708 * fix issue #18738 (#18773) Signed-off-by: Dominic Yin <yindongchao@inspur.com> * Correct description of kubectl (#18172) * Correct description of kubectl Given that `kubectl` is not a [command line interface (CLI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface), I suggest calling it what it is -- a control utility (ctl = control). The term "tool" is commonly used in place of "utility," including the `kubectl` docs. A CLI presents the user with a command prompt at which the user can enter multiple command lines that a command-line interpreter interprets and processes. Think of `bash`, `emacs`, or a SQL shell. Since `kubectl` is not run in a shell, it is not a CLI. Here are related docs that correctly refer to `kubectl` as a "command-line tool": - https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/tools/#kubectl - https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/glossary/?fundamental=true#term-kubectl - https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/ - https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/kubectl/ * Update content/en/docs/reference/kubectl/overview.md Co-Authored-By: Zach Corleissen <zacharysarah@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Zach Corleissen <zacharysarah@users.noreply.github.com> * Add blog post: Reviewing 2019 in Docs (#18662) Tiny fix Feedback from onlydole Add missing link Incremental fixes Revise Jim's job title Update content/en/blog/_posts/2020-01-17-Docs-Review-2019.md Co-Authored-By: Celeste Horgan <celeste@cncf.io> Feedback from celeste, change date * Update OWNERS_ALIASES (#18803) * Create Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md (#16869) * Create Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-authored-by: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * blog: introduce CSI support for ephemeral inline volumes (#16832) * csi-ephemeral-inline-volumes: introduce CSI support for ephemeral inline volumes This was alpha in Kubernetes 1.15 and became beta in 1.16. Several CSI drivers already support it (soon...). * csi-ephemeral-inline-volumes: bump date and address feedback (NodeUnpublishVolume) * csi-ephemeral-inline-volumes: add examples and next steps * csi-ephemeral-inline-volumes: rename file, minor edits * csi-ephemeral-inline-volumes: include Docker example * Create 2019-12-10-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md (#18062) * Create 2019-12-10-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md * Update and rename 2019-12-10-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md to 2019-01-16-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md * Update 2019-01-16-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md * Update and rename 2019-01-16-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md to 2019-01-22-Gamified-Chaos-Engineering-Tool-for-Kubernetes.md Co-authored-by: Kaitlyn Barnard <kaitlynbarnard10@gmail.com> * Revert "Create Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md (#16869)" (#18805) This reverts commit2c4545e105. * add blog k8s on mips (#18795) * add blog k8s on mips * modify english title to chinese * modify some error * Remove user-journeys legacy content #18615 (#18779) * Use monospace for HostFolder and VM in the French Minikube setup guide. (#18749) * Add French version of persistent volume page concept page (#18706) * Add French version of persistent volume page concept page * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * sync content/zh/docs/reference/issues-security/ en zh (#18727) * update zh-translation: /docs/concepts/storage/volume-snapshots.md (#18650) * Clean up user journeys content for zh (#18815) * Followup fixes for: Add resource version section to api-concepts (#18069) * Followup fixes for: Add resource version section to api-concepts documentation * Apply feedback * Apply feedback * Switch paragraph to active voice * Add Community and Code of Conduct for ID (#18828) * Add additional ways to contribute part to update zh doc (#18762) * Add additional ways to contribute part to update zh doc * Add original English text * Update content/zh/docs/contribute/_index.md Co-Authored-By: chentanjun <tanjunchen20@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: chentanjun <tanjunchen20@gmail.com> * Clean up extensions/v1beta1 in docs (#18839) * fix an example path (#18848) * Translating network plugins (#17184) * Fix for a typo (#18822) * tą instalację -> tę instalację / (https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/te-czy-ta;1598.html) (#18801) * Fix typo in Scalability section (#18866) The phrase `very larger` is not valid, it is supposed to be either `very large` or `larger`. Propose to have it `very large`. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Add Polish translation of Contribute index page (#18775) Co-Authored-By: Michał Sochoń <kaszpir@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Michał Sochoń <kaszpir@gmail.com> * Clean up extensions/v1beta1 in docs (#18838) * Add Indonesian Manage Compute Resources page (#18468) * Add Indonesian Manage Compute Resources page * Updates to id Manage Compute Resources page * Add DaemonSet docs ID localization (#18632) Signed-off-by: giovanism <giovanism@outlook.co.id> * Fix typo in en/docs/contribute/style/content-guilde.md (#18862) * partial fix for SEE ALSO section under content/zh/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/generated/ need to be deleted #18411 (#18875) * See Also removed file 31 * see also removed file 32 * see also removed file 33 * see also removed file 34 * see also removed file 35 * Modify pod.md (#18818) website/content/ko/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod.md 23 line 쿠버네티스는는 -> 쿠버네티스는 modify * remove $ following the style guide (#18855) * Add Hyperlink to Kubernetes API (#18852) * Drive by copy edit of blog post (#18881) * Medium copy edit. * more fixes * Translate Events Calendar (#18860) * Adding Bahasa Indonesia translation for Device Plugin page #18676 (#18676) Co-Authored-By: Gede Wahyu Adi Pramana <tokekbesi@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Gede Wahyu Adi Pramana <tokekbesi@gmail.com> * change escaped chars to markdown (#18858) Helps to keep doc clean for long term * Fix header layout on Safari (#18888) * Fix references to sig-docs-l10n-admins (#18661) * Add French deployment concept page (#18516) * Add French deployment concept page * Fix * Fix * Fix * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Fix * Fix * Fix * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Fix ZH security aliases (#18895) * disable simplytunde as an approver due to inactivity. (#18899) Always welcome to come back if able to become active again Signed-off-by: Brad Topol <btopol@us.ibm.com> * install container runtimes without prompts (#18893) In Kubernetes docs, all of the packages that are required to set up the Kubernetes are installed without requiring any prompts through the package manager (like apt or yum) except for the container runtimes. https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/ So, it would be better to have these installations with prompts (yes) disabled. * Fix small typos (#18886) * Fix small typos Small typos noticed and fixed in: - configure-upgrade-etcd.md - reconfigure-kubelet.md Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Rephrase a paragraph on etcd upgrade en\docs\tasks\administer-cluster\configure-upgrade-etcd.md Following a suggestion in #18886, I've rephrased a sentence on etcd upgrade prerequisites. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Clean up extensions/v1beta1 in docs (#18841) * Update _index.md (#18825) * Run minikube docker-env in a shell-independent way (#18823) * doc: correct pv status for pv protection example. (#18816) * Small editorial fixes in glossary entries (#18807) * Small editorial fixes in glossary entries * Revert the wording in the glossary term for proxy * fix doc conflict regarding postStart (#18806) * kubeadm: improvements to the cert management documentation (#18397) - move the sections about custom certificates and external CA to the kubeadm-certs page - minor cleanups to the kubeadm-certs page, including updated output for the check-expiration command - link the implementation details page to the new locations for custom certs and external CA * fix doc conflict regarding postStart * Grammar (#18785) * grammar: 'to' distributes over 'or' * grammar: reword per app.grammarly.com * grammar: simplify from app.grammarly.com * spelling: etc. * feat: add ephermeral container approach inside pod debug page. (#18754) * doc: add pod security policy reference link to document. (#18729) * doc: add pod security policy reference link to document. * doc: add what's next for pod-security-policy ref. * Revise version requirements (#18688) Assume that the reader is running a version of Kubernetes that supports the Secret resource. * en: Remove kubectl duplicate example (#18656) With #16974 and the removal of --include-uninitialized flag, the second and third examples of kubectl delete become equal, thus leading to duplication and being confusing. Suggest to remove the duplicate and replace it with another example in the future if needed. Observed in v1.16 and v1.17 documentation. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Fix typo for tasks/access-kubernetes-api/configure-aggregation-layer.md (#18652) * Unify runtime references (#18493) - Use the glossary to correctly reference runtimes - Updated runtime class documentation for CRI-O - Removed rktlet from runtimes since its EOL Signed-off-by: Sascha Grunert <sgrunert@suse.com> * Clean up admission controller deprecation example (#18399) * sync zh-trans content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/ephemeral-containers.md (#18883) * Remove redundant information when deploy flannel on kubernetes include windows node (#18272) * sync zh-trans content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview.md (#18882) * partial fix for for SEE ALSO section under content/zh/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/generated/ need to be deleted (#18879) * see also removed from file 36 * see also removed from file 37 * see also removed from file 38 * see also removed from file 39 * see also removed from file 40 * update zh content/zh/docs/contribute/style/write-new-topic.md (#18859) * sync zh-trans /docs/concepts/_index.md and /docs/concepts/example-concept-template.md (#18863) * See also removed file 56 & 57 (#18912) * see also removed file 56 * see also removed file 57 * Third Korean L10n Work For Release 1.17 (#18915) * Changed some words in the IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack korean doc. (#18668) * Update to Outdated files in dev-1.17-ko.3 branch. (#18580) * Translate content/ko/docs/concepts/services-networking/service in Korean (#18195) * Translate docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/port-forward-access-application-cluster.md in Korean (#18721) * Translate controllers/garbage-collection.md in Korean. (#18595) Co-Authored-by: Seokho Son <shsongist@gmail.com> Co-Authored-by: Lawrence Kay <lkay9495@hotmail.com> Co-Authored-by: Jesang Myung <jesang.myung@gmail.com> Co-Authored-by: Claudia J.Kang <claudiajkang@gmail.com> Co-Authored-by: Yuk, Yongsu <ysyukr@gmail.com> Co-Authored-By: June Yi <june.yi@samsung.com> Co-authored-by: Yuk, Yongsu <ysyukr@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Seokho Son <shsongist@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Lawrence Kay <me@lkaybob.pe.kr> Co-authored-by: Jesang Myung <jesang.myung@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: June Yi <june.yi@samsung.com> * clean up makefile, config (#18517) Added target for createversiondirs (shell script) in Makefile. updates for tagged release regenerate api ref, rm Makefile_temp add parens to pip check * Improve Russian translation of Home page (#17841) * Improve Russian translation of Home page * Update i18n/ru.toml Co-Authored-By: Slava Semushin <slava.semushin@gmail.com> * Update content/ru/_index.html Co-Authored-By: Slava Semushin <slava.semushin@gmail.com> * Update content/ru/_index.html Co-Authored-By: Slava Semushin <slava.semushin@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Slava Semushin <slava.semushin@gmail.com> * update ref link for v1.16 (#18837) Related to issue #18820. remove links to prev API refs * Cleanup user journeys related configs and scripts (#18814) * See also removed file 81 to 85 (#18909) * see also removed file 81 * see also removed file 82 * see also removed file 83 * see also removed file 84 * see also removed file 85 * See also removed file 65 to 70 (#18908) * see also removed file 65 * see also removed file 66 * see also removed file 67 * see also removed file 68 * see also removed file 69 * see also removed file 70 * Translate Task index page into Polish (#18876) Co-Authored-By: Karol Pucyński <kpucynski@gmail.com> Co-Authored-By: Michał Sochoń <kaszpir@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Karol Pucyński <9209870+kpucynski@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Michał Sochoń <kaszpir@gmail.com> * Document dry-run authorization requirements (#18235) * Document dry-run write access requirement. - Add section on dry-run authorization - Refer to dry-run authorization for diff - Consistently hyphenate dry-run * Update content/en/docs/reference/using-api/api-concepts.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * reword storage release note to match the change in k/k PR #87090 (#18921) * sync zh-trans content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/ttlafterfinished.md (#18868) * See also removed file 60 to 63 (#18907) * see also removed file 60 * see also removed file 61 * see also removed file 62 * see also removed file 63 * See also removed file 91 to 95 (#18910) * see also removed file 91 * see also removed file 93 * see also removed file 94 * see also removed file 95 * content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/podpreset.md (#18870) * fix: fixed eating initial 2 spaces inside code. (#18914) * Update Calico section of kubeadm install guide (#18821) * Update Calico section of kubeadm install guide * Address review feedback * See also removed file 96 to 100 (#18911) * see also removed file 96 * see also removed file 97 * see also removed file 98 * see also removed file 99 * see also removed file 100 * repair zh docs in kubeadm (#18949) * repair zh docs about kubeadm (#18950) * Update apparmor.md (#18951) * Update basic-stateful-set.md (#18952) * Add missing hyperlink for pod-overhead (#18936) * Update service.md (#18480) make article reads more smoothly * zh-trans update content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deploy… (#18657) * zh-trans update content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/deployment.md * zh-trans update content\zh\docs\concepts\workloads\controllers\deployment.md * Update source-ip documentation (#18760) * sync zh-trans /docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod.md (#18880) * sync zh-trans /docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs.md and /docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset.md (#18864) * sync zh-trans content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/ttlafterfinished.md (#18867) * Add a French version of Secret concept page (#18604) * Add a French version of Secret concept page * Fix * Fix * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/configuration/secret.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Fix * Update content/fr/docs/concepts/configuration/secret.md Co-Authored-By: Aurélien Perrier <aperrier@universe.sh> * Fix Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Aurélien Perrier <aperrier@universe.sh> * (refactor): Corrections (grammatical) in service.md file (#18944) * Update service.md * Fixed the invaild changes Signed-off-by: Udit Gaurav <uditgaurav@gmail.com> * Update container-runtimes.md (#18608) for debian install of docker, also install gnupg2 for apt-key add to work * Fix that dual-stack does not require Kubenet specifically (#18924) * Fix that dual-stack does not require Kubenet specifically Rather it requires a network plugin that supports dual-stack, and others are available, including Calico. * Update content/en/docs/tasks/network/validate-dual-stack.md Added link to doc about network plugins Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Revert "Configurable Scaling for the HPA (#18157)" (#18963) This reverts commit5dbfaafe1a. * Update horizontal-pod-autoscale-walkthrough.md (#18960) Update command for creating php-apache deployment due to the following warning: `kubectl run --generator=deployment/apps.v1 is DEPRECATED and will be removed in a future version. Use kubectl run --generator=run-pod/v1 or kubectl create instead.` * doc: add link for type=LoadBalancer service in tutorial. (#18916) * Typo fix (#18830) * sync zh-trans content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset.md (#18869) * Revise pull request template (#18744) * Revise pull request template * Reference compiled docs in PR template Refer readers to https://k8s.io/contribute/start/ This keeps the template short, and it lets Hugo use templating for the current version. * Update certificates.md (#18970) * Add web-ui-dashboard to French (#17974) * Add web-ui-dashboard to French * Update content/fr/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/fr/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Fix * Fix * Fix * Update content/fr/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix * Fix Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Added a translated code of conduct (#18981) * Added a translated code of conduct * fixed some minor mistakes and capitalization * Moved to informal speech * Translate the contribute advanced page to French (#13425) * Translate the contribute advanced page to French * Corrections * Correction * Correction * Correction * Correction * Correction * Fix typo in hello-minikube.md (#18991) * Add note for LB behaviour for cordoned nodes. (#18784) * Add note for LB behaviour for cordoned nodes. See also https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/65013 This is a reasonably common pitfall: `kubectl cordon <all nodes>` will also drop all LB traffic to the cluster, but this is not documented anywhere but in issues, when found it is usually already too late. * Update with feedback * Add KIND as the options for spinning up a test kubernetes environment (#17860) * fix typo in /ja/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers (#18997) * hide some original comments in translate docs (#18986) * hide original comment * hide some original comments * Fix code of conduct title (#19006) * Added a note about built-in priority-classes (#18979) * Added a note about build-in priority-classes * Update content/en/docs/concepts/configuration/pod-priority-preemption.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Add description for TTL (#19001) * Fix whitespace on deployment page (#18990) * Add details to the API deprecations blog post (#19014) * Document list/map/structType and listMapKeys (#18977) These markers where introduced to describe topology of lists, maps, structs - primarily in support of server-side apply. Secondarily, a small typo fix:) * Remove "Unschedulable" pod condition type from the pod lifecycle docs (#18956) The pod lifecycle documentation erroneously indicated `Unschedulable` as a possible `type` of pod condition. That's not true. Only four condition types exist. The `Unschedulable` value is not a type, but one of the possible reasons of the `PodScheduled` condition type. * Revise “Encrypting Secret Data at Rest” (#18810) * Drop reference to old Kubernetes versions At the time of writing, Kubernetes v1.13 is the oldest supported version, and encryption-at-rest is no longer alpha. * Tidy whitespace * Add table caption * Set metadata for required Kubernetes version * maintain the current relative path when switching to other site versions (#18871) * Update kubectl create configmap section (#18885) * Add common examples to Service Topology documentation (#18712) * service topology: add missing 'enabling service topology' page Signed-off-by: Andrew Sy Kim <kiman@vmware.com> * service topology: add common examples Signed-off-by: Andrew Sy Kim <kiman@vmware.com> * updating contrib for ref docs (#18787) more cleanup * fix translate docs format (#19018) * Update nodes.md (#19019) * Translate Contribute index page into Russian (#19022) * Added german translation for Addons page (#19010) * Added german translation for Addons page * Smaller adjustments * removed a english leftover-sentence * consistent spelling of "Add-Ons" * Removed english entry for CoreDNS * Update content/de/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Translated a heading Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * (fix) Removed `-n test` from `kubectl get pv` command (#18877) - PV are cluster scoped rather than namespaced scope - So, there is no need to list it by namespace Signed-off-by: Aman Gupta <aman.gupta@mayadata.io> * Link to setup page about Kind (#18996) Link from /docs/setup/ to /docs/setup/learning-environment/kind/ now that the target page exists. * Create Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md (#18808) * Create Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update content/en/blog/_posts/Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-Authored-By: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> * Update Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md * Update and rename Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md to 2020-02-07-Deploying-External-OpenStack-Cloud-Provider-With-Kubeadm.md Co-authored-by: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Kaitlyn Barnard <kaitlynbarnard10@gmail.com> * Revise glossary entry for Device Plugin (#16291) * Document control plane monitoring (#17578) * Document control plane monitoring * Update content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/monitoring.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Update content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/monitoring.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Merge controller-metrics.md into monitoring.md Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Document none driver compatibility with non docker runtime. (#17952) * Refined unclear sentence on 3rd party dependencies (#18015) * Refined unclear sentence on 3rd party dependencies I reworded the sentence on third party dependencies a bit in order to make it more sound * Update content/en/docs/concepts/security/overview.md Sounds much better Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Improve network policies concept (#18091) * Adopt website style guidelines * Tweak wording Co-Authored-By: cmluciano <cmluciano@cruznet.org> * Make sample NetworkPolicies downloadable Co-authored-by: cmluciano <cmluciano@cruznet.org> * clean up secret generators (#18320) * Use built-in version check & metadata (#18542) * Reword kubelet live reconfiguration task (#18629) - Revise version requirements - Use glossary tooltips in summary - Use sentence case for headings - Write kubelet in lowercase where appropriate - Add “What's next” section * fix: add dns search record limit note. (#18913) * Remove duplicate content: Roles & Responsibilities (#18920) * Remove duplicate content: Roles & Responsibilities Signed-off-by: Celeste <celeste@cncf.io> Address feedback Signed-off-by: Celeste <celeste@cncf.io> * Apply suggestions from review Co-Authored-By: Zach Corleissen <zacharysarah@users.noreply.github.com> * Link to contribution guidelines Signed-off-by: Celeste Horgan <celeste@cncf.io> * Address PR feedback Signed-off-by: Celeste Horgan <celeste@cncf.io> Co-authored-by: Zach Corleissen <zacharysarah@users.noreply.github.com> * Fix of pull request #18960 (#18974) * Fix of pull request #18960 * Add yaml configuration file snippets * Remove redundant code snippet for command * Update cheatsheet.md (#18975) * Update cheatsheet.md "List all pods in the namespace, with more details" command corrected by adding --all-namespaces * Update content/en/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md Co-Authored-By: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> * Correct description of Knitter CNI plugin (#18983) * Add Elastic metricbeat to examples of DaemonSets and rename logstash (#19024) * Add Elastic metricbeat to examples of DaemonSets The URL points to the docs related to how to configure metricbeat on k8s * Filebeat is the next thing * Separated commands from output (#19023) * Update KubeCon URLs (#19027) The URLs had changed (and were being redirected). Also, added parameters to better identify the traffic source. * remove see also and close issue (#19032) * sync zh-trans content/zh/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/garbage-collection.md (#18865) * zh trans /docs/reference/access-authn-authz/extensible-admission-controllers.md (#18856) * Update zh/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service.md#pods (#18992) * Adding contribution best practice in contribute docs (#18059) * Add kubectl patch example with quotes on Windows (#18853) * Add kubectl patch example with quotes on Windows When running the `kubectl patch` example, on Windows systems you get an error when passing the patch request in single quotes. Passing it in double quotes with the inner ones escaped produced the desired behavior as is in the example given for Linux systems. I've added a small note for Windows users to have that in mind. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Use Hugo note shortcode Windows note is placed inside a [shortcode](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/#shortcodes) to be consistent with the style guide. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Remove shell Markdown syntax I've removed the shell syntax from the Windows example and have changed the description to be the same as the one used in [jsonpath](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath/) document to be more consistent. The jsonpath example uses cmd syntax, though it is note inside a note shortcode, therefore I've opted out of using any syntax as it seems to break rendering inside the shortcode. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Add cmd markdown syntax and fix order list I've tested this locally with `make docker-serve` on my Linux machine and finally things are looking better, I've managed to address these two issues: - the Windows example is now inside `note` shortcode and also the cmd syntax renders correctly on the page - the list of steps broke after the first one, I've indented a paragraph and now the steps are in the expected order Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Remove command prompt from example According to the [style guide](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/#don-t-include-the-command-prompt), the command prompt should not be included when showing an example. This commit removes it for consistency with the style guide. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * cleanup /docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-lifecycle/ (#19009) * update nodes.md (#18987) 将“用量低”更改为“可用量低”,避免歧义 * Remove command prompt from Windows example (#18906) * Remove command prompt from Windows example According to the [style guide](https://kubernetes.io/docs/contribute/style/style-guide/#don-t-include-the-command-prompt), the command prompt should not be included in the examples. Removing the Windows command prompt from the jsonpath example. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Put Windows example inside note shortcode I'm putting the Windows example in a Hug note shortcode to be consistent with the rest of the documentation. Signed-off-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> * Updated CHANGELOG-11 link (#19036) * update command used to create deployment (#19005) The previous one was showing a deprecation warning when used. * Update Korean localization guide (#19004) rev1-Update Korean localization guide * docs: fix broken etcd's official documents link (#19021) * Update automated-tasks-with-cron-jobs.md (#19043) Co-authored-by: Xin Chen <xchen@opq.com.au> Co-authored-by: Tim Bannister <tim@scalefactory.com> Co-authored-by: lemon <lemonli@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Slava Semushin <slava.semushin@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Olivier Cloirec <5033885+clook@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: inductor <kohei.ota@zozo.com> Co-authored-by: Naoki Oketani <okepy.naoki@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Samuel Kihahu <kihahu@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Takuma Hashimoto <takuma-hashimoto@freee.co.jp> Co-authored-by: Keita Akutsu <kakts.git@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Masa Taniguchi <maabou512@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Soto Sugita <sotoiwa@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Kozzy Hasebe <48105562+hasebe@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: kazuaki harada <canhel.4suti50y.salamander@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Shunsuke Miyoshi <s.miyoshi@jp.fujitsu.com> Co-authored-by: hato wang <26351545+wyyxd2017@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: xieyanker <xjsisnice@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: zhouya0 <50729202+zhouya0@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: littleboy <zhaoze01@inspur.com> Co-authored-by: camper42 <camper.xlii@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Dominic Yin <hi@ydcool.me> Co-authored-by: Steve Bang <stevebang@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Zach Corleissen <zacharysarah@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Ryan McGinnis <ryanmcginnis@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Shunde Zhang <shunde.p.zhang@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Bob Killen <killen.bob@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Taylor Dolezal <onlydole@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Patrick Ohly <patrick.ohly@intel.com> Co-authored-by: Eugenio Marzo <eugenio.marzo@yahoo.it> Co-authored-by: Kaitlyn Barnard <kaitlynbarnard10@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: TimYin <shiguangyin@inspur.com> Co-authored-by: Shivang Goswami <shivang.goswami@infosys.com> Co-authored-by: Fabian Baumanis <fabian.baumanis@gmx.de> Co-authored-by: Rémy Léone <remy.leone@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: chentanjun <tanjunchen20@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: helight <helight@helight.info> Co-authored-by: Jie Shen <drfish.me@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Joe Betz <jpbetz@google.com> Co-authored-by: Danni Setiawan <danninov@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: GoodGameZoo <gaoguangze111@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: makocchi <makocchi@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: babang <prabangkoro@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Sharjeel Aziz <sharjeel.aziz@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Wojtek Cichoń <wojtek.cichon@protonmail.com> Co-authored-by: Mariyan Dimitrov <mariyan.dimitrov@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Maciej Filocha <12587791+mfilocha@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Michał Sochoń <kaszpir@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Yudi A Phanama <11147376+phanama@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Giovan Isa Musthofa <giovanism@outlook.co.id> Co-authored-by: Park Sung Taek <tjdxor8223@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Kyle Smith <kylessmith@protonmail.com> Co-authored-by: craigbox <craig.box@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Afrizal Fikri <laser.survivor@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Gede Wahyu Adi Pramana <tokekbesi@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Anshu Prateek <333902+anshprat@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Sergei Zyubin <sergei@crate.io> Co-authored-by: Christoph Blecker <admin@toph.ca> Co-authored-by: Brad Topol <btopol@us.ibm.com> Co-authored-by: Venkata Harshavardhan Reddy Allu <venkataharshavardhan_ven@srmuniv.edu.in> Co-authored-by: KYamani <yamani.kamel@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy <33133073+trishankatdatadog@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Jacky Wu <Colstuwjx@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Gerasimos Dimitriadis <gedimitr@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Rajat Toshniwal <rnt.rajat@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Josh Soref <jsoref@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Sascha Grunert <sgrunert@suse.com> Co-authored-by: wawa <xiaozhang0210@hotmail.com> Co-authored-by: Claudia J.Kang <claudiajkang@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Yuk, Yongsu <ysyukr@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Seokho Son <shsongist@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Lawrence Kay <me@lkaybob.pe.kr> Co-authored-by: Jesang Myung <jesang.myung@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: June Yi <june.yi@samsung.com> Co-authored-by: Karen Bradshaw <kbhawkey@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Alexey Pyltsyn <lex61rus@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Karol Pucyński <9209870+kpucynski@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Julian V. 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Morris <jeremylevanmorris@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Casey Davenport <caseydavenport@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: zhanwang <zhanw15@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: wwgfhf <51694849+wwgfhf@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: harleyliao <357857613@qq.com> Co-authored-by: ten2ton <50288981+ten2ton@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Aurélien Perrier <aperrier@universe.sh> Co-authored-by: UDIT GAURAV <35391335+uditgaurav@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Rene Luria <rene@luria.ch> Co-authored-by: Neil Jerram <neiljerram@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Arjun <arjunrn@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Katarzyna Kańska <katarzyna.m.kanska@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Laurens Versluis <lfdversluis@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Ray76 <rayfoo55@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Alexander Zimmermann <7714821+alexzimmer96@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Christian Meter <cmeter@googlemail.com> Co-authored-by: MMeent <boekewurm@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: RA489 <rohit.anand@india.nec.com> Co-authored-by: Akira Tanimura <autopp.inc@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Patouche <Patouche@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Jordan Liggitt <jordan@liggitt.net> Co-authored-by: Maria Ntalla <maria.ntalla@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Marko Lukša <marko.luksa@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: John Morrissey <jwm@horde.net> Co-authored-by: Andrew Sy Kim <kim.andrewsy@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: ngsw <ngsw@ngsw.jp> Co-authored-by: Aman Gupta <aman.gupta@mayadata.io> Co-authored-by: Marek Siarkowicz <marek.siarkowicz@protonmail.com> Co-authored-by: tom1299 <tom1299@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: cmluciano <cmluciano@cruznet.org> Co-authored-by: Celeste Horgan <celeste@cncf.io> Co-authored-by: Prasad Honavar <prasadhonavar@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Sam <sammcj@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Victor Martinez <victormartinezrubio@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Dan Kohn <dan@linuxfoundation.org> Co-authored-by: vishakha <54327666+vishakhanihore@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: liyinda246 <liyinda0000@163.com> Co-authored-by: Kabir Kwatra <kabir@kwatra.me> Co-authored-by: Armand Grillet <2117580+armandgrillet@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Junwoo Ji <jydrogen@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: rm <rajib.jolite@gmail.com>
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---
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title: AppDirect ケーススタディ
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linkTitle: AppDirect
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case_study_styles: true
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cid: caseStudies
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css: /css/style_case_studies.css
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logo: appdirect_featured_logo.png
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featured: true
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weight: 4
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quote: >
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私たちはたくさんの人からの関心を得るためにさまざまな戦略を試みています。Kubernetesとクラウドネイティブ技術は、いまやデファクトのエコシステムとみなされています。
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---
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<div class="banner1" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_appdirect_banner1.jpg')">
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<h1>ケーススタディ:<img src="/images/appdirect_logo.png" class="header_logo" style="width:25%;margin-bottom:-1%"><br> <div class="subhead" style="margin-top:1%;font-size:0.5em">AppDirect:AppDirectはいかにしてKubernetessを活用し、エンジニアリングスタッフが10倍になるほどの成長を後押ししたのか<br>
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</div></h1>
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</div>
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<div class="details">企業名 <b>AppDirect</b> 所在地 <b>カリフォルニア州サンフランシスコ</b> 業界 <b>ソフトウェア</b>
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</div>
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<hr>
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<section class="section1">
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<div class="cols">
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<div class="col1" style="width:100%">
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<h2>課題</h2><a href="https://www.appdirect.com/">AppDirect</a> はクラウドベースの製品やサービス向けにエンドツーエンドのeコマースプラットフォームを提供しています。2014年、ソフトウェア開発ディレクターであるPierre-Alexandre LacerteがAppDirectで働き始めた時、同社は「Tomcatベースのインフラにモノリシックなアプリケーションをデプロイしていて、リリースプロセス全体が必要以上に複雑になっていました」と彼は振り返ります。「たくさんのマニュアルステップがありました。1人のエンジニアがある機能を構築し、それから別のチームがその変更を取り込むといった具合です。
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そのため、提供までのパイプラインにボトルネックがあったのです。」
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これと同時に、エンジニアリングチームが大きくなっていき、その成長を後押しし加速する上でも、より良いインフラが必要であることに同社は気づいたのです。
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<br><br><h2>ソリューション</h2>Lacerteは言います。「私のアイデアは、チームがサービスをもっと高速にデプロイできる環境を作ろうぜ、というものです。そうすれば彼らも『そうだね、モノリスはもう建てたくないしサービスを構築したいよ』と言うでしょう。」
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彼らは、2016年初め<a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a> の採用を決定するにあたり、他のいくつかの技術を調査・検討し、プロトタイプを作りました。 Lacerteのチームはこのプラットフォームへの監視のために<a href="https://prometheus.io/">Prometheus</a>
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モニタリングツールを統合しました。この次にあるのはトレーシングです。今やAppDirectは本番環境で50以上のマイクロサービス、15のKubernetesクラスターを<a href="https://aws.amazon.com/">AWS</a> 上や世界中のオンプレミス環境で展開しています。 <br><br><h2>インパクト</h2>Kubernetesプラットフォームは、エンジニアリングチームのここ数年の10倍成長を後押ししてきました。
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彼らが継続的に機能追加しているという事実と相まって「この新たなインフラがなければ、我々は大幅なスローダウンを強いられていたと思います」と、Lacerte氏は述べています。Kubernetesとサービス化へ移行していくことは、SCPコマンドを用いた、カスタムメイドで不安定なシェルスクリプトへの依存性を弱め、非常に高速になったことを意味していました。
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新しいバージョンをデプロイする時間は4時間から数分間に短縮されました。
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こういったことに加え同社は、開発者たちが自らのサービスとして仕立て上げるよう、数多くの努力をしてきました。「新しいサービスを始めるのに<a href="https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira">Jira</a> のチケットや他のチームとのミーティングはもはや必要ないのです」とLacerte氏は言います。
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以前、週あたり1〜30だった同社のデプロイ数は、いまや週1,600デプロイにまでなっています。
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また、同社はビジネスアワーにおけるトラフィックの増加に応じ、自社のマーケットプレイスや課金周りのモノリシックだったシステムを従来のEC2ホストからKubernetesに移し、オートスケール機能を活用することと併せてコスト削減を実現できました。
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<div class="banner2">
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<div class="banner2text">「計り知れないほどのエンジニアリング文化のシフトでしたが、規模とスピードを考えるとそのメリットは否定できません。」 <br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- AppDirect ソフトウェア開発 ディレクター Pierre-Alexandre Lacerte</span></div>
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</div>
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<section class="section2">
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<div class="fullcol">
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<h2><a href="https://www.appdirect.com/">AppDirect</a> は2009年以来、クラウドベースの製品やサービス向けのエンドツーエンドのeコマースプラットフォームによって、ComcastやGoDaddyといった組織がデジタルサプライチェーンをシンプルにすることに役立ってきました。</h2><br> 2014年にソフトウェア開発ディレクターのPierre-Alexandre Lacerteが働き始めたとき、AppDirectでは「tomcatベースのインフラにモノリシックなアプリケーションをデプロイしていて、リリースプロセス全体が必要以上に複雑なものとなっていました」と彼は振り返ります。「たくさんのマニュアルステップがありました。1人のエンジニアがある機能を構築し、Pull requestを作成、そしてQAもしくは別のエンジニアの手によってその機能を検証する、といった具合でした。さらにこれがマージされれば、また別の誰かがデプロイ作業の面倒をみることになるでしょう。そのため、提供までのパイプラインにボトルネックがいくつもありました。」<br><br> これと同時に、40人のエンジニアリングチームが大きくなっていくにつれ、その成長を後押しし加速する上でも、より良いインフラが必要となってくることに同社は気づいたのです。そのころプラットフォーム チームの一員であったLacerteには、<a href="https://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a> に <a href="http://spring.io/projects/spring-boot">Spring Boot Java</a>といった、異なるフレームワークや言語を使いたいといった声が複数のチームから聞こえてくるようになってきました。同社の成長とスピードを両立するには、(チームが自律的に動き、自らがデプロイし、稼働中のサービスに責任を持てるような)よりよいインフラやシステムがこの会社には必要だということに彼はすぐに気づいたのです。</div>
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<div class="banner3text">「正しいタイミングで正しい判断ができました。Kubernetesとクラウドネイティブ技術は、いまやデファクトのエコシステムとみなされています。スケールアウトしていく中で直面する新たな難題に取り組むにはどこに注力すべきか、私たちはわかっています。このコミュニティーはとても活発で、当社の優秀なチームをすばらしく補完してくれています。」<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- AppDirect ソフトウェア開発者 Alexandre Gervais </span></div>
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<div class="fullcol">Lacerteは当初から言っていました。「私のアイデアは、チームがサービスをもっと高速にデプロイできる環境を作ろう、というものです。そうすれば彼らもこう言うでしょう『そうだよ、モノリスを建てるなんてもうしたくないしサービスを構築したいんだ』と」(Lacerteは2019年に同社を退社)。<br><br>Lacerteのグループは運用チームと連携することで同社の <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/">AWSのインフラ</a>により多くアクセスし、コントロールするようになりました。そして、いくつかのオーケストレーション技術のプロトタイプを作り始めたのです。「当時を振り返ると、Kubernetesはちょっとアンダーグラウンドというか、それほど知られていなかったように思います。」と彼は言います。「しかし、コミュニティーやPull requestの数、GitHub上でのスピードなどをよく見てみると勢いが増してきていることがわかりました。他の技術よりも管理がはるかに簡単であることもわかりました。」彼らは、Kubernetes上で <a href="https://www.chef.io/">Chef</a> や<a href="https://www.terraform.io/">Terraform</a> によるプロビジョニングを用いながら最初のいくつかのサービスを開発しました。その後さらにサービスも、自動化されるところも増えました。「韓国、オーストラリア、ドイツ、そしてアメリカ、私たちのクラスターは世界中にあります。」とLacerteは言います。「自動化は私たちにとって極めて重要です。」今彼らは大部分で<a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kops">Kops</a>を使っていて、いくつかのクラウドプロバイダーから提供されるマネージドKubernetesサービスも視野に入れていれています。<br><br> 今もモノリスは存在してはいますが、コミットや機能はどんどん少なくなってきています。あらゆるチームがこの新たなインフラ上でデプロイしていて、それらはサービスとして提供されるのが一般的です。今やAppDirectは本番環境で50以上のマイクロサービス、15のKubernetesクラスターをAWS上や世界中のオンプレミス環境で展開しています。<br><br> Kubernetesプラットフォームがデプロイ時間に非常に大きなインパクトを与えたことから、Lacerteの戦略が究極的に機能しました。カスタムメイドで不安定だった、SCPコマンドを用いたシェルスクリプトに対する依存性を弱めることで、新しいバージョンをデプロイする時間は4時間から数分にまで短縮されるようになったのです。こういったことに加え同社は、開発者たちが自らのサービスとして仕立て上げるよう、数多くの努力をしてきました。「新しいサービスを始めるのに、 <a href="https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira">Jira</a>のチケットや他のチームとのミーティングはもはや必要ないのです」とLacerteは言います。以前、週あたり1〜30だった同社のデプロイ数は、いまや週1,600デプロイにまでなっています。
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<div class="banner4" style="background-image: url('/images/CaseStudy_appdirect_banner4.jpg');width:100%;">
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<div class="banner4text">「この新たなインフラがなければ、我々は大幅なスローダウンを強いられていたと思います。」<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- AppDirect ソフトウェア開発 ディレクター Pierre-Alexandre Lacerte</span></div>
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<div class="fullcol">さらに、Kubernetesプラットフォームは、エンジニアリングチームがこの数年で10倍も拡大したことを後押してきたともいえます。「AppDirectのコアバリューの1つとして掲げている『Ownership』には、モノリシックなコードベースに依存しないでサービス提供ができる、当社の能力が反映されていると思います。」とLacerteとこの取り組みに参加したソフトウェア開発者のAlexandre Gervaisは述べています。「いまや小さなチームでも当社のビジネスドメインモデルの非常に重要な部分を所有(own)しています。彼らは、コードベース全体についての知識は限られていますが、専門領域として切り離された形でチームをオペレーションしているのです。こういったやり方が、複雑性を緩和することに繋がっています。」彼らが継続的に機能追加しているという事実と相まって「この新たなインフラがなければ、我々は大幅なスローダウンを強いられていたと思います。」と、Lacerte氏は述べています。同社はビジネスアワーにおけるトラフィックの増加に応じ、自社のマーケットプレイスや課金周りのモノリシックだったシステムを従来のEC2ホストからKubernetesに移し、オートスケール機能を活用することと併せてコスト削減を実現することもできました<br><br>AppDirectのクラウドネイティブなスタックには<a href="https://grpc.io/">gRPC</a>、<a href="https://www.fluentd.org/">Fluentd</a>も含まれていて、そして今このチームは<a href="https://opencensus.io/">OpenCensus</a>の立ち上げに取り組んでいるところです。このプラットフォームはすでに<a href="https://prometheus.io/">Prometheus</a> で統合させているので、「どこかのチームがなんらかのサービスをデプロイするときには、通知、アラートやコンフィグ情報を受け取ることになります」とLacerteは言います。「たとえば、テスト環境ではSlackでメッセージが受け取れればいいですが、本番環境では<a href="https://slack.com/">Slack</a> メッセージと併せ呼び出しもしてもらいたいです。なので私たちはPagerDutyとのインテグレーションも行っています。サービスにおけるチームのオーナーシップが増していっているのです。」</div>
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<div class="banner5text">「私たちは、『ブランチにコードをプッシュする』だけのカルチャーから、コードベースを越えた、刺激的な新しい責務に移行しました。機能や設定のデプロイ、アプリケーションとビジネスメトリクスのモニタリング、そして機能停止が起きた場合の電話サポートなどがそれにあたります。それは計り知れないほどのエンジニアリング文化のシフトでしたが、規模とスピードを考えるとそのメリットは否定できません。」<br style="height:25px"><span style="font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:5% !important;"><br>- AppDirect ソフトウェア開発 ディレクター Pierre-Alexandre Lacerte</span></div>
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<div class="fullcol">もちろんそれは、より多くの責任も意味しています。「私たちはエンジニアに視野を広げるように依頼しました」とGervaisは言います。「私たちは、『ブランチにコードをプッシュする』だけのカルチャーから、コードベースを越えた、刺激的な新しい責務へ移行しました。機能やコンフィグのデプロイ、アプリケーションとビジネスメトリクスのモニタリング、そして機能停止が起きた場合の電話サポートなどがそれにあたります。「それは計り知れないほどのエンジニアリング文化のシフトでしたが、規模とスピードを考えるとそのメリットは否定できません。」 <br><br> エンジニアリングのレベルが上がり続けるにつれて、プラットフォームチームは新たな課題を抱えることになります。Kubernetesプラットフォームが誰からでもアクセス可能で簡単に利用できる、それを確実にしていくことが求められるのです。「チームにより多くの人を追加したとき、彼らが効率的で生産的であり、プラットフォームの強化の仕方を知っていることを確実にするにはどうすればいいでしょうか?」とLacerteは問います。そのために、私たちにはエバンジェリストがいて、ドキュメントを用意して、いくつかのプロジェクトの事例を紹介できるようにしているのです。なので実際にデモをして、AMA(Ask Me Anything: 何でも聞いてほしい)セッションを設けるのです。私たちはたくさんの人からの関心を得るためにさまざまな戦略を試みています。」<br><br>Kubernetesの3年半もの旅を振り返り、GervaisはAppDirectが「正しいタイミングで正しい判断ができた」と感じています。「Kubernetesとクラウドネイティブ技術は、いまやデファクトのエコシステムとみなされています。スケールアウトしていく中で直面する新たな難題に取り組むにはどこに注力すべきか、私たちはわかっています。このコミュニティーはとても活発で、当社の優秀なチームをすばらしく補完してくれています。前進していくために私たちが注力すべきなのは、エコシステムから恩恵を受けながら、日々のオペレーションにビジネス的な付加価値を提供していくことでしょう。」</div>
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