whentimeslows/website
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Further update docs to reflect changes kubectl run

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Janet Kuo
2016-03-28 18:08:58 -07:00
parent 8f8a777ae2
commit abdcfbea30
8 changed files with 393 additions and 328 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files
docs/admin/limitrange/index.md
+37 -21
View File
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ may be too small to be useful, but big enough for the waste to be costly over th
the cluster operator may want to set limits that a pod must consume at least 20% of the memory and cpu of their the cluster operator may want to set limits that a pod must consume at least 20% of the memory and cpu of their
average node size in order to provide for more uniform scheduling and to limit waste. average node size in order to provide for more uniform scheduling and to limit waste.
This example demonstrates how limits can be applied to a Kubernetes namespace to control This example demonstrates how limits can be applied to a Kubernetes [namespace](/docs/admin/namespaces) to control
min/max resource limits per pod. In addition, this example demonstrates how you can min/max resource limits per pod. In addition, this example demonstrates how you can
apply default resource limits to pods in the absence of an end-user specified value. apply default resource limits to pods in the absence of an end-user specified value.
@@ -41,12 +41,17 @@ This example will work in a custom namespace to demonstrate the concepts involve
Let's create a new namespace called limit-example: Let's create a new namespace called limit-example:
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl create -f docs/admin/limitrange/namespace.yaml $ kubectl create namespace limit-example
namespace "limit-example" created namespace "limit-example" created
```
Note that `kubectl` commands will print the type and name of the resource created or mutated, which can then be used in subsequent commands:
```shell
$ kubectl get namespaces $ kubectl get namespaces
NAME LABELS STATUS AGE NAME STATUS AGE
default <none> Active 5m default Active 51s
limit-example <none> Active 53s limit-example Active 45s
``` ```
## Step 2: Apply a limit to the namespace ## Step 2: Apply a limit to the namespace
@@ -95,26 +100,35 @@ were previously created in a namespace.
If a resource (cpu or memory) is being restricted by a limit, the user will get an error at time If a resource (cpu or memory) is being restricted by a limit, the user will get an error at time
of creation explaining why. of creation explaining why.
Let's first spin up a deployment that creates a single container pod to demonstrate Let's first spin up a [Deployment](/docs/user-guide/deployments) that creates a single container Pod to demonstrate
how default values are applied to each pod. how default values are applied to each pod.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --replicas=1 --namespace=limit-example $ kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --replicas=1 --namespace=limit-example
deployment "nginx" created deployment "nginx" created
```
Note that `kubectl run` creates a Deployment named "nginx" on Kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
The Deployment manages 1 replica of single container Pod. Let's take a look at the Pod it manages. First, find the name of the Pod:
```shell
$ kubectl get pods --namespace=limit-example $ kubectl get pods --namespace=limit-example
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-2040093540-s8vzu 1/1 Running 0 11s nginx-2040093540-s8vzu 1/1 Running 0 11s
$ kubectl get pods nginx-2040093540-s8vzu --namespace=limit-example -o yaml | grep resources -C 8
``` ```
```yaml Let's print this Pod with yaml output format (using `-o yaml` flag), and then `grep` the `resources` field. Note that your pod name will be different.
resourceVersion: "127"
selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/limit-example/pods/nginx-aq0mf ``` shell
uid: 51be42a7-7156-11e5-9921-286ed488f785 $ kubectl get pods nginx-2040093540-s8vzu --namespace=limit-example -o yaml | grep resources -C 8
resourceVersion: "57"
selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/limit-example/pods/nginx-2040093540-ivimu
uid: 67b20741-f53b-11e5-b066-64510658e388
spec: spec:
containers: containers:
- image: nginx - image: nginx
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent imagePullPolicy: Always
name: nginx name: nginx
resources: resources:
limits: limits:
@@ -141,15 +155,17 @@ Let's create a pod that falls within the allowed limit boundaries.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl create -f docs/admin/limitrange/valid-pod.yaml --namespace=limit-example $ kubectl create -f docs/admin/limitrange/valid-pod.yaml --namespace=limit-example
pod "valid-pod" created pod "valid-pod" created
$ kubectl get pods valid-pod --namespace=limit-example -o yaml | grep -C 6 resources
``` ```
```yaml Now look at the Pod's resources field:
uid: 162a12aa-7157-11e5-9921-286ed488f785
```shell
$ kubectl get pods valid-pod --namespace=limit-example -o yaml | grep -C 6 resources
uid: 3b1bfd7a-f53c-11e5-b066-64510658e388
spec: spec:
containers: containers:
- image: gcr.io/google_containers/serve_hostname - image: gcr.io/google_containers/serve_hostname
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent imagePullPolicy: Always
name: kubernetes-serve-hostname name: kubernetes-serve-hostname
resources: resources:
limits: limits:
@@ -163,15 +179,15 @@ spec:
Note that this pod specifies explicit resource *limits* and *requests* so it did not pick up the namespace Note that this pod specifies explicit resource *limits* and *requests* so it did not pick up the namespace
default values. default values.
Note: The *limits* for CPU resource are not enforced in the default Kubernetes setup on the physical node Note: The *limits* for CPU resource are enforced in the default Kubernetes setup on the physical node
that runs the container unless the administrator deploys the kubelet with the folllowing flag: that runs the container unless the administrator deploys the kubelet with the folllowing flag:
```shell ```shell
$ kubelet --help $ kubelet --help
Usage of kubelet Usage of kubelet
.... ....
--cpu-cfs-quota[=false]: Enable CPU CFS quota enforcement for containers that specify CPU limits --cpu-cfs-quota[=true]: Enable CPU CFS quota enforcement for containers that specify CPU limits
$ kubelet --cpu-cfs-quota=true ... $ kubelet --cpu-cfs-quota=false ...
``` ```
## Step 4: Cleanup ## Step 4: Cleanup
@@ -182,8 +198,8 @@ To remove the resources used by this example, you can just delete the limit-exam
$ kubectl delete namespace limit-example $ kubectl delete namespace limit-example
namespace "limit-example" deleted namespace "limit-example" deleted
$ kubectl get namespaces $ kubectl get namespaces
NAME LABELS STATUS AGE NAME STATUS AGE
default <none> Active 20m default Active 12m
``` ```
## Summary ## Summary
docs/admin/namespaces/index.md
+149 -94
View File
@@ -1,145 +1,200 @@
--- ---
--- ---
A Namespace is a mechanism to partition resources created by users into Kubernetes _namespaces_ help different projects, teams, or customers to share a Kubernetes cluster.
a logically named group.
## Motivation It does this by providing the following:
A single cluster should be able to satisfy the needs of multiple users or groups of users (henceforth a 'user community'). 1. A scope for [Names](/docs/user-guide/identifiers).
2. A mechanism to attach authorization and policy to a subsection of the cluster.
Each user community wants to be able to work in isolation from other communities. Use of multiple namespaces is optional.
Each user community has its own: This example demonstrates how to use Kubernetes namespaces to subdivide your cluster.
1. resources (pods, services, replication controllers, etc.) ### Step Zero: Prerequisites
2. policies (who can or cannot perform actions in their community)
3. constraints (this community is allowed this much quota, etc.)
A cluster operator may create a Namespace for each unique user community. This example assumes the following:
The Namespace provides a unique scope for: 1. You have an [existing Kubernetes cluster](/docs/getting-started-guides/).
2. You have a basic understanding of Kubernetes _[Pods](/docs/user-guide/pods)_, _[Services](/docs/user-guide/services)_, and _[Deployments](/docs/user-guide/deployments)_.
1. named resources (to avoid basic naming collisions) ### Step One: Understand the default namespace
2. delegated management authority to trusted users
3. ability to limit community resource consumption
## Use cases By default, a Kubernetes cluster will instantiate a default namespace when provisioning the cluster to hold the default set of Pods,
Services, and Deployments used by the cluster.
1. As a cluster operator, I want to support multiple user communities on a single cluster. Assuming you have a fresh cluster, you can introspect the available namespace's by doing the following:
2. As a cluster operator, I want to delegate authority to partitions of the cluster to trusted users
in those communities.
3. As a cluster operator, I want to limit the amount of resources each community can consume in order
to limit the impact to other communities using the cluster.
4. As a cluster user, I want to interact with resources that are pertinent to my user community in
isolation of what other user communities are doing on the cluster.
## Usage
Look [here](/docs/admin/namespaces/) for an in depth example of namespaces.
### Viewing namespaces
You can list the current namespaces in a cluster using:
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl get namespaces $ kubectl get namespaces
NAME LABELS STATUS NAME STATUS AGE
default <none> Active default Active 13m
kube-system <none> Active
``` ```
Kubernetes starts with two initial namespaces: ### Step Two: Create new namespaces
* `default` The default namespace for objects with no other namespace
* `kube-system` The namespace for objects created by the Kubernetes system
You can also get the summary of a specific namespace using: For this exercise, we will create two additional Kubernetes namespaces to hold our content.
Let's imagine a scenario where an organization is using a shared Kubernetes cluster for development and production use cases.
The development team would like to maintain a space in the cluster where they can get a view on the list of Pods, Services, and Deployments
they use to build and run their application. In this space, Kubernetes resources come and go, and the restrictions on who can or cannot modify resources
are relaxed to enable agile development.
The operations team would like to maintain a space in the cluster where they can enforce strict procedures on who can or cannot manipulate the set of
Pods, Services, and Deployments that run the production site.
One pattern this organization could follow is to partition the Kubernetes cluster into two namespaces: development and production.
Let's create two new namespaces to hold our work.
Use the file [`namespace-dev.json`](/docs/admin/namespaces/namespace-dev.json) which describes a development namespace:
{% include code.html language="json" file="namespace-dev.json" ghlink="/docs/admin/namespaces/namespace-dev.json" %}
Create the development namespace using kubectl.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl get namespaces <name> $ kubectl create -f docs/admin/namespaces/namespace-dev.json
``` ```
Or you can get detailed information with: And then lets create the production namespace using kubectl.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl describe namespaces <name> $ kubectl create -f docs/admin/namespaces/namespace-prod.json
Name: default
Labels: <none>
Status: Active
No resource quota.
Resource Limits
Type Resource Min Max Default
---- -------- --- --- ---
Container cpu - - 100m
``` ```
Note that these details show both resource quota (if present) as well as resource limit ranges. To be sure things are right, let's list all of the namespaces in our cluster.
Resource quota tracks aggregate usage of resources in the *Namespace* and allows cluster operators ```shell
to define *Hard* resource usage limits that a *Namespace* may consume. $ kubectl get namespaces --show-labels
NAME STATUS AGE LABELS
default Active 32m <none>
development Active 29s name=development
production Active 23s name=production
```
A limit range defines min/max constraints on the amount of resources a single entity can consume in ### Step Three: Create pods in each namespace
a *Namespace*.
See [Admission control: Limit Range](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/admission_control_limit_range.md) A Kubernetes namespace provides the scope for Pods, Services, and Deployments in the cluster.
A namespace can be in one of two phases: Users interacting with one namespace do not see the content in another namespace.
* `Active` the namespace is in use
* `Terminating` the namespace is being deleted, and can not be used for new objects
See the [design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/namespaces.md#phases) for more details. To demonstrate this, let's spin up a simple Deployment and Pods in the development namespace.
### Creating a new namespace We first check what is the current context:
To create a new namespace, first create a new YAML file called `my-namespace.yaml` with the contents: ```shell
$ kubectl config view
```yaml
apiVersion: v1 apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace clusters:
metadata: - cluster:
name: <insert-namespace-name-here> certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
server: https://130.211.122.180
name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
user: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
current-context: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
user:
client-certificate-data: REDACTED
client-key-data: REDACTED
token: 65rZW78y8HbwXXtSXuUw9DbP4FLjHi4b
- name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes-basic-auth
user:
password: h5M0FtUUIflBSdI7
username: admin
$ kubectl config current-context
lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
``` ```
Note that the name of your namespace must be a DNS compatible label. The next step is to define a context for the kubectl client to work in each namespace. The value of "cluster" and "user" fields are copied from the current context.
More information on the `finalizers` field can be found in the namespace [design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/namespaces.md#finalizers).
Then run:
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl create -f ./my-namespace.yaml $ kubectl config set-context dev --namespace=development --cluster=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes --user=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
$ kubectl config set-context prod --namespace=production --cluster=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes --user=lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
``` ```
### Working in namespaces The above commands provided two request contexts you can alternate against depending on what namespace you
wish to work against.
See [Setting the namespace for a request](/docs/user-guide/namespaces/#setting-the-namespace-for-a-request) Let's switch to operate in the development namespace.
and [Setting the namespace preference](/docs/user-guide/namespaces/#setting-the-namespace-preference).
### Deleting a namespace
You can delete a namespace with
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl delete namespaces <insert-some-namespace-name> $ kubectl config use-context dev
``` ```
**WARNING, this deletes _everything_ under the namespace!** You can verify your current context by doing the following:
This delete is asynchronous, so for a time you will see the namespace in the `Terminating` state. ```shell
$ kubectl config current-context
dev
```
## Namespaces and DNS At this point, all requests we make to the Kubernetes cluster from the command line are scoped to the development namespace.
When you create a [Service](/docs/user-guide/services), it creates a corresponding [DNS entry](/docs/admin/dns). Let's create some content.
This entry is of the form `<service-name>.<namespace-name>.svc.cluster.local`, which means
that if a container just uses `<service-name>` it will resolve to the service which
is local to a namespace. This is useful for using the same configuration across
multiple namespaces such as Development, Staging and Production. If you want to reach
across namespaces, you need to use the fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
## Design ```shell
$ kubectl run snowflake --image=kubernetes/serve_hostname --replicas=2
```
We have just created a deployment whose replica size is 2 that is running the pod called snowflake with a basic container that just serves the hostname.
Note that `kubectl run` creates deployments only on kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
Details of the design of namespaces in Kubernetes, including a [detailed example](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/namespaces.md#example-openshift-origin-managing-a-kubernetes-namespace) ```shell
can be found in the [namespaces design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/namespaces.md) $ kubectl get deployment
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
snowflake 2 2 2 2 2m
$ kubectl get pods -l run=snowflake
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
snowflake-3968820950-9dgr8 1/1 Running 0 2m
snowflake-3968820950-vgc4n 1/1 Running 0 2m
```
And this is great, developers are able to do what they want, and they do not have to worry about affecting content in the production namespace.
Let's switch to the production namespace and show how resources in one namespace are hidden from the other.
```shell
$ kubectl config use-context prod
```
The production namespace should be empty, and the following commands should return nothing.
```shell
$ kubectl get deployment
$ kubectl get pods
```
Production likes to run cattle, so let's create some cattle pods.
```shell
$ kubectl run cattle --image=kubernetes/serve_hostname --replicas=5
$ kubectl get deployment
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
cattle 5 5 5 5 10s
kubectl get pods -l run=cattle
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
cattle-2263376956-41xy6 1/1 Running 0 34s
cattle-2263376956-kw466 1/1 Running 0 34s
cattle-2263376956-n4v97 1/1 Running 0 34s
cattle-2263376956-p5p3i 1/1 Running 0 34s
cattle-2263376956-sxpth 1/1 Running 0 34s
```
At this point, it should be clear that the resources users create in one namespace are hidden from the other namespace.
As the policy support in Kubernetes evolves, we will extend this scenario to show how you can provide different
authorization rules for each namespace.
docs/admin/namespaces/walkthrough.md
+18 -49
View File
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Kubernetes _namespaces_ help different projects, teams, or customers to share a
It does this by providing the following: It does this by providing the following:
1. A scope for [Names](/docs/user-guide/identifiers/). 1. A scope for [Names](/docs/user-guide/identifiers).
2. A mechanism to attach authorization and policy to a subsection of the cluster. 2. A mechanism to attach authorization and policy to a subsection of the cluster.
Use of multiple namespaces is optional. Use of multiple namespaces is optional.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ This example demonstrates how to use Kubernetes namespaces to subdivide your clu
This example assumes the following: This example assumes the following:
1. You have an [existing Kubernetes cluster](/docs/getting-started-guides/). 1. You have an [existing Kubernetes cluster](/docs/getting-started-guides/).
2. You have a basic understanding of Kubernetes _[Pods](/docs/user-guide/pods/)_, _[Services](/docs/user-guide/services/)_, and _[Deployments](/docs/user-guide/deployments/)_. 2. You have a basic understanding of Kubernetes _[Pods](/docs/user-guide/pods)_, _[Services](/docs/user-guide/services)_, and _[Deployments](/docs/user-guide/deployments)_.
### Step One: Understand the default namespace ### Step One: Understand the default namespace
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ Assuming you have a fresh cluster, you can introspect the available namespace's
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl get namespaces $ kubectl get namespaces
NAME LABELS NAME STATUS AGE
default <none> default Active 13m
``` ```
### Step Two: Create new namespaces ### Step Two: Create new namespaces
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ they use to build and run their application. In this space, Kubernetes resource
are relaxed to enable agile development. are relaxed to enable agile development.
The operations team would like to maintain a space in the cluster where they can enforce strict procedures on who can or cannot manipulate the set of The operations team would like to maintain a space in the cluster where they can enforce strict procedures on who can or cannot manipulate the set of
pods, services, and Deployments that run the production site. Pods, Services, and Deployments that run the production site.
One pattern this organization could follow is to partition the Kubernetes cluster into two namespaces: development and production. One pattern this organization could follow is to partition the Kubernetes cluster into two namespaces: development and production.
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ $ kubectl create -f docs/admin/namespaces/namespace-prod.json
To be sure things are right, let's list all of the namespaces in our cluster. To be sure things are right, let's list all of the namespaces in our cluster.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl get namespaces $ kubectl get namespaces --show-labels
NAME LABELS STATUS NAME STATUS AGE LABELS
default <none> Active default Active 32m <none>
development name=development Active development Active 29s name=development
production name=production Active production Active 23s name=production
``` ```
### Step Three: Create pods in each namespace ### Step Three: Create pods in each namespace
@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@ To demonstrate this, let's spin up a simple Deployment and Pods in the developme
We first check what is the current context: We first check what is the current context:
```yaml ```shell
$ kubectl config view
apiVersion: v1 apiVersion: v1
clusters: clusters:
- cluster: - cluster:
@@ -110,6 +111,9 @@ users:
user: user:
password: h5M0FtUUIflBSdI7 password: h5M0FtUUIflBSdI7
username: admin username: admin
$ kubectl config current-context
lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
``` ```
The next step is to define a context for the kubectl client to work in each namespace. The value of "cluster" and "user" fields are copied from the current context. The next step is to define a context for the kubectl client to work in each namespace. The value of "cluster" and "user" fields are copied from the current context.
@@ -131,44 +135,8 @@ $ kubectl config use-context dev
You can verify your current context by doing the following: You can verify your current context by doing the following:
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl config view $ kubectl config current-context
``` dev
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: REDACTED
server: https://130.211.122.180
name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
namespace: development
user: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
name: dev
- context:
cluster: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
user: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
- context:
cluster: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
namespace: production
user: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
name: prod
current-context: dev
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes
user:
client-certificate-data: REDACTED
client-key-data: REDACTED
token: 65rZW78y8HbwXXtSXuUw9DbP4FLjHi4b
- name: lithe-cocoa-92103_kubernetes-basic-auth
user:
password: h5M0FtUUIflBSdI7
username: admin
``` ```
At this point, all requests we make to the Kubernetes cluster from the command line are scoped to the development namespace. At this point, all requests we make to the Kubernetes cluster from the command line are scoped to the development namespace.
@@ -180,6 +148,7 @@ $ kubectl run snowflake --image=kubernetes/serve_hostname --replicas=2
``` ```
We have just created a deployment whose replica size is 2 that is running the pod called snowflake with a basic container that just serves the hostname. We have just created a deployment whose replica size is 2 that is running the pod called snowflake with a basic container that just serves the hostname.
Note that `kubectl run` creates deployments only on kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead. Note that `kubectl run` creates deployments only on kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl get deployment $ kubectl get deployment
docs/admin/resourcequota/index.md
Executable → Regular
+144 -134
View File
@@ -1,154 +1,164 @@
--- ---
--- ---
When several users or teams share a cluster with a fixed number of nodes, This example demonstrates how [resource quota](/docs/admin/admission-controllers/#resourcequota) and
there is a concern that one team could use more than its fair share of resources. [limitsranger](/docs/admin/admission-controllers/#limitranger) can be applied to a Kubernetes namespace.
See [ResourceQuota design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/admission_control_resource_quota.md) for more information.
Resource quotas are a tool for administrators to address this concern. Resource quotas This example assumes you have a functional Kubernetes setup.
work like this:
- Different teams work in different namespaces. Currently this is voluntary, but ## Step 1: Create a namespace
support for making this mandatory via ACLs is planned.
- The administrator creates a Resource Quota for each namespace.
- Users put compute resource requests on their pods. The sum of all resource requests across
all pods in the same namespace must not exceed any hard resource limit in any Resource Quota
document for the namespace. Note that we used to verify Resource Quota by taking the sum of
resource limits of the pods, but this was altered to use resource requests. Backwards compatibility
for those pods previously created is preserved because pods that only specify a resource limit have
their resource requests defaulted to match their defined limits. The user is only charged for the
resources they request in the Resource Quota versus their limits because the request is the minimum
amount of resource guaranteed by the cluster during scheduling. For more information on over commit,
see [compute-resources](/docs/user-guide/compute-resources).
- If creating a pod would cause the namespace to exceed any of the limits specified in the
the Resource Quota for that namespace, then the request will fail with HTTP status
code `403 FORBIDDEN`.
- If quota is enabled in a namespace and the user does not specify *requests* on the pod for each
of the resources for which quota is enabled, then the POST of the pod will fail with HTTP
status code `403 FORBIDDEN`. Hint: Use the LimitRange admission controller to force default
values of *limits* (then resource *requests* would be equal to *limits* by default, see
[admission controller](/docs/admin/admission-controllers)) before the quota is checked to avoid this problem.
Examples of policies that could be created using namespaces and quotas are: This example will work in a custom namespace to demonstrate the concepts involved.
- In a cluster with a capacity of 32 GiB RAM, and 16 cores, let team A use 20 Gib and 10 cores, Let's create a new namespace called quota-example:
let B use 10GiB and 4 cores, and hold 2GiB and 2 cores in reserve for future allocation.
- Limit the "testing" namespace to using 1 core and 1GiB RAM. Let the "production" namespace
use any amount.
In the case where the total capacity of the cluster is less than the sum of the quotas of the namespaces,
there may be contention for resources. This is handled on a first-come-first-served basis.
Neither contention nor changes to quota will affect already-running pods.
## Enabling Resource Quota
Resource Quota support is enabled by default for many Kubernetes distributions. It is
enabled when the apiserver `--admission-control=` flag has `ResourceQuota` as
one of its arguments.
Resource Quota is enforced in a particular namespace when there is a
`ResourceQuota` object in that namespace. There should be at most one
`ResourceQuota` object in a namespace.
## Compute Resource Quota
The total sum of [compute resources](/docs/user-guide/compute-resources) requested by pods
in a namespace can be limited. The following compute resource types are supported:
| ResourceName | Description |
| ------------ | ----------- |
| cpu | Total cpu requests of containers |
| memory | Total memory requests of containers
For example, `cpu` quota sums up the `resources.requests.cpu` fields of every
container of every pod in the namespace, and enforces a maximum on that sum.
## Object Count Quota
The number of objects of a given type can be restricted. The following types
are supported:
| ResourceName | Description |
| ------------ | ----------- |
| pods | Total number of pods |
| services | Total number of services |
| replicationcontrollers | Total number of replication controllers |
| resourcequotas | Total number of [resource quotas](/docs/admin/admission-controllers/#resourcequota) |
| secrets | Total number of secrets |
| persistentvolumeclaims | Total number of [persistent volume claims](/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/#persistentvolumeclaims) |
For example, `pods` quota counts and enforces a maximum on the number of `pods`
created in a single namespace.
You might want to set a pods quota on a namespace
to avoid the case where a user creates many small pods and exhausts the cluster's
supply of Pod IPs.
## Viewing and Setting Quotas
Kubectl supports creating, updating, and viewing quotas:
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl namespace myspace $ kubectl create namespace quota-example
$ cat <<EOF > quota.json namespace "quota-example" created
{
"apiVersion": "v1",
"kind": "ResourceQuota",
"metadata": {
"name": "quota"
},
"spec": {
"hard": {
"memory": "1Gi",
"cpu": "20",
"pods": "10",
"services": "5",
"replicationcontrollers":"20",
"resourcequotas":"1"
}
}
}
EOF
$ kubectl create -f ./quota.json
$ kubectl get quota
NAME
quota
$ kubectl describe quota quota
Name: quota
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
cpu 0m 20
memory 0 1Gi
pods 5 10
replicationcontrollers 5 20
resourcequotas 1 1
services 3 5
``` ```
## Quota and Cluster Capacity Note that `kubectl` commands will print the type and name of the resource created or mutated, which can then be used in subsequent commands:
Resource Quota objects are independent of the Cluster Capacity. They are ```shell
expressed in absolute units. So, if you add nodes to your cluster, this does *not* $ kubectl get namespaces
automatically give each namespace the ability to consume more resources. NAME STATUS AGE
default Active 50m
quota-example Active 2s
```
Sometimes more complex policies may be desired, such as: ## Step 2: Apply a quota to the namespace
- proportionally divide total cluster resources among several teams. By default, a pod will run with unbounded CPU and memory requests/limits. This means that any pod in the
- allow each tenant to grow resource usage as needed, but have a generous system will be able to consume as much CPU and memory on the node that executes the pod.
limit to prevent accidental resource exhaustion.
- detect demand from one namespace, add nodes, and increase quota.
Such policies could be implemented using ResourceQuota as a building-block, by Users may want to restrict how much of the cluster resources a given namespace may consume
writing a 'controller' which watches the quota usage and adjusts the quota across all of its pods in order to manage cluster usage. To do this, a user applies a quota to
hard limits of each namespace according to other signals. a namespace. A quota lets the user set hard limits on the total amount of node resources (cpu, memory)
and API resources (pods, services, etc.) that a namespace may consume. In term of resources, Kubernetes
checks the total resource *requests*, not resource *limits* of all containers/pods in the namespace.
Note that resource quota divides up aggregate cluster resources, but it creates no Let's create a simple quota in our namespace:
restrictions around nodes: pods from several namespaces may run on the same node.
## Example ```shell
$ kubectl create -f docs/admin/resourcequota/quota.yaml --namespace=quota-example
resourcequota "quota" created
```
See a [detailed example for how to use resource quota](/docs/admin/resourcequota/). Once your quota is applied to a namespace, the system will restrict any creation of content
in the namespace until the quota usage has been calculated. This should happen quickly.
## Read More You can describe your current quota usage to see what resources are being consumed in your
namespace.
See [ResourceQuota design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/{{page.githubbranch}}/docs/design/admission_control_resource_quota.md) for more information. ```shell
$ kubectl describe quota quota --namespace=quota-example
Name: quota
Namespace: quota-example
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
cpu 0 20
memory 0 1Gi
persistentvolumeclaims 0 10
pods 0 10
replicationcontrollers 0 20
resourcequotas 1 1
secrets 1 10
services 0 5
```
## Step 3: Applying default resource requests and limits
Pod authors rarely specify resource requests and limits for their pods.
Since we applied a quota to our project, let's see what happens when an end-user creates a pod that has unbounded
cpu and memory by creating an nginx container.
To demonstrate, lets create a Deployment that runs nginx:
```shell
$ kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --replicas=1 --namespace=quota-example
deployment "nginx" created
```
This creates a Deployment "nginx" with its underlying resource, a ReplicaSet, which handles the creation and deletion of Pod replicas. Now let's look at the pods that were created.
```shell
$ kubectl get pods --namespace=quota-example
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
```
What happened? I have no pods! Let's describe the ReplicaSet managed by the nginx Deployment to get a view of what is happening.
Note that `kubectl describe rs` works only on kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, use `kubectl describe rc` instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
```shell
$ kubectl describe rs -l run=nginx --namespace=quota-example
Name: nginx-2040093540
Namespace: quota-example
Image(s): nginx
Selector: pod-template-hash=2040093540,run=nginx
Labels: pod-template-hash=2040093540,run=nginx
Replicas: 0 current / 1 desired
Pods Status: 0 Running / 0 Waiting / 0 Succeeded / 0 Failed
No volumes.
Events:
FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubobjectPath Type Reason Message
--------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------ -------
48s 26s 4 {replicaset-controller } Warning FailedCreate Error creating: pods "nginx-2040093540-" is forbidden: Failed quota: quota: must specify cpu,memory
```
The Kubernetes API server is rejecting the ReplicaSet requests to create a pod because our pods
do not specify any memory usage *request*.
So let's set some default values for the amount of cpu and memory a pod can consume:
```shell
$ kubectl create -f docs/admin/resourcequota/limits.yaml --namespace=quota-example
limitrange "limits" created
$ kubectl describe limits limits --namespace=quota-example
Name: limits
Namespace: quota-example
Type Resource Min Max Default Request Default Limit Max Limit/Request Ratio
---- -------- --- --- --------------- ------------- -----------------------
Container cpu - - 100m 200m -
Container memory - - 256Mi 512Mi -
```
Now any time a pod is created in this namespace, if it has not specified any resource request/limit, the default
amount of cpu and memory per container will be applied, and the request will be used as part of admission control.
Now that we have applied default resource *request* for our namespace, our Deployment should be able to
create its pods.
```shell
$ kubectl get pods --namespace=quota-example
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-2040093540-miohp 1/1 Running 0 5s
```
And if we print out our quota usage in the namespace:
```shell
$ kubectl describe quota quota --namespace=quota-example
Name: quota
Namespace: quota-example
Resource Used Hard
-------- ---- ----
cpu 100m 20
memory 256Mi 1Gi
persistentvolumeclaims 0 10
pods 1 10
replicationcontrollers 1 20
resourcequotas 1 1
secrets 1 10
services 0 5
```
You can now see the pod that was created is consuming explicit amounts of resources (specified by resource *request*), and the usage is being tracked by the Kubernetes system properly.
## Summary
Actions that consume node resources for cpu and memory can be subject to hard quota limits defined by the namespace quota. The resource consumption is measured by resource *request* in pod specification.
Any action that consumes those resources can be tweaked, or can pick up namespace level defaults to meet your end goal.
docs/admin/resourcequota/walkthrough.md
+10 -4
View File
@@ -14,12 +14,17 @@ This example will work in a custom namespace to demonstrate the concepts involve
Let's create a new namespace called quota-example: Let's create a new namespace called quota-example:
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl create -f docs/admin/resourcequota/namespace.yaml $ kubectl create namespace quota-example
namespace "quota-example" created namespace "quota-example" created
```
Note that `kubectl` commands will print the type and name of the resource created or mutated, which can then be used in subsequent commands:
```shell
$ kubectl get namespaces $ kubectl get namespaces
NAME LABELS STATUS AGE NAME STATUS AGE
default <none> Active 2m default Active 50m
quota-example <none> Active 39s quota-example Active 2s
``` ```
## Step 2: Apply a quota to the namespace ## Step 2: Apply a quota to the namespace
@@ -85,6 +90,7 @@ NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
What happened? I have no pods! Let's describe the ReplicaSet managed by the nginx Deployment to get a view of what is happening. What happened? I have no pods! Let's describe the ReplicaSet managed by the nginx Deployment to get a view of what is happening.
Note that `kubectl describe rs` works only on kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, use `kubectl describe rc` instead. Note that `kubectl describe rs` works only on kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, use `kubectl describe rc` instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
```shell ```shell
$ kubectl describe rs -l run=nginx --namespace=quota-example $ kubectl describe rs -l run=nginx --namespace=quota-example
docs/user-guide/debugging-services.md
+2 -1
View File
@@ -57,9 +57,10 @@ spec:
- sleep - sleep
- "1000000" - "1000000"
EOF EOF
pods/busybox-sleep pod "busybox-sleep" created
``` ```
Note that `kubectl` commands will print the type and name of the resource created or mutated, which can then be used in subsequent commands.
Now, when you need to run a command (even an interactive shell) in a `Pod`-like Now, when you need to run a command (even an interactive shell) in a `Pod`-like
context, use: context, use:
docs/user-guide/docker-cli-to-kubectl.md
+7
View File
@@ -26,6 +26,13 @@ With kubectl:
# start the pod running nginx # start the pod running nginx
$ kubectl run --image=nginx nginx-app --port=80 --env="DOMAIN=cluster" $ kubectl run --image=nginx nginx-app --port=80 --env="DOMAIN=cluster"
deployment "nginx-app" created deployment "nginx-app" created
```
`kubectl run` creates a Deployment named "nginx" on Kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead.
If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
Note that `kubectl` commands will print the type and name of the resource created or mutated, which can then be used in subsequent commands. Now, we can expose a new Service with the deployment created above:
```shell
# expose a port through with a service # expose a port through with a service
$ kubectl expose deployment nginx-app --port=80 --name=nginx-http $ kubectl expose deployment nginx-app --port=80 --name=nginx-http
service "nginx-http" exposed service "nginx-http" exposed
docs/user-guide/pods/single-container.md
+1
View File
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ $ kubectl run NAME
Where: Where:
* `kubectl run` creates a Deployment named "nginx" on Kubernetes cluster >= v1.2. If you are running older versions, it creates replication controllers instead. If you want to obtain the old behavior, use `--generator=run/v1` to create replication controllers. See [`kubectl run`](/docs/user-guide/kubectl/kubectl_run/) for more details.
* `NAME` (required) is the name of the container to create. This value is also * `NAME` (required) is the name of the container to create. This value is also
applied as the name of the Deployment, and as the prefix of the applied as the name of the Deployment, and as the prefix of the
pod name. For example: pod name. For example: