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+---
+title: 手动轮换 CA 证书
+min-kubernetes-server-version: v1.13
+content_type: task
+---
+<!--
+title: Manual Rotation of CA Certificates
+min-kubernetes-server-version: v1.13
+content_type: task
+-->
+<!-- overview -->
+
+<!--
+This page shows how to manually rotate the certificate authority (CA) certificates.
+-->
+本页展示如何手动轮换证书机构（CA）证书。
+
+## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}}
+
+{{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}} {{< version-check >}}
+
+<!--
+- For more information about authentication in Kubernetes, see [Authenticating](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication).
+- For more information about best practices for CA certificates, see [Single root CA](/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/#single-root-ca).
+-->
+- 要了解 Kubernetes 中用户认证的更多信息，参阅
+  [认证](/zh/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication)；
+- 要了解与 CA 证书最佳实践有关的更多信息，参阅[单根 CA](/zh/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/#single-root-ca)。
+
+<!-- steps -->
+
+<!--
+## Rotate the CA certificates manually
+-->
+## 手动轮换 CA 证书  {#rotate-the-ca-certificates-manually}
+
+<!--
+Make sure to back up your certificate directory along with configuration files and any other necessary files.
+
+This approach assumes operation of the Kubernetes control plane in a HA configuration with multiple API servers.
+Graceful termination of the API server is also assumed so clients can cleanly disconnect from one API server and reconnect to another.
+
+Configurations with a single API server will experience unavailability while the API server is being restarted.
+-->
+{{< caution >}}
+确保备份你的证书目录、配置文件以及其他必要文件。
+
+这里的方法假定 Kubernetes 的控制面通过运行多个 API 服务器以高可用配置模式运行。
+另一假定是 API 服务器可体面地终止，因而客户端可以彻底地与一个 API 服务器断开
+连接并连接到另一个 API 服务器。
+
+如果集群中只有一个 API 服务器，则在 API 服务器重启期间会经历服务中断期。
+{{< /caution >}}
+
+<!--
+1. Distribute the new CA certificates and private keys
+   (ex: `ca.crt`, `ca.key`, `front-proxy-ca.crt`, and `front-proxy-ca.key`)
+   to all your control plane nodes in the Kubernetes certificates directory.
+-->
+1. 将新的 CA 证书和私钥（例如：`ca.crt`、`ca.key`、`front-proxy-ca.crt` 和
+   `front-proxy-client.key`）分发到所有控制面节点，放在其 Kubernetes 证书目录下。
+
+<!--
+1. Update *Kubernetes controller manager's* `-root-ca-file` to include both old and new CA and restart controller manager.
+
+   Any service account created after this point will get secrets that include both old and new CAs.
+
+   Remove the flag `-client-ca-file` from the *Kubernetes controller manager* configuration.
+   You can also replace the existing client CA file or change this configuration item to reference a new, updated CA.
+   [Issue 1350](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm/issues/1350) tracks an issue with *Kubernetes controller manager* being unable to accept a CA bundle.
+-->
+2. 更新控制器管理器的 `--root-ca-file` 标志，使之同时包含老的和新的 CA，之后重启控制器管理器。
+
+   自此刻起，所创建的所有服务账号都会获得同时包含老的 CA 和新的 CA 的 Secret。
+
+   {{< note >}}
+   去掉控制器管理器的 `-client-ca-file` 标志。
+   你也可以替换客户端 CA 文件或者将此配置条目指向新的、更新过的 CA。
+   [Issue 1350](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm/issues/1350) 用来跟踪
+   控制器管理器无法接受 CA 包的问题。
+   {{< /note >}}
+
+<!--
+1. Update all service account tokens to include both old and new CA certificates.
+
+   If any pods are started before new CA is used by API servers, they will get this update and trust both old and new CAs.
+-->
+3. 更新所有服务账号令牌，使之同时包含老的和新的 CA 证书。
+
+   如果在 API 服务器使用新的 CA 之前启动了新的 Pod，这些 Pod
+   也会获得此更新并且同时信任老的和新的 CA 证书。
+
+   ```shell
+   base64_encoded_ca="$(base64 <path to file containing both old and new CAs>)"
+
+   for namespace in $(kubectl get ns --no-headers | awk '{print $1}'); do
+       for token in $(kubectl get secrets --namespace "$namespace" --field-selector type=kubernetes.io/service-account-token -o name); do
+           kubectl get $token --namespace "$namespace" -o yaml | \
+             /bin/sed "s/\(ca.crt:\).*/\1 ${base64_encoded_ca}" | \
+             kubectl apply -f -
+       done
+   done
+   ```
+<!--
+1. Restart all pods using in-cluster configs (ex: kube-proxy, coredns, etc) so they can use the updated certificate authority data from *ServiceAccount* secrets.
+
+   * Make sure coredns, kube-proxy and other pods using in-cluster configs are working as expected.
+
+1. Append the both old and new CA to the file against `-client-ca-file` and `-kubelet-certificate-authority` flag in the `kube-apiserver` configuration.
+
+1. Append the both old and new CA to the file against `-client-ca-file` flag in the `kube-scheduler` configuration.
+-->
+4. 重启所有使用集群内配置的 Pods（例如：`kube-proxy`、`coredns` 等），以便这些 Pod 能够使用
+   来自服务账号 Secret 中的、已更新的证书机构数据。
+
+   * 确保 `coredns`、`kube-proxy` 和其他使用集群内配置的 Pod 都正按预期方式工作。
+
+5. 将老的和新的 CA 都追加到 `kube-apiserver` 配置的 `--client-ca-file` 和 `--kubelet-certificate-authority` 标志所指的文件。
+
+6. 将老的和新的 CA 都追加到 `kube-scheduler` 配置的 `--client-ca-file` 标志所指的文件。
+
+<!--
+1. Update certificates for user accounts by replacing the content of `client-certificate-data` and `client-key-data` respectively.
+
+   For information about creating certificates for individual user accounts, see
+   [Configure certificates for user accounts](/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/#configure-certificates-for-user-accounts).
+
+   Additionally, update the `certificate-authority-data` section in the kubeconfig files,
+   respectively with Base64-encoded old and new certificate authority data
+-->
+7. 通过替换 `client-certificate-data` 和 `client-key-data`
+   中的内容，更新用户账号的证书。
+
+   有关为独立用户账号创建证书的更多信息，可参阅
+   [为用户帐号配置证书](/zh/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/#configure-certificates-for-user-accounts)。
+
+   另外，还要更新 kubeconfig 文件中的 `certificate-authority-data`
+   节，使之包含 Base64 编码的老的和新的证书机构数据。
+<!--
+1. Follow below steps in a rolling fashion.
+
+   1. Restart any other *[aggregated api servers](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/apiserver-aggregation/)*
+      or *webhook handlers* to trust the new CA certificates.
+
+   1. Restart the kubelet by update the file against `clientCAFile` in kubelet configuration and
+      `certificate-authority-data` in kubelet.conf to use both the old and new CA on all nodes.
+
+      If your kubelet is not using client certificate rotation update `client-certificate-data` and
+      `client-key-data` in kubelet.conf on all nodes along with the kubelet client certificate file
+      usually found in `/var/lib/kubelet/pki`.
+-->
+8. 遵循下列步骤执行滚动更新
+
+   1. 重新启动所有其他[被聚合的 API 服务器](/zh/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/apiserver-aggregation/)
+      或者 *Webhook 处理程序*，使之信任新的 CA 证书。
+
+   2. 在所有节点上更新 kubelet 配置中的 `clientCAFile` 所指文件以及 kubelet.conf 中的
+      `certificate-authority-data` 并重启 kubelet 以同时使用老的和新的 CA 证书。
+
+      如果你的 kubelet 并未使用客户端证书轮换，则在所有节点上更新 kubelet.conf 中
+      `client-certificate-data` 和 `client-key-data` 以及 kubelet
+      客户端证书文件（通常位于 `/var/lib/kubelet/pki` 目录下）
+
+   <!--
+   1. Restart API servers with the certificates (`apiserver.crt`, `apiserver-kubelet-client.crt` and
+      `front-proxy-client.crt`) signed by new CA.
+      You can use the existing private keys or new private keys.
+      If you changed the private keys then update these in the Kubernetes certificates directory as well.
+   -->
+   3. 使用用新的 CA 签名的证书
+     （`apiserver.crt`、`apiserver-kubelet-client.crt` 和 `front-proxy-client.crt`）
+      来重启 API 服务器。
+      你可以使用现有的私钥，也可以使用新的私钥。
+      如果你改变了私钥，则要将更新的私钥也放到 Kubernetes 证书目录下。
+
+      由于 Pod 既信任老的 CA 也信任新的 CA，Pod 中的客户端会经历短暂的连接断开状态，
+      之后再连接到使用新的 CA 所签名的证书的新的 API 服务器。
+
+      <!--
+      * Restart Scheduler to use the new CAs.
+      * Make sure control plane components logs no TLS errors.
+      -->
+      * 重启调度器以使用新的 CA 证书。
+      * 确保控制面组件的日志中没有 TLS 相关的错误信息。
+
+      <!--
+      To generate certificates and private keys for your cluster using the `openssl`
+      command line tool, see [Certificates (`openssl`)](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/certificates/#openssl).
+      You can also use [`cfssl`](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/certificates/#cfssl).
+      -->
+      {{< note >}}
+      要使用 `openssl` 命令行为集群生成新的证书和私钥，可参阅
+      [证书（`openssl`）](/zh/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/certificates/#openssl)。
+      你也可以使用[`cfssl`](/zh/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/certificates/#cfssl).
+      {{< /note >}}
+
+   <!--
+   1. Annotate any Daemonsets and Deployments to trigger pod replacement in a safer rolling fashion.
+
+      Example:
+   -->
+   4. 为 Daemonset 和 Deployment 添加注解，从而触发较安全的滚动更新，替换 Pod。
+
+      示例：
+
+      ```shell
+      for namespace in $(kubectl get namespace -o jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.name}'); do
+          for name in $(kubectl get deployments -n $namespace -o jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.name}'); do
+              kubectl patch deployment -n ${namespace} ${name} -p '{"spec":{"template":{"metadata":{"annotations":{"ca-rotation": "1"}}}}}';
+          done
+          for name in $(kubectl get daemonset -n $namespace -o jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.name}'); do
+              kubectl patch daemonset -n ${namespace} ${name} -p '{"spec":{"template":{"metadata":{"annotations":{"ca-rotation": "1"}}}}}';
+          done
+      done
+      ```
+
+      <!--
+      To limit the number of concurrent disruptions that your application experiences,
+      see [configure pod disruption budget](/docs/tasks/run-application/configure-pdb/).
+      -->
+      {{< note >}}
+      要限制应用可能受到的并发干扰数量，可以参阅
+      [配置 Pod 干扰预算](/zh/docs/tasks/run-application/configure-pdb/).
+      {{< /note >}}
+<!--
+1. If your cluster is using bootstrap tokens to join nodes, update the ConfigMap `cluster-info` in the `kube-public` namespace with new CA.
+-->
+9. 如果你的集群使用启动引导令牌来添加节点，则需要更新 `kube-public` 名字空间下的
+   ConfigMap `cluster-info`，使之包含新的 CA 证书。
+
+   ```shell
+   base64_encoded_ca="$(base64 /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt)"
+
+   kubectl get cm/cluster-info --namespace kube-public -o yaml | \
+       /bin/sed "s/\(certificate-authority-data:\).*/\1 ${base64_encoded_ca}" | \
+       kubectl apply -f -
+   ```
+<!--
+1. Verify the cluster functionality.
+
+   1. Validate the logs from control plane components, along with the kubelet and the
+      kube-proxy are not throwing any tls errors, see
+      [looking at the logs](/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-cluster/#looking-at-logs).
+
+   1. Validate logs from any aggregated api servers and pods using in-cluster config.
+-->
+10. 验证集群的功能正常
+
+    1. 验证控制面组件的日志，以及 `kubelet` 和 `kube-proxy` 的日志，确保其中没有
+       抛出 TLS 错误，参阅
+       [查看日志](/zh/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/debug-cluster/#looking-at-logs).
+
+    2. 验证被聚合的 API 服务器的日志，以及所有使用集群内配置的 Pod 的日志。
+
+<!--
+1. Once the cluster functionality is successfully verified:
+
+   1. Update all service account tokens to include new CA certificate only.
+
+      * All pods using an in-cluster kubeconfig will eventually need to be restarted to pick up the new SA secret for the old CA to be completely untrusted.
+
+   1. Restart the control plane components by removing the old CA from the kubeconfig files and the files against `--client-ca-file`, `--root-ca-file` flags resp.
+
+   1. Restart kubelet by removing the old CA from file against the `clientCAFile` flag and kubelet kubeconfig file.
+-->
+11. 完成集群功能的检查之后：
+
+    1. 更新所有的服务账号令牌，使之仅包含新的 CA 证书。
+
+       * 使用集群内 kubeconfig 的 Pod 最终也需要被重启，以获得新的服务账号 Secret
+         数据，进而不再信任老的 CA 证书。
+
+    1. 从 kubeconfig 文件和 `--client-ca-file` 以及 `--root-ca-file` 标志所指向的文件
+       中去除老的 CA 数据，之后重启控制面组件。
+
+    1. 重启 kubelet，移除 `clientCAFile` 标志所指向的文件以及 kubelet kubeconfig 文件中
+       的老的 CA 数据。
+