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Merge branch 'kubernetes:main' into patch-1

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This commit is contained in:
Fabrice Jammes
2022-06-14 17:22:08 +02:00
committed by GitHub
parent 34140f1087 7aa5a90d74
commit 50cfc51fc9
1562 changed files with 30133 additions and 12832 deletions
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Makefile
+3
View File
@@ -71,6 +71,9 @@ container-image: ## Build a container image for the preview of the website
--tag $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) \
--build-arg HUGO_VERSION=$(HUGO_VERSION)
container-push: container-image ## Push container image for the preview of the website
$(CONTAINER_ENGINE) push $(CONTAINER_IMAGE)
container-build: module-check
$(CONTAINER_RUN) --read-only --mount type=tmpfs,destination=/tmp,tmpfs-mode=01777 $(CONTAINER_IMAGE) sh -c "npm ci && hugo --minify --environment development"
OWNERS_ALIASES
+2 -1
View File
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ aliases:
- jimangel
- jlbutler
- kbhawkey
- kcmartin
- natalisucks
- onlydole
- pi-victor
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ aliases:
- tanjunchen
- tengqm
- xichengliudui
- ydFu
# zhangxiaoyu-zidif
sig-docs-pt-owners: # Admins for Portuguese content
- edsoncelio
@@ -249,7 +251,6 @@ aliases:
- cpanato # SIG Technical Lead
- jeremyrickard # SIG Technical Lead
- justaugustus # SIG Chair
- LappleApple # SIG Program Manager
- puerco # SIG Technical Lead
- saschagrunert # SIG Chair
release-engineering-approvers:
assets/scss/_custom.scss
+6 -4
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@@ -634,12 +634,12 @@ body.td-documentation {
a {
color: inherit;
border-bottom: 1px solid #fff;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:hover {
color: inherit;
border-bottom: none;
text-decoration: initial;
}
}
@@ -648,6 +648,9 @@ body.td-documentation {
}
#announcement {
// default background is blue; overrides are possible
color: #fff;
.announcement-main {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
@@ -660,9 +663,8 @@ body.td-documentation {
}
/* always white */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p * {
color: #ffffff;
color: inherit; /* defaults to white */
background: transparent;
img.event-logo {
cloudbuild.yaml
+7 -4
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@@ -9,17 +9,20 @@ options:
steps:
# It's fine to bump the tag to a recent version, as needed
- name: "gcr.io/k8s-staging-test-infra/gcb-docker-gcloud:v20210917-12df099d55"
entrypoint: make
entrypoint: 'bash'
env:
- DOCKER_CLI_EXPERIMENTAL=enabled
- TAG=$_GIT_TAG
- BASE_REF=$_PULL_BASE_REF
args:
- container-image
- -c
- |
gcloud auth configure-docker \
&& make container-push
substitutions:
# _GIT_TAG will be filled with a git-based tag for the image, of the form vYYYYMMDD-hash, and
# can be used as a substitution
_GIT_TAG: "12345"
# _PULL_BASE_REF will contain the ref that was pushed to to trigger this build -
# a branch like 'master' or 'release-0.2', or a tag like 'v0.2'.
_PULL_BASE_REF: "master"
# a branch like 'main' or 'release-0.2', or a tag like 'v0.2'.
_PULL_BASE_REF: "main"
config.toml
+19 -19
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@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ githubWebsiteRaw = "raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/website"
# GitHub repository link for editing a page and opening issues.
github_repo = "https://github.com/kubernetes/website"
#Searching
# Searching
k8s_search = true
#The following search parameters are specific to Docsy's implementation. Kubernetes implementes its own search-related partials and scripts.
# The following search parameters are specific to Docsy's implementation. Kubernetes implementes its own search-related partials and scripts.
# Google Custom Search Engine ID. Remove or comment out to disable search.
#gcs_engine_id = "011737558837375720776:fsdu1nryfng"
@@ -297,20 +297,20 @@ no = 'Sorry to hear that. Please <a href="https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY
[languages.en]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="English"
languageName = "English"
# Weight used for sorting.
weight = 1
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.zh]
[languages.zh-cn]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "生产级别的容器编排系统"
languageName = "中文 Chinese"
weight = 2
contentDir = "content/zh"
contentDir = "content/zh-cn"
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.zh.params]
[languages.zh-cn.params]
time_format_blog = "2006.01.02"
language_alternatives = ["en"]
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.fr]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Solution professionnelle d’orchestration de conteneurs"
languageName ="Français"
languageName = "Français"
weight = 5
contentDir = "content/fr"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.no]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName ="Norsk"
languageName = "Norsk"
weight = 7
contentDir = "content/no"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.de]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Produktionsreife Container-Orchestrierung"
languageName ="Deutsch"
languageName = "Deutsch"
weight = 8
contentDir = "content/de"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.es]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Orquestación de contenedores para producción"
languageName ="Español"
languageName = "Español"
weight = 9
contentDir = "content/es"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.pt-br]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Orquestração de contêineres em nível de produção"
languageName ="Português"
weight = 9
languageName = "Português"
weight = 10
contentDir = "content/pt-br"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
[languages.id]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Orkestrasi Kontainer dengan Skala Produksi"
languageName ="Bahasa Indonesia"
weight = 10
languageName = "Bahasa Indonesia"
weight = 11
contentDir = "content/id"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Production-Grade Container Orchestration"
languageName = "Hindi"
weight = 11
weight = 12
contentDir = "content/hi"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -446,14 +446,14 @@ title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Giải pháp điều phối container trong môi trường production"
languageName = "Tiếng Việt"
contentDir = "content/vi"
weight = 12
weight = 13
languagedirection = "ltr"
[languages.ru]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Первоклассная оркестрация контейнеров"
languageName = "Русский"
weight = 12
weight = 14
contentDir = "content/ru"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Produkcyjny system zarządzania kontenerami"
languageName = "Polski"
weight = 13
weight = 15
contentDir = "content/pl"
languagedirection = "ltr"
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ language_alternatives = ["en"]
title = "Kubernetes"
description = "Довершена система оркестрації контейнерів"
languageName = "Українська"
weight = 14
weight = 16
contentDir = "content/uk"
languagedirection = "ltr"
content/de/docs/contribute/participate/pr-wranglers.md
+1 -1
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@@ -76,6 +76,6 @@ Um eine Pull-Anfrage zu schließen, hinterlasse einen `/close`-Kommentar zu dem
{{< note >}}
Der [`fejta-bot`](https://github.com/fejta-bot) Bot markiert Themen nach 90 Tagen Inaktivität als veraltet. Nach weiteren 30 Tagen markiert er Issues als faul und schließt sie. PR-Beauftragte sollten Themen nach 14-30 Tagen Inaktivität schließen.
Der [`k8s-ci-robot`](https://github.com/k8s-ci-robot) Bot markiert Themen nach 90 Tagen Inaktivität als veraltet. Nach weiteren 30 Tagen markiert er Issues als faul und schließt sie. PR-Beauftragte sollten Themen nach 14-30 Tagen Inaktivität schließen.
{{< /note >}}
content/de/includes/default-storage-class-prereqs.md
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@@ -1 +1 @@
Sie benötigen entweder einen dynamischen PersistentVolume-Anbieter mit einer [Standard-Speicherklasse](/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/), oder Sie selbst stellen statische [PersistentVolumes](/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/#provisioning) bereit, um die [PersistentVolumeClaims](/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/#persistentvolumeclaims) zu erfüllen, die hier verwendet werden.
Sie benötigen entweder einen dynamischen PersistentVolume-Anbieter mit einer [Standard-Speicherklasse](/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes/), oder Sie selbst stellen statische [PersistentVolumes](/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/#provisioning) bereit, um die [PersistentVolumeClaims](/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/#persistentvolumeclaims) zu erfüllen, die hier verwendet werden.
content/en/blog/_posts/2021-05-14-using-finalizers-to-control-deletion.md
+1 -1
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@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ metadata:
uid: 93a37fed-23e3-45e8-b6ee-b2521db81638
```
In short, what’s happened is that the object was updated, not deleted. That’s because Kubernetes saw that the object contained finalizers and put it into a read-only state. The deletion timestamp signals that the object can only be read, with the exception of removing the finalizer key updates. In other words, the deletion will not be complete until we edit the object and remove the finalizer.
In short, what’s happened is that the object was updated, not deleted. That’s because Kubernetes saw that the object contained finalizers and blocked removal of the object from etcd. The deletion timestamp signals that deletion was requested, but the deletion will not be complete until we edit the object and remove the finalizer.
Here's a demonstration of using the `patch` command to remove finalizers. If we want to delete an object, we can simply patch it on the command line to remove the finalizers. In this way, the deletion that was running in the background will complete and the object will be deleted. When we attempt to `get` that configmap, it will be gone.
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-04-07-Kubernetes-1-24-removals-and-deprecations.md
+2 -2
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@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ been deprecated. These removals have been superseded by newer, stable/generally
* [Dynamic kubelet configuration](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/281): `DynamicKubeletConfig` is used to enable the dynamic configuration of the kubelet. The `DynamicKubeletConfig` flag was deprecated in Kubernetes 1.22. In v1.24, this feature gate will be removed from the kubelet. See [Reconfigure kubelet](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reconfigure-kubelet/). Refer to the ["Dynamic kubelet config is removed" KEP](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/281) for more information.
* [Dynamic log sanitization](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/107207): The experimental dynamic log sanitization feature is deprecated and will be removed in v1.24. This feature introduced a logging filter that could be applied to all Kubernetes system components logs to prevent various types of sensitive information from leaking via logs. Refer to [KEP-1753: Kubernetes system components logs sanitization](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/1753-logs-sanitization#deprecation) for more information and an [alternative approach](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/1753-logs-sanitization#alternatives=).
* In-tree provisioner to CSI driver migration: This applies to a number of in-tree plugins, including [Portworx](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/2589). Refer to the [In-tree Storage Plugin to CSI Migration Design Doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/design-proposals-archive/blob/main/storage/csi-migration.md#background-and-motivations) for more information.
* In-tree provisioner to CSI driver migration: This applies to a number of in-tree plugins, including [Portworx](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/2589). Refer to the [In-tree Storage Plugin to CSI Migration Design Doc](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/storage/csi-migration.md#background-and-motivations) for more information.
* [Removing Dockershim from kubelet](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/2221): the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) for Docker (i.e. Dockershim) is currently a built-in container runtime in the kubelet code base. It was deprecated in v1.20. As of v1.24, the kubelet will no longer have dockershim. Check out this blog on [what you need to do be ready for v1.24](/blog/2022/03/31/ready-for-dockershim-removal/).
* [Storage capacity tracking for pod scheduling](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/1472): The CSIStorageCapacity API supports exposing currently available storage capacity via CSIStorageCapacity objects and enhances scheduling of pods that use CSI volumes with late binding. In v1.24, the CSIStorageCapacity API will be stable. The API graduating to stable initates the deprecation of the v1beta1 CSIStorageCapacity API. Refer to the [Storage Capacity Constraints for Pod Scheduling KEP](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-storage/1472-storage-capacity-tracking) for more information.
* [The `master` label is no longer present on kubeadm control plane nodes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/107533). For new clusters, the label 'node-role.kubernetes.io/master' will no longer be added to control plane nodes, only the label 'node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane' will be added. For more information, refer to [KEP-2067: Rename the kubeadm "master" label and taint](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-cluster-lifecycle/kubeadm/2067-rename-master-label-taint).
* [VolumeSnapshot v1beta1 CRD will be removed](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/177). Volume snapshot and restore functionality for Kubernetes and the [Container Storage Interface](https://github.com/container-storage-interface/spec/blob/master/spec.md) (CSI), which provides standardized APIs design (CRDs) and adds PV snapshot/restore support for CSI volume drivers, entered beta in v1.20. VolumeSnapshot v1beta1 was deprecated in v1.21 and is now unsupported. Refer to [KEP-177: CSI Snapshot](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-storage/177-volume-snapshot#kep-177-csi-snapshot) and [kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/external-snapshotter/releases/tag/v4.1.0) for more information.
* [VolumeSnapshot v1beta1 CRD will be removed](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/177). Volume snapshot and restore functionality for Kubernetes and the [Container Storage Interface](https://github.com/container-storage-interface/spec/blob/master/spec.md) (CSI), which provides standardized APIs design (CRDs) and adds PV snapshot/restore support for CSI volume drivers, moved to GA in v1.20. VolumeSnapshot v1beta1 was deprecated in v1.20 and will become unsupported with the v1.24 release. Refer to [KEP-177: CSI Snapshot](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-storage/177-volume-snapshot#kep-177-csi-snapshot) and the [Volume Snapshot GA blog](/blog/2020/12/10/kubernetes-1.20-volume-snapshot-moves-to-ga/) blog article for more information.
## What to do
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-05-03-kubernetes-release-1.24.md
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@@ -118,6 +118,13 @@ With containerd v1.6.0–v1.6.3, if you do not upgrade the CNI plugins and/or
declare the CNI config version, you might encounter the following "Incompatible
CNI versions" or "Failed to destroy network for sandbox" error conditions.
## CSI Snapshot
_This information was added after initial publication._
[VolumeSnapshot v1beta1 CRD has been removed](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/177).
Volume snapshot and restore functionality for Kubernetes and the Container Storage Interface (CSI), which provides standardized APIs design (CRDs) and adds PV snapshot/restore support for CSI volume drivers, moved to GA in v1.20. VolumeSnapshot v1beta1 was deprecated in v1.20 and is now unsupported. Refer to [KEP-177: CSI Snapshot](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-storage/177-volume-snapshot#kep-177-csi-snapshot) and [Volume Snapshot GA blog](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2020/12/10/kubernetes-1.20-volume-snapshot-moves-to-ga/) for more information.
## Other Updates
### Graduations to Stable
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-05-06-storage-capacity-GA/index.md
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Storage Capacity Tracking reaches GA in Kubernetes 1.24"
title: "Kubernetes 1.24: Storage Capacity Tracking Now Generally Available"
date: 2022-05-06
slug: storage-capacity-ga
---
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-05-23-service-ip-dynamic-and-static-allocation.md
+3 -3
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@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Examples:
#### Service IP CIDR block: 10.96.0.0/24
Range Size: 2<sup>8</sup> - 2 = 254
Band Offset: `min(max(16,256/16),256)` = `min(16,256)` = 16
Band Offset: `min(max(16, 256/16), 256)` = `min(16, 256)` = 16
Static band start: 10.96.0.1
Static band end: 10.96.0.16
Range end: 10.96.0.254
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pie showData
#### Service IP CIDR block: 10.96.0.0/20
Range Size: 2<sup>12</sup> - 2 = 4094
Band Offset: `min(max(16,256/16),256)` = `min(256,256)` = 256
Band Offset: `min(max(16, 4096/16), 256)` = `min(256, 256)` = 256
Static band start: 10.96.0.1
Static band end: 10.96.1.0
Range end: 10.96.15.254
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pie showData
#### Service IP CIDR block: 10.96.0.0/16
Range Size: 2<sup>16</sup> - 2 = 65534
Band Offset: `min(max(16,65536/16),256)` = `min(4096,256)` = 256
Band Offset: `min(max(16, 65536/16), 256)` = `min(4096, 256)` = 256
Static band start: 10.96.0.1
Static band ends: 10.96.1.0
Range end: 10.96.255.254
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-05-25-contextual-logging/index.md
+251
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@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Contextual Logging in Kubernetes 1.24"
date: 2022-05-25
slug: contextual-logging
canonicalUrl: https://kubernetes.dev/blog/2022/05/25/contextual-logging/
---
**Authors:** Patrick Ohly (Intel)
The [Structured Logging Working
Group](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/wg-structured-logging/README.md)
has added new capabilities to the logging infrastructure in Kubernetes
1.24. This blog post explains how developers can take advantage of those to
make log output more useful and how they can get involved with improving Kubernetes.
## Structured logging
The goal of [structured
logging](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/1602-structured-logging/README.md)
is to replace C-style formatting and the resulting opaque log strings with log
entries that have a well-defined syntax for storing message and parameters
separately, for example as a JSON struct.
When using the traditional klog text output format for structured log calls,
strings were originally printed with `\n` escape sequences, except when
embedded inside a struct. For structs, log entries could still span multiple
lines, with no clean way to split the log stream into individual entries:
```
I1112 14:06:35.783529 328441 structured_logging.go:51] "using InfoS" longData={Name:long Data:Multiple
lines
with quite a bit
of text. internal:0}
I1112 14:06:35.783549 328441 structured_logging.go:52] "using InfoS with\nthe message across multiple lines" int=1 stringData="long: Multiple\nlines\nwith quite a bit\nof text." str="another value"
```
Now, the `<` and `>` markers along with indentation are used to ensure that splitting at a
klog header at the start of a line is reliable and the resulting output is human-readable:
```
I1126 10:31:50.378204 121736 structured_logging.go:59] "using InfoS" longData=<
{Name:long Data:Multiple
lines
with quite a bit
of text. internal:0}
>
I1126 10:31:50.378228 121736 structured_logging.go:60] "using InfoS with\nthe message across multiple lines" int=1 stringData=<
long: Multiple
lines
with quite a bit
of text.
> str="another value"
```
Note that the log message itself is printed with quoting. It is meant to be a
fixed string that identifies a log entry, so newlines should be avoided there.
Before Kubernetes 1.24, some log calls in kube-scheduler still used `klog.Info`
for multi-line strings to avoid the unreadable output. Now all log calls have
been updated to support structured logging.
## Contextual logging
[Contextual logging](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/3077-contextual-logging/README.md)
is based on the [go-logr API](https://github.com/go-logr/logr#a-minimal-logging-api-for-go). The key
idea is that libraries are passed a logger instance by their caller and use
that for logging instead of accessing a global logger. The binary decides about
the logging implementation, not the libraries. The go-logr API is designed
around structured logging and supports attaching additional information to a
logger.
This enables additional use cases:
- The caller can attach additional information to a logger:
- [`WithName`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-logr/logr#Logger.WithName) adds a prefix
- [`WithValues`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-logr/logr#Logger.WithValues) adds key/value pairs
When passing this extended logger into a function and a function uses it
instead of the global logger, the additional information is
then included in all log entries, without having to modify the code that
generates the log entries. This is useful in highly parallel applications
where it can become hard to identify all log entries for a certain operation
because the output from different operations gets interleaved.
- When running unit tests, log output can be associated with the current test.
Then when a test fails, only the log output of the failed test gets shown
by `go test`. That output can also be more verbose by default because it
will not get shown for successful tests. Tests can be run in parallel
without interleaving their output.
One of the design decisions for contextual logging was to allow attaching a
logger as value to a `context.Context`. Since the logger encapsulates all
aspects of the intended logging for the call, it is *part* of the context and
not just *using* it. A practical advantage is that many APIs already have a
`ctx` parameter or adding one has additional advantages, like being able to get
rid of `context.TODO()` calls inside the functions.
Another decision was to not break compatibility with klog v2:
- Libraries that use the traditional klog logging calls in a binary that has
set up contextual logging will work and log through the logging backend
chosen by the binary. However, such log output will not include the
additional information and will not work well in unit tests, so libraries
should be modified to support contextual logging. The [migration guide](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-instrumentation/migration-to-structured-logging.md)
for structured logging has been extended to also cover contextual logging.
- When a library supports contextual logging and retrieves a logger from its
context, it will still work in a binary that does not initialize contextual
logging because it will get a logger that logs through klog.
In Kubernetes 1.24, contextual logging is a new alpha feature with
`ContextualLogging` as feature gate. When disabled (the default), the new klog
API calls for contextual logging (see below) become no-ops to avoid performance
or functional regressions.
No Kubernetes component has been converted yet. An [example program](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/v1.24.0-beta.0/staging/src/k8s.io/component-base/logs/example/cmd/logger.go)
in the Kubernetes repository demonstrates how to enable contextual logging in a
binary and how the output depends on the binary's parameters:
```console
$ cd $GOPATH/src/k8s.io/kubernetes/staging/src/k8s.io/component-base/logs/example/cmd/
$ go run . --help
...
--feature-gates mapStringBool A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for alpha/experimental features. Options are:
AllAlpha=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
AllBeta=true|false (BETA - default=false)
ContextualLogging=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
$ go run . --feature-gates ContextualLogging=true
...
I0404 18:00:02.916429 451895 logger.go:94] "example/myname: runtime" foo="bar" duration="1m0s"
I0404 18:00:02.916447 451895 logger.go:95] "example: another runtime" foo="bar" duration="1m0s"
```
The `example` prefix and `foo="bar"` were added by the caller of the function
which logs the `runtime` message and `duration="1m0s"` value.
The sample code for klog includes an
[example](https://github.com/kubernetes/klog/blob/v2.60.1/ktesting/example/example_test.go)
for a unit test with per-test output.
## klog enhancements
### Contextual logging API
The following calls manage the lookup of a logger:
[`FromContext`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#FromContext)
: from a `context` parameter, with fallback to the global logger
[`Background`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#Background)
: the global fallback, with no intention to support contextual logging
[`TODO`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#TODO)
: the global fallback, but only as a temporary solution until the function gets extended to accept
a logger through its parameters
[`SetLoggerWithOptions`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#SetLoggerWithOptions)
: changes the fallback logger; when called with [`ContextualLogger(true)`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#ContextualLogger),
the logger is ready to be called directly, in which case logging will be done
without going through klog
To support the feature gate mechanism in Kubernetes, klog has wrapper calls for
the corresponding go-logr calls and a global boolean controlling their behavior:
- [`LoggerWithName`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#LoggerWithName)
- [`LoggerWithValues`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#LoggerWithValues)
- [`NewContext`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#NewContext)
- [`EnableContextualLogging`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#EnableContextualLogging)
Usage of those functions in Kubernetes code is enforced with a linter
check. The klog default for contextual logging is to enable the functionality
because it is considered stable in klog. It is only in Kubernetes binaries
where that default gets overridden and (in some binaries) controlled via the
`--feature-gate` parameter.
### ktesting logger
The new [ktesting](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2@v2.60.1/ktesting) package
implements logging through `testing.T` using klog's text output format. It has
a [single API call](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2@v2.60.1/ktesting#NewTestContext) for
instrumenting a test case and [support for command line flags](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2@v2.60.1/ktesting/init).
### klogr
[`klog/klogr`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2@v2.60.1/klogr) continues to be
supported and it's default behavior is unchanged: it formats structured log
entries using its own, custom format and prints the result via klog.
However, this usage is discouraged because that format is neither
machine-readable (in contrast to real JSON output as produced by zapr, the
go-logr implementation used by Kubernetes) nor human-friendly (in contrast to
the klog text format).
Instead, a klogr instance should be created with
[`WithFormat(FormatKlog)`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2@v2.60.1/klogr#WithFormat)
which chooses the klog text format. A simpler construction method with the same
result is the new
[`klog.NewKlogr`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#NewKlogr). That is the
logger that klog returns as fallback when nothing else is configured.
### Reusable output test
A lot of go-logr implementations have very similar unit tests where they check
the result of certain log calls. If a developer didn't know about certain
caveats like for example a `String` function that panics when called, then it
is likely that both the handling of such caveats and the unit test are missing.
[`klog.test`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2@v2.60.1/test) is a reusable set
of test cases that can be applied to a go-logr implementation.
### Output flushing
klog used to start a goroutine unconditionally during `init` which flushed
buffered data at a hard-coded interval. Now that goroutine is only started on
demand (i.e. when writing to files with buffering) and can be controlled with
[`StopFlushDaemon`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#StopFlushDaemon) and
[`StartFlushDaemon`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#StartFlushDaemon).
When a go-logr implementation buffers data, flushing that data can be
integrated into [`klog.Flush`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#Flush) by
registering the logger with the
[`FlushLogger`](https://pkg.go.dev/k8s.io/klog/v2#FlushLogger) option.
### Various other changes
For a description of all other enhancements see in the [release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/klog/releases).
## logcheck
Originally designed as a linter for structured log calls, the
[`logcheck`](https://github.com/kubernetes/klog/tree/788efcdee1e9be0bfbe5b076343d447314f2377e/hack/tools/logcheck)
tool has been enhanced to support also contextual logging and traditional klog
log calls. These enhanced checks already found bugs in Kubernetes, like calling
`klog.Info` instead of `klog.Infof` with a format string and parameters.
It can be included as a plugin in a `golangci-lint` invocation, which is how
[Kubernetes uses it now](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/commit/17e3c555c5115f8c9176bae10ba45baa04d23a7b),
or get invoked stand-alone.
We are in the process of [moving the tool](https://github.com/kubernetes/klog/issues/312) into a new repository because it isn't
really related to klog and its releases should be tracked and tagged properly.
## Next steps
The [Structured Logging WG](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/wg-structured-logging)
is always looking for new contributors. The migration
away from C-style logging is now going to target structured, contextual logging
in one step to reduce the overall code churn and number of PRs. Changing log
calls is good first contribution to Kubernetes and an opportunity to get to
know code in various different areas.
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-05-27-maxunavailable-for-statefulset.md
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---
layout: blog
title: 'Kubernetes 1.24: Maximum Unavailable Replicas for StatefulSet'
date: 2022-05-27
slug: maxunavailable-for-statefulset
---
**Author:** Mayank Kumar (Salesforce)
Kubernetes [StatefulSets](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/), since their introduction in
1.5 and becoming stable in 1.9, have been widely used to run stateful applications. They provide stable pod identity, persistent
per pod storage and ordered graceful deployment, scaling and rolling updates. You can think of StatefulSet as the atomic building
block for running complex stateful applications. As the use of Kubernetes has grown, so has the number of scenarios requiring
StatefulSets. Many of these scenarios, require faster rolling updates than the currently supported one-pod-at-a-time updates, in the
case where you're using the `OrderedReady` Pod management policy for a StatefulSet.
Here are some examples:
- I am using a StatefulSet to orchestrate a multi-instance, cache based application where the size of the cache is large. The cache
starts cold and requires some siginificant amount of time before the container can start. There could be more initial startup tasks
that are required. A RollingUpdate on this StatefulSet would take a lot of time before the application is fully updated. If the
StatefulSet supported updating more than one pod at a time, it would result in a much faster update.
- My stateful application is composed of leaders and followers or one writer and multiple readers. I have multiple readers or
followers and my application can tolerate multiple pods going down at the same time. I want to update this application more than
one pod at a time so that i get the new updates rolled out quickly, especially if the number of instances of my application are
large. Note that my application still requires unique identity per pod.
In order to support such scenarios, Kubernetes 1.24 includes a new alpha feature to help. Before you can use the new feature you must
enable the `MaxUnavailableStatefulSet` feature flag. Once you enable that, you can specify a new field called `maxUnavailable`, part
of the `spec` for a StatefulSet. For example:
```
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
namespace: default
spec:
podManagementPolicy: OrderedReady # you must set OrderedReady
replicas: 5
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: nginx
updateStrategy:
rollingUpdate:
maxUnavailable: 2 # this is the new alpha field, whose default value is 1
partition: 0
type: RollingUpdate
```
If you enable the new feature and you don't specify a value for `maxUnavailable` in a StatefulSet, Kubernetes applies a default
`maxUnavailable: 1`. This matches the behavior you would see if you don't enable the new feature.
I'll run through a scenario based on that example manifest to demonstrate how this feature works. I will deploy a StatefulSet that
has 5 replicas, with `maxUnavailable` set to 2 and `partition` set to 0.
I can trigger a rolling update by changing the image to `k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.9`. Once I initiate the rolling update, I can
watch the pods update 2 at a time as the current value of maxUnavailable is 2. The below output shows a span of time and is not
complete. The maxUnavailable can be an absolute number (for example, 2) or a percentage of desired Pods (for example, 10%). The
absolute number is calculated from percentage by rounding down.
```
kubectl get pods --watch
```
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
web-0 1/1 Running 0 85s
web-1 1/1 Running 0 2m6s
web-2 1/1 Running 0 106s
web-3 1/1 Running 0 2m47s
web-4 1/1 Running 0 2m27s
web-4 1/1 Terminating 0 5m43s ----> start terminating 4
web-3 1/1 Terminating 0 6m3s ----> start terminating 3
web-3 0/1 Terminating 0 6m7s
web-3 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-3 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-4 0/1 Terminating 0 5m48s
web-4 0/1 Terminating 0 5m48s
web-3 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 2s
web-3 1/1 Running 0 2s
web-4 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-4 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-4 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
web-4 1/1 Running 0 1s
web-2 1/1 Terminating 0 5m46s ----> start terminating 2 (only after both 4 and 3 are running)
web-1 1/1 Terminating 0 6m6s ----> start terminating 1
web-2 0/1 Terminating 0 5m47s
web-1 0/1 Terminating 0 6m7s
web-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 1s
web-1 1/1 Running 0 2s
web-2 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-2 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
web-2 1/1 Running 0 1s
web-0 1/1 Terminating 0 6m6s ----> start terminating 0 (only after 2 and 1 are running)
web-0 0/1 Terminating 0 6m7s
web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-0 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
web-0 1/1 Running 0 1s
```
Note that as soon as the rolling update starts, both 4 and 3 (the two highest ordinal pods) start terminating at the same time. Pods
with ordinal 4 and 3 may become ready at their own pace. As soon as both pods 4 and 3 are ready, pods 2 and 1 start terminating at the
same time. When pods 2 and 1 are both running and ready, pod 0 starts terminating.
In Kubernetes, updates to StatefulSets follow a strict ordering when updating Pods. In this example, the update starts at replica 4, then
replica 3, then replica 2, and so on, one pod at a time. When going one pod at a time, its not possible for 3 to be running and ready
before 4. When `maxUnavailable` is more than 1 (in the example scenario I set `maxUnavailable` to 2), it is possible that replica 3 becomes
ready and running before replica 4 is ready&mdash;and that is ok. If you're a developer and you set `maxUnavailable` to more than 1, you should
know that this outcome is possible and you must ensure that your application is able to handle such ordering issues that occur
if any. When you set `maxUnavailable` greater than 1, the ordering is guaranteed in between each batch of pods being updated. That guarantee
means that pods in update batch 2 (replicas 2 and 1) cannot start updating until the pods from batch 0 (replicas 4 and 3) are ready.
Although Kubernetes refers to these as _replicas_, your stateful application may have a different view and each pod of the StatefulSet may
be holding completely different data than other pods. The important thing here is that updates to StatefulSets happen in batches, and you can
now have a batch size larger than 1 (as an alpha feature).
Also note, that the above behavior is with `podManagementPolicy: OrderedReady`. If you defined a StatefulSet as `podManagementPolicy: Parallel`,
not only `maxUnavailable` number of replicas are terminated at the same time; `maxUnavailable` number of replicas start in `ContainerCreating`
phase at the same time as well. This is called bursting.
So, now you may have a lot of questions about:-
- What is the behavior when you set `podManagementPolicy: Parallel`?
- What is the behavior when `partition` to a value other than `0`?
It might be better to try and see it for yourself. This is an alpha feature, and the Kubernetes contributors are looking for feedback on this feature. Did
this help you achieve your stateful scenarios Did you find a bug or do you think the behavior as implemented is not intuitive or can
break applications or catch them by surprise? Please [open an issue](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues) to let us know.
## Further reading and next steps {#next-steps}
- [Maximum unavailable Pods](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/#maximum-unavailable-pods)
- [KEP for MaxUnavailable for StatefulSet](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-apps/961-maxunavailable-for-statefulset)
- [Implementation](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/82162/files)
- [Enhancement Tracking Issue](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/961)
content/en/blog/_posts/2022-06-01-annual-report-2021.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
---
layout: blog
title: "Annual Report Summary 2021"
date: 2022-06-01
slug: annual-report-summary-2021
---
**Author:** Paris Pittman (Steering Committee)
Last year, we published our first [Annual Report Summary](/blog/2021/06/28/announcing-kubernetes-community-group-annual-reports/) for 2020 and it's already time for our second edition!
[2021 Annual Report Summary](https://www.cncf.io/reports/kubernetes-annual-report-2021/)
This summary reflects the work that has been done in 2021 and the initiatives on deck for the rest of 2022. Please forward to organizations and indidviduals participating in upstream activities, planning cloud native strategies, and/or those looking to help out. To find a specific community group's complete report, go to the [kubernetes/community repo](https://github.com/kubernetes/community) under the groups folder. Example: [sig-api-machinery/annual-report-2021.md](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-api-machinery/annual-report-2021.md)
You’ll see that this report summary is a growth area in itself. It takes us roughly 6 months to prepare and execute, which isn’t helpful or valuable to anyone as a fast moving project with short and long term needs. How can we make this better? Provide your feedback here: https://github.com/kubernetes/steering/issues/242
Reference:
[Annual Report Documentation](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/committee-steering/governance/annual-reports.md)
content/en/docs/concepts/architecture/control-plane-node-communication.md
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@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ This document catalogs the communication paths between the control plane (apiser
Kubernetes has a "hub-and-spoke" API pattern. All API usage from nodes (or the pods they run) terminates at the apiserver. None of the other control plane components are designed to expose remote services. The apiserver is configured to listen for remote connections on a secure HTTPS port (typically 443) with one or more forms of client [authentication](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) enabled.
One or more forms of [authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) should be enabled, especially if [anonymous requests](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#anonymous-requests) or [service account tokens](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#service-account-tokens) are allowed.
Nodes should be provisioned with the public root certificate for the cluster such that they can connect securely to the apiserver along with valid client credentials. A good approach is that the client credentials provided to the kubelet are in the form of a client certificate. See [kubelet TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) for automated provisioning of kubelet client certificates.
Nodes should be provisioned with the public root certificate for the cluster such that they can connect securely to the apiserver along with valid client credentials. A good approach is that the client credentials provided to the kubelet are in the form of a client certificate. See [kubelet TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) for automated provisioning of kubelet client certificates.
Pods that wish to connect to the apiserver can do so securely by leveraging a service account so that Kubernetes will automatically inject the public root certificate and a valid bearer token into the pod when it is instantiated.
The `kubernetes` service (in `default` namespace) is configured with a virtual IP address that is redirected (via kube-proxy) to the HTTPS endpoint on the apiserver.
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ To verify this connection, use the `--kubelet-certificate-authority` flag to pro
If that is not possible, use [SSH tunneling](#ssh-tunnels) between the apiserver and kubelet if required to avoid connecting over an
untrusted or public network.
Finally, [Kubelet authentication and/or authorization](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization/) should be enabled to secure the kubelet API.
Finally, [Kubelet authentication and/or authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-authn-authz/) should be enabled to secure the kubelet API.
### apiserver to nodes, pods, and services
content/en/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes.md
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@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ Message: Pod was terminated in response to imminent node shutdown.
{{< feature-state state="alpha" for_k8s_version="v1.24" >}}
A node shutdown action may not be detected by kubelet's Node Shutdown Mananger,
A node shutdown action may not be detected by kubelet's Node Shutdown Manager,
either because the command does not trigger the inhibitor locks mechanism used by
kubelet or because of a user error, i.e., the ShutdownGracePeriod and
ShutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods are not configured properly. Please refer to above
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ see [KEP-2400](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/issues/2400) and its
* Learn about the [components](/docs/concepts/overview/components/#node-components) that make up a node.
* Read the [API definition for Node](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#node-v1-core).
* Read the [Node](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/architecture/architecture.md#the-kubernetes-node)
* Read the [Node](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/architecture/architecture.md#the-kubernetes-node)
section of the architecture design document.
* Read about [taints and tolerations](/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/taint-and-toleration/).
content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/_index.md
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@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ Before choosing a guide, here are some considerations:
### Securing the kubelet
* [Control Plane-Node communication](/docs/concepts/architecture/control-plane-node-communication/)
* [TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
* [Kubelet authentication/authorization](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization/)
* [TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
* [Kubelet authentication/authorization](/docs/reference/acess-authn-authz/kubelet-authn-authz/)
## Optional Cluster Services
content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons.md
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@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ This page lists some of the available add-ons and links to their respective inst
* [ACI](https://www.github.com/noironetworks/aci-containers) provides integrated container networking and network security with Cisco ACI.
* [Antrea](https://antrea.io/) operates at Layer 3/4 to provide networking and security services for Kubernetes, leveraging Open vSwitch as the networking data plane.
* [Calico](https://docs.projectcalico.org/latest/introduction/) is a networking and network policy provider. Calico supports a flexible set of networking options so you can choose the most efficient option for your situation, including non-overlay and overlay networks, with or without BGP. Calico uses the same engine to enforce network policy for hosts, pods, and (if using Istio & Envoy) applications at the service mesh layer.
* [Canal](https://github.com/tigera/canal/tree/master/k8s-install) unites Flannel and Calico, providing networking and network policy.
* [Canal](https://projectcalico.docs.tigera.io/getting-started/kubernetes/flannel/flannel) unites Flannel and Calico, providing networking and network policy.
* [Cilium](https://github.com/cilium/cilium) is a L3 network and network policy plugin that can enforce HTTP/API/L7 policies transparently. Both routing and overlay/encapsulation mode are supported, and it can work on top of other CNI plugins.
* [CNI-Genie](https://github.com/Huawei-PaaS/CNI-Genie) enables Kubernetes to seamlessly connect to a choice of CNI plugins, such as Calico, Canal, Flannel, Romana, or Weave.
* [CNI-Genie](https://github.com/cni-genie/CNI-Genie) enables Kubernetes to seamlessly connect to a choice of CNI plugins, such as Calico, Canal, Flannel, or Weave.
* [Contiv](https://contivpp.io/) provides configurable networking (native L3 using BGP, overlay using vxlan, classic L2, and Cisco-SDN/ACI) for various use cases and a rich policy framework. Contiv project is fully [open sourced](https://github.com/contiv). The [installer](https://github.com/contiv/install) provides both kubeadm and non-kubeadm based installation options.
* [Contrail](https://www.juniper.net/us/en/products-services/sdn/contrail/contrail-networking/), based on [Tungsten Fabric](https://tungsten.io), is an open source, multi-cloud network virtualization and policy management platform. Contrail and Tungsten Fabric are integrated with orchestration systems such as Kubernetes, OpenShift, OpenStack and Mesos, and provide isolation modes for virtual machines, containers/pods and bare metal workloads.
* [Flannel](https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel#deploying-flannel-manually) is an overlay network provider that can be used with Kubernetes.
* [Knitter](https://github.com/ZTE/Knitter/) is a plugin to support multiple network interfaces in a Kubernetes pod.
* Multus is a Multi plugin for multiple network support in Kubernetes to support all CNI plugins (e.g. Calico, Cilium, Contiv, Flannel), in addition to SRIOV, DPDK, OVS-DPDK and VPP based workloads in Kubernetes.
* [Multus](https://github.com/k8snetworkplumbingwg/multus-cni) is a Multi plugin for multiple network support in Kubernetes to support all CNI plugins (e.g. Calico, Cilium, Contiv, Flannel), in addition to SRIOV, DPDK, OVS-DPDK and VPP based workloads in Kubernetes.
* [OVN-Kubernetes](https://github.com/ovn-org/ovn-kubernetes/) is a networking provider for Kubernetes based on [OVN (Open Virtual Network)](https://github.com/ovn-org/ovn/), a virtual networking implementation that came out of the Open vSwitch (OVS) project. OVN-Kubernetes provides an overlay based networking implementation for Kubernetes, including an OVS based implementation of load balancing and network policy.
* [OVN4NFV-K8S-Plugin](https://github.com/opnfv/ovn4nfv-k8s-plugin) is OVN based CNI controller plugin to provide cloud native based Service function chaining(SFC), Multiple OVN overlay networking, dynamic subnet creation, dynamic creation of virtual networks, VLAN Provider network, Direct provider network and pluggable with other Multi-network plugins, ideal for edge based cloud native workloads in Multi-cluster networking
* [NSX-T](https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-NSX-T/2.0/nsxt_20_ncp_kubernetes.pdf) Container Plug-in (NCP) provides integration between VMware NSX-T and container orchestrators such as Kubernetes, as well as integration between NSX-T and container-based CaaS/PaaS platforms such as Pivotal Container Service (PKS) and OpenShift.
* [OVN4NFV-K8S-Plugin](https://github.com/opnfv/ovn4nfv-k8s-plugin) is OVN based CNI controller plugin to provide cloud native based Service function chaining(SFC), Multiple OVN overlay networking, dynamic subnet creation, dynamic creation of virtual networks, VLAN Provider network, Direct provider network and pluggable with other Multi-network plugins, ideal for edge based cloud native workloads in Multi-cluster networking.
* [NSX-T](https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-NSX-T-Data-Center/index.html) Container Plug-in (NCP) provides integration between VMware NSX-T and container orchestrators such as Kubernetes, as well as integration between NSX-T and container-based CaaS/PaaS platforms such as Pivotal Container Service (PKS) and OpenShift.
* [Nuage](https://github.com/nuagenetworks/nuage-kubernetes/blob/v5.1.1-1/docs/kubernetes-1-installation.rst) is an SDN platform that provides policy-based networking between Kubernetes Pods and non-Kubernetes environments with visibility and security monitoring.
* **Romana** is a Layer 3 networking solution for pod networks that also supports the [NetworkPolicy API](/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/). Kubeadm add-on installation details available [here](https://github.com/romana/romana/tree/master/containerize).
* [Romana](https://github.com/romana) is a Layer 3 networking solution for pod networks that also supports the [NetworkPolicy](/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies/) API.
* [Weave Net](https://www.weave.works/docs/net/latest/kubernetes/kube-addon/) provides networking and network policy, will carry on working on both sides of a network partition, and does not require an external database.
## Service Discovery
content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/flow-control.md
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@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ to balance progress between request flows.
The queuing configuration allows tuning the fair queuing algorithm for a
priority level. Details of the algorithm can be read in the
[enhancement proposal](#whats-next), but in short:
[enhancement proposal](#what-s-next), but in short:
* Increasing `queues` reduces the rate of collisions between different flows, at
the cost of increased memory usage. A value of 1 here effectively disables the
content/en/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking.md
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@@ -203,4 +203,4 @@ to run, and in both cases, the network provides one IP address per pod - as is s
The early design of the networking model and its rationale, and some future
plans are described in more detail in the
[networking design document](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/network/networking.md).
[networking design document](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/network/networking.md).
content/en/docs/concepts/configuration/secret.md
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@@ -247,6 +247,8 @@ You can still [manually create](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-se
a service account token Secret; for example, if you need a token that never expires.
However, using the [TokenRequest](/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/authentication-resources/token-request-v1/)
subresource to obtain a token to access the API is recommended instead.
You can use the [`kubectl create token`](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands#-em-token-em-)
command to obtain a token from the `TokenRequest` API.
{{< /note >}}
#### Projection of Secret keys to specific paths
@@ -886,15 +888,30 @@ In this case, `0` means you have created an empty Secret.
### Service account token Secrets
A `kubernetes.io/service-account-token` type of Secret is used to store a
token that identifies a
token credential that identifies a
{{< glossary_tooltip text="service account" term_id="service-account" >}}.
Since 1.22, this type of Secret is no longer used to mount credentials into Pods,
and obtaining tokens via the [TokenRequest](/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/authentication-resources/token-request-v1/)
API is recommended instead of using service account token Secret objects.
Tokens obtained from the `TokenRequest` API are more secure than ones stored in Secret objects,
because they have a bounded lifetime and are not readable by other API clients.
You can use the [`kubectl create token`](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands#-em-token-em-)
command to obtain a token from the `TokenRequest` API.
You should only create a service account token Secret object
if you can't use the `TokenRequest` API to obtain a token,
and the security exposure of persisting a non-expiring token credential
in a readable API object is acceptable to you.
When using this Secret type, you need to ensure that the
`kubernetes.io/service-account.name` annotation is set to an existing
service account name. A Kubernetes
{{< glossary_tooltip text="controller" term_id="controller" >}} fills in some
other fields such as the `kubernetes.io/service-account.uid` annotation, and the
`token` key in the `data` field, which is set to contain an authentication
token.
service account name. If you are creating both the ServiceAccount and
the Secret objects, you should create the ServiceAccount object first.
After the Secret is created, a Kubernetes {{< glossary_tooltip text="controller" term_id="controller" >}}
fills in some other fields such as the `kubernetes.io/service-account.uid` annotation, and the
`token` key in the `data` field, which is populated with an authentication token.
The following example configuration declares a service account token Secret:
@@ -911,20 +928,14 @@ data:
extra: YmFyCg==
```
When creating a `Pod`, Kubernetes automatically finds or creates a service account
Secret and then automatically modifies your Pod to use this Secret. The service account
token Secret contains credentials for accessing the Kubernetes API.
The automatic creation and use of API credentials can be disabled or
overridden if desired. However, if all you need to do is securely access the
API server, this is the recommended workflow.
After creating the Secret, wait for Kubernetes to populate the `token` key in the `data` field.
See the [ServiceAccount](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/)
documentation for more information on how service accounts work.
You can also check the `automountServiceAccountToken` field and the
`serviceAccountName` field of the
[`Pod`](/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/{{< param "version" >}}/#pod-v1-core)
for information on referencing service account from Pods.
for information on referencing service account credentials from within Pods.
### Docker config Secrets
@@ -982,7 +993,7 @@ kubectl create secret docker-registry secret-tiger-docker \
```
That command creates a Secret of type `kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson`.
If you dump the `.data.dockercfgjson` field from that new Secret and then
If you dump the `.data.dockerconfigjson` field from that new Secret and then
decode it from base64:
```shell
@@ -1291,7 +1302,7 @@ on that node.
- When deploying applications that interact with the Secret API, you should
limit access using
[authorization policies](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) such as
[RBAC]( /docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/).
[RBAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/).
- In the Kubernetes API, `watch` and `list` requests for Secrets within a namespace
are extremely powerful capabilities. Avoid granting this access where feasible, since
listing Secrets allows the clients to inspect the values of every Secret in that
@@ -1310,7 +1321,7 @@ have access to run a Pod that then exposes the Secret.
- When deploying applications that interact with the Secret API, you should
limit access using
[authorization policies](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) such as
[RBAC]( /docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/).
[RBAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/).
- In the API server, objects (including Secrets) are persisted into
{{< glossary_tooltip term_id="etcd" >}}; therefore:
- only allow cluster admistrators to access etcd (this includes read-only access);
content/en/docs/concepts/configuration/windows-resource-management.md
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@@ -32,52 +32,48 @@ host, and thus privileged containers are not available on Windows.
Containers cannot assume an identity from the host because the Security Account Manager
(SAM) is separate.
## Memory reservations {#resource-management-memory}
## Memory management {#resource-management-memory}
Windows does not have an out-of-memory process killer as Linux does. Windows always
treats all user-mode memory allocations as virtual, and pagefiles are mandatory.
Windows nodes do not overcommit memory for processes running in containers. The
Windows nodes do not overcommit memory for processes. The
net effect is that Windows won't reach out of memory conditions the same way Linux
does, and processes page to disk instead of being subject to out of memory (OOM)
termination. If memory is over-provisioned and all physical memory is exhausted,
then paging can slow down performance.
You can place bounds on memory use for workloads using the kubelet
parameters `--kubelet-reserve` and/or `--system-reserve`; these account
for memory usage on the node (outside of containers), and reduce
[NodeAllocatable](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#node-allocatable).
As you deploy workloads, set resource limits on containers. This also subtracts from
`NodeAllocatable` and prevents the scheduler from adding more pods once a node is full.
## CPU management {#resource-management-cpu}
{{< note >}}
When you set memory resource limits for Windows containers, you should either set a
limit and leave the memory request unspecified, or set the request equal to the limit.
{{< /note >}}
Windows can limit the amount of CPU time allocated for different processes but cannot
guarantee a minimum amount of CPU time.
On Windows, good practice to avoid over-provisioning is to configure the kubelet
with a system reserved memory of at least 2GiB to account for Windows, Kubernetes
and container runtime overheads.
## CPU reservations {#resource-management-cpu}
To account for CPU use by the operating system, the container runtime, and by
Kubernetes host processes such as the kubelet, you can (and should) reserve a
percentage of total CPU. You should determine this CPU reservation taking account of
to the number of CPU cores available on the node. To decide on the CPU percentage to
reserve, identify the maximum pod density for each node and monitor the CPU usage of
the system services running there, then choose a value that meets your workload needs.
You can place bounds on CPU usage for workloads using the
kubelet parameters `--kubelet-reserve` and/or `--system-reserve` to
account for CPU usage on the node (outside of containers).
This reduces `NodeAllocatable`.
The cluster-wide scheduler then takes this reservation into account when determining
pod placement.
On Windows, the kubelet supports a command-line flag to set the priority of the
On Windows, the kubelet supports a command-line flag to set the
[scheduling priority](https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/procthread/scheduling-priorities) of the
kubelet process: `--windows-priorityclass`. This flag allows the kubelet process to get
more CPU time slices when compared to other processes running on the Windows host.
More information on the allowable values and their meaning is available at
[Windows Priority Classes](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/procthread/scheduling-priorities#priority-class).
To ensure that running Pods do not starve the kubelet of CPU cycles, set this flag to `ABOVE_NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS` or above.
## Resource reservation {#resource-reservation}
To account for memory and CPU used by the operating system, the container runtime, and by
Kubernetes host processes such as the kubelet, you can (and should) reserve
memory and CPU resources with the `--kube-reserved` and/or `--system-reserved` kubelet flags.
On Windows these values are only used to calculate the node's
[allocatable](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#node-allocatable) resources.
{{< caution >}}
As you deploy workloads, set resource memory and CPU limits on containers.
This also subtracts from `NodeAllocatable` and helps the cluster-wide scheduler in determining which pods to place on which nodes.
Scheduling pods without limits may over-provision the Windows nodes and in extreme
cases can cause the nodes to become unhealthy.
{{< /caution >}}
On Windows, a good practice is to reserve at least 2GiB of memory.
To determine how much CPU to reserve,
identify the maximum pod density for each node and monitor the CPU usage of
the system services running there, then choose a value that meets your workload needs.
content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/_index.md
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@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ After a request is authorized, if it is a write operation, it also goes through
### Storage Plugins
[Flex Volumes](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/storage/flexvolume-deployment.md
[Flex Volumes](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/storage/flexvolume-deployment.md
) allow users to mount volume types without built-in support by having the
Kubelet call a Binary Plugin to mount the volume.
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ This is a significant undertaking, and almost all Kubernetes users find they
do not need to modify the scheduler.
The scheduler also supports a
[webhook](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/scheduling/scheduler_extender.md)
[webhook](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/scheduling/scheduler_extender.md)
that permits a webhook backend (scheduler extension) to filter and prioritize
the nodes chosen for a pod.
content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md
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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ weight: 20
<!-- overview -->
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.10" state="beta" >}}
Kubernetes provides a [device plugin framework](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/resource-management/device-plugin.md)
Kubernetes provides a [device plugin framework](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/resource-management/device-plugin.md)
that you can use to advertise system hardware resources to the
{{< glossary_tooltip term_id="kubelet" >}}.
content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins.md
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@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ weight: 10
Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}} supports [Container Network Interface](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni)
(CNI) plugins for cluster networking. You must use a CNI plugin that is compatible with your cluster and that suits your needs. Different plugins are available (both open- and closed- source) in the wider Kubernetes ecosystem.
A CNI plugin is required to implement the [Kubernetes network model](/docs/concepts/services-networking/#the-kubernetes-network-model).
You must use a CNI plugin that is compatible with the
[v0.4.0](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/spec-v0.4.0/SPEC.md) or later
releases of the CNI specification. The Kubernetes project recommends using a plugin that is
@@ -24,26 +26,37 @@ CNI specification (plugins can be compatible with multiple spec versions).
## Installation
A CNI plugin is required to implement the [Kubernetes network model](/docs/concepts/services-networking/#the-kubernetes-network-model). The CRI manages its own CNI plugins. There are two Kubelet command line parameters to keep in mind when using plugins:
A Container Runtime, in the networking context, is a daemon on a node configured to provide CRI Services for kubelet. In particular, the Container Runtime must be configured to load the CNI plugins required to implement the Kubernetes network model.
* `cni-bin-dir`: Kubelet probes this directory for plugins on startup
* `network-plugin`: The network plugin to use from `cni-bin-dir`. It must match the name reported by a plugin probed from the plugin directory. For CNI plugins, this is `cni`.
{{< note >}}
Prior to Kubernetes 1.24, the CNI plugins could also be managed by the kubelet using the `cni-bin-dir` and `network-plugin` command-line parameters.
These command-line parameters were removed in Kubernetes 1.24, with management of the CNI no longer in scope for kubelet.
See [Troubleshooting CNI plugin-related errors](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/migrating-from-dockershim/troubleshooting-cni-plugin-related-errors/)
if you are facing issues following the removal of dockershim.
{{< /note >}}
For specific information about how a Container Runtime manages the CNI plugins, see the documentation for that Container Runtime, for example:
- [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/script/setup/install-cni)
- [CRI-O](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/blob/main/contrib/cni/README.md)
For specific information about how to install and manage a CNI plugin, see the documentation for that plugin or [networking provider](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#how-to-implement-the-kubernetes-networking-model).
## Network Plugin Requirements
Besides providing the [`NetworkPlugin` interface](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/{{< param "fullversion" >}}/pkg/kubelet/dockershim/network/plugins.go) to configure and clean up pod networking, the plugin may also need specific support for kube-proxy. The iptables proxy obviously depends on iptables, and the plugin may need to ensure that container traffic is made available to iptables. For example, if the plugin connects containers to a Linux bridge, the plugin must set the `net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables` sysctl to `1` to ensure that the iptables proxy functions correctly. If the plugin does not use a Linux bridge (but instead something like Open vSwitch or some other mechanism) it should ensure container traffic is appropriately routed for the proxy.
For plugin developers and users who regularly build or deploy Kubernetes, the plugin may also need specific configuration to support kube-proxy.
The iptables proxy depends on iptables, and the plugin may need to ensure that container traffic is made available to iptables.
For example, if the plugin connects containers to a Linux bridge, the plugin must set the `net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables` sysctl to `1` to ensure that the iptables proxy functions correctly.
If the plugin does not use a Linux bridge, but uses something like Open vSwitch or some other mechanism instead, it should ensure container traffic is appropriately routed for the proxy.
By default if no kubelet network plugin is specified, the `noop` plugin is used, which sets `net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables=1` to ensure simple configurations (like Docker with a bridge) work correctly with the iptables proxy.
By default, if no kubelet network plugin is specified, the `noop` plugin is used, which sets `net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables=1` to ensure simple configurations (like Docker with a bridge) work correctly with the iptables proxy.
### CNI
### Loopback CNI
The CNI plugin is selected by passing Kubelet the `--network-plugin=cni` command-line option. Kubelet reads a file from `--cni-conf-dir` (default `/etc/cni/net.d`) and uses the CNI configuration from that file to set up each pod's network. The CNI configuration file must match the [CNI specification](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/master/SPEC.md#network-configuration), and any required CNI plugins referenced by the configuration must be present in `--cni-bin-dir` (default `/opt/cni/bin`).
In addition to the CNI plugin installed on the nodes for implementing the Kubernetes network model, Kubernetes also requires the container runtimes to provide a loopback interface `lo`, which is used for each sandbox (pod sandboxes, vm sandboxes, ...).
Implementing the loopback interface can be accomplished by re-using the [CNI loopback plugin.](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/blob/master/plugins/main/loopback/loopback.go) or by developing your own code to achieve this (see [this example from CRI-O](https://github.com/cri-o/ocicni/blob/release-1.24/pkg/ocicni/util_linux.go#L91)).
If there are multiple CNI configuration files in the directory, the kubelet uses the configuration file that comes first by name in lexicographic order.
In addition to the CNI plugin specified by the configuration file, Kubernetes requires the standard CNI [`lo`](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/blob/master/plugins/main/loopback/loopback.go) plugin, at minimum version 0.2.0
#### Support hostPort
### Support hostPort
The CNI networking plugin supports `hostPort`. You can use the official [portmap](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/meta/portmap)
plugin offered by the CNI plugin team or use your own plugin with portMapping functionality.
@@ -80,7 +93,7 @@ For example:
}
```
#### Support traffic shaping
### Support traffic shaping
**Experimental Feature**
@@ -132,8 +145,4 @@ metadata:
...
```
## Usage Summary
* `--network-plugin=cni` specifies that we use the `cni` network plugin with actual CNI plugin binaries located in `--cni-bin-dir` (default `/opt/cni/bin`) and CNI plugin configuration located in `--cni-conf-dir` (default `/etc/cni/net.d`).
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/operator.md
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@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ Operator.
{{% thirdparty-content %}}
* [Charmed Operator Framework](https://juju.is/)
* [Java Operator SDK](https://github.com/java-operator-sdk/java-operator-sdk)
* [Kopf](https://github.com/nolar/kopf) (Kubernetes Operator Pythonic Framework)
* [kube-rs](https://kube.rs/) (Rust)
* [kubebuilder](https://book.kubebuilder.io/)
* [KubeOps](https://buehler.github.io/dotnet-operator-sdk/) (.NET operator SDK)
* [KUDO](https://kudo.dev/) (Kubernetes Universal Declarative Operator)
content/en/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api.md
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@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ request headers as follows:
Kubernetes implements an alternative Protobuf based serialization format that
is primarily intended for intra-cluster communication. For more information
about this format, see the [Kubernetes Protobuf serialization](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/api-machinery/protobuf.md) design proposal and the
about this format, see the [Kubernetes Protobuf serialization](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/api-machinery/protobuf.md) design proposal and the
Interface Definition Language (IDL) files for each schema located in the Go
packages that define the API objects.
content/en/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/names.md
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@@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ UUIDs are standardized as ISO/IEC 9834-8 and as ITU-T X.667.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
* Read about [labels](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/labels/) in Kubernetes.
* See the [Identifiers and Names in Kubernetes](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/architecture/identifiers.md) design document.
* See the [Identifiers and Names in Kubernetes](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/architecture/identifiers.md) design document.
content/en/docs/concepts/policy/limit-range.md
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@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Neither contention nor changes to a LimitRange will affect already created resou
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
Refer to the [LimitRanger design document](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/resource-management/admission_control_limit_range.md) for more information.
Refer to the [LimitRanger design document](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/resource-management/admission_control_limit_range.md) for more information.
For examples on using limits, see:
content/en/docs/concepts/policy/resource-quotas.md
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@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ be consumed by resources in that namespace.
Resource quotas work like this:
- Different teams work in different namespaces. Currently this is voluntary, but
support for making this mandatory via ACLs is planned.
- Different teams work in different namespaces. This can be enforced with [RBAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/).
- The administrator creates one ResourceQuota for each namespace.
@@ -698,7 +697,7 @@ and it is to be created in a namespace other than `kube-system`.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
- See [ResourceQuota design doc](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/resource-management/admission_control_resource_quota.md) for more information.
- See [ResourceQuota design doc](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/resource-management/admission_control_resource_quota.md) for more information.
- See a [detailed example for how to use resource quota](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/quota-api-object/).
- Read [Quota support for priority class design doc](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/scheduling/pod-priority-resourcequota.md).
- Read [Quota support for priority class design doc](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/scheduling/pod-priority-resourcequota.md).
- See [LimitedResources](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/36765)
content/en/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/assign-pod-node.md
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@@ -302,9 +302,8 @@ the Pod onto a node that is in the same zone as one or more Pods with the label
`topology.kubernetes.io/zone=R` label if there are other nodes in the
same zone currently running Pods with the `Security=S2` Pod label.
See the
[design doc](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/scheduling/podaffinity.md)
for many more examples of Pod affinity and anti-affinity.
To get yourself more familiar with the examples of Pod affinity and anti-affinity,
refer to the [design proposal](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/scheduling/podaffinity.md).
You can use the `In`, `NotIn`, `Exists` and `DoesNotExist` values in the
`operator` field for Pod affinity and anti-affinity.
@@ -472,8 +471,8 @@ The above Pod will only run on the node `kube-01`.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
* Read more about [taints and tolerations](/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/taint-and-toleration/) .
* Read the design docs for [node affinity](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/scheduling/nodeaffinity.md)
and for [inter-pod affinity/anti-affinity](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/scheduling/podaffinity.md).
* Read the design docs for [node affinity](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/scheduling/nodeaffinity.md)
and for [inter-pod affinity/anti-affinity](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/scheduling/podaffinity.md).
* Learn about how the [topology manager](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/topology-manager/) takes part in node-level
resource allocation decisions.
* Learn how to use [nodeSelector](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-pods-nodes/).
content/en/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/pod-overhead.md
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@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ The output is:
map[cpu:250m memory:120Mi]
```
If a ResourceQuota is defined, the sum of container requests as well as the
If a [ResourceQuota](/docs/concepts/policy/resource-quotas/) is defined, the sum of container requests as well as the
`overhead` field are counted.
When the kube-scheduler is deciding which node should run a new Pod, the scheduler considers that Pod's
content/en/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/resource-bin-packing.md
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@@ -3,70 +3,100 @@ reviewers:
- bsalamat
- k82cn
- ahg-g
title: Resource Bin Packing for Extended Resources
title: Resource Bin Packing
content_type: concept
weight: 80
---
<!-- overview -->
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.16" state="alpha" >}}
The kube-scheduler can be configured to enable bin packing of resources along
with extended resources using `RequestedToCapacityRatioResourceAllocation`
priority function. Priority functions can be used to fine-tune the
kube-scheduler as per custom needs.
In the [scheduling-plugin](/docs/reference/scheduling/config/#scheduling-plugins) `NodeResourcesFit` of kube-scheduler, there are two
scoring strategies that support the bin packing of resources: `MostAllocated` and `RequestedToCapacityRatio`.
<!-- body -->
## Enabling Bin Packing using RequestedToCapacityRatioResourceAllocation
## Enabling bin packing using MostAllocated strategy
The `MostAllocated` strategy scores the nodes based on the utilization of resources, favoring the ones with higher allocation.
For each resource type, you can set a weight to modify its influence in the node score.
Kubernetes allows the users to specify the resources along with weights for
To set the `MostAllocated` strategy for the `NodeResourcesFit` plugin, use a
[scheduler configuration](/docs/reference/scheduling/config) similar to the following:
```yaml
apiVersion: kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind: KubeSchedulerConfiguration
profiles:
- pluginConfig:
- args:
scoringStrategy:
resources:
- name: cpu
weight: 1
- name: memory
weight: 1
- name: intel.com/foo
weight: 3
- name: intel.com/bar
weight: 3
type: MostAllocated
name: NodeResourcesFit
```
To learn more about other parameters and their default configuration, see the API documentation for
[`NodeResourcesFitArgs`](/docs/reference/config-api/kube-scheduler-config.v1beta3/#kubescheduler-config-k8s-io-v1beta3-NodeResourcesFitArgs).
## Enabling bin packing using RequestedToCapacityRatio
The `RequestedToCapacityRatio` strategy allows the users to specify the resources along with weights for
each resource to score nodes based on the request to capacity ratio. This
allows users to bin pack extended resources by using appropriate parameters
and improves the utilization of scarce resources in large clusters. The
behavior of the `RequestedToCapacityRatioResourceAllocation` priority function
can be controlled by a configuration option called `RequestedToCapacityRatioArgs`.
This argument consists of two parameters `shape` and `resources`. The `shape`
to improve the utilization of scarce resources in large clusters. It favors nodes according to a
configured function of the allocated resources. The behavior of the `RequestedToCapacityRatio` in
the `NodeResourcesFit` score function can be controlled by the
[scoringStrategy](/docs/reference/config-api/kube-scheduler-config.v1beta3/#kubescheduler-config-k8s-io-v1beta3-ScoringStrategy) field.
Within the `scoringStrategy` field, you can configure two parameters: `requestedToCapacityRatioParam` and
`resources`. The `shape` in `requestedToCapacityRatioParam`
parameter allows the user to tune the function as least requested or most
requested based on `utilization` and `score` values. The `resources` parameter
consists of `name` of the resource to be considered during scoring and `weight`
specify the weight of each resource.
Below is an example configuration that sets
`requestedToCapacityRatioArguments` to bin packing behavior for extended
resources `intel.com/foo` and `intel.com/bar`.
the bin packing behavior for extended resources `intel.com/foo` and `intel.com/bar`
using the `requestedToCapacityRatio` field.
```yaml
apiVersion: kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind: KubeSchedulerConfiguration
profiles:
# ...
pluginConfig:
- name: RequestedToCapacityRatio
args:
shape:
- utilization: 0
score: 10
- utilization: 100
score: 0
- pluginConfig:
- args:
scoringStrategy:
resources:
- name: intel.com/foo
weight: 3
- name: intel.com/bar
weight: 5
weight: 3
requestedToCapacityRatioParam:
shape:
- utilization: 0
score: 0
- utilization: 100
score: 10
type: RequestedToCapacityRatio
name: NodeResourcesFit
```
Referencing the `KubeSchedulerConfiguration` file with the kube-scheduler
flag `--config=/path/to/config/file` will pass the configuration to the
scheduler.
**This feature is disabled by default**
To learn more about other parameters and their default configuration, see the API documentation for
[`NodeResourcesFitArgs`](/docs/reference/config-api/kube-scheduler-config.v1beta3/#kubescheduler-config-k8s-io-v1beta3-NodeResourcesFitArgs).
### Tuning the Priority Function
### Tuning the score function
`shape` is used to specify the behavior of the
`RequestedToCapacityRatioPriority` function.
`shape` is used to specify the behavior of the `RequestedToCapacityRatio` function.
```yaml
shape:
content/en/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards.md
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@@ -29,10 +29,9 @@ This guide outlines the requirements of each policy.
**The _Privileged_ policy is purposely-open, and entirely unrestricted.** This type of policy is
typically aimed at system- and infrastructure-level workloads managed by privileged, trusted users.
The Privileged policy is defined by an absence of restrictions. For allow-by-default enforcement
mechanisms (such as gatekeeper), the Privileged policy may be an absence of applied constraints
rather than an instantiated profile. In contrast, for a deny-by-default mechanism (such as Pod
Security Policy) the Privileged policy should enable all controls (disable all restrictions).
The Privileged policy is defined by an absence of restrictions. Allow-by-default
mechanisms (such as gatekeeper) may be Privileged by default. In contrast, for a deny-by-default mechanism (such as Pod
Security Policy) the Privileged policy should disable all restrictions.
### Baseline
@@ -458,6 +457,16 @@ of individual policies are not defined here.
- {{< example file="policy/baseline-psp.yaml" >}}Baseline{{< /example >}}
- {{< example file="policy/restricted-psp.yaml" >}}Restricted{{< /example >}}
### Alternatives
{{% thirdparty-content %}}
Other alternatives for enforcing policies are being developed in the Kubernetes ecosystem, such as:
- [Kubewarden](https://github.com/kubewarden)
- [Kyverno](https://kyverno.io/policies/pod-security/)
- [OPA Gatekeeper](https://github.com/open-policy-agent/gatekeeper)
## FAQ
### Why isn't there a profile between privileged and baseline?
@@ -481,14 +490,6 @@ as well as other related parameters outside the Security Context. As of July 202
[Pod Security Policies](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-policy/) are deprecated in favor of the
built-in [Pod Security Admission Controller](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-admission/).
{{% thirdparty-content %}}
Other alternatives for enforcing security profiles are being developed in the Kubernetes
ecosystem, such as:
- [OPA Gatekeeper](https://github.com/open-policy-agent/gatekeeper).
- [Kubewarden](https://github.com/kubewarden).
- [Kyverno](https://kyverno.io/policies/pod-security/).
### What profiles should I apply to my Windows Pods?
Windows in Kubernetes has some limitations and differentiators from standard Linux-based
content/en/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices.md
+7 -3
View File
@@ -37,13 +37,14 @@ some general rules that can be applied are :
can avoid accidental modification of cluster resources.
- Avoid adding users to the `system:masters` group. Any user who is a member of this group
bypasses all RBAC rights checks and will always have unrestricted superuser access, which cannot be
revoked by removing Role Bindings or Cluster Role Bindings. As an aside, if a cluster is
revoked by removing RoleBindings or ClusterRoleBindings. As an aside, if a cluster is
using an authorization webhook, membership of this group also bypasses that webhook (requests
from users who are members of that group are never sent to the webhook)
### Minimize distribution of privileged tokens
Ideally, pods shouldn't be assigned service accounts granted powerful permissions (listed [here](#Kubernetes-RBAC---Privilege-Escalation-Risks)).
Ideally, pods shouldn't be assigned service accounts that have been granted powerful permissions (for example, any of the rights listed under
[privilege escalation risks](#privilege-escalation-risks)).
In cases where a workload requires powerful permissions, consider the following practices:
- Limit the number of nodes running powerful pods. Ensure that any DaemonSets you run
@@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ Within Kubernetes RBAC there are a number of privileges which, if granted, can a
to escalate their privileges in the cluster or affect systems outside the cluster.
This section is intended to provide visibility of the areas where cluster operators
should take care, to ensure that they do not inadvertantly allow for more access to clusters than intended.
should take care, to ensure that they do not inadvertently allow for more access to clusters than intended.
### Listing secrets
@@ -173,3 +174,6 @@ are allowed limited access to a system.
One option for mitigation of this issue would be to use [resource quotas](/docs/concepts/policy/resource-quotas/#object-count-quota)
to limit the quantity of objects which can be created.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
* To learn more about RBAC, see the [RBAC documentation](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/).
content/en/docs/concepts/security/windows-security.md
+1 -1
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@@ -51,5 +51,5 @@ Windows containers can also run as Active Directory identities by utilizing [Gro
Linux-specific pod security context mechanisms (such as SELinux, AppArmor, Seccomp, or custom
POSIX capabilities) are not supported on Windows nodes.
Privileged containers are [not supported](#compatibility-v1-pod-spec-containers-securitycontext) on Windows.
Privileged containers are [not supported](/docs/concepts/windows/intro/#compatibility-v1-pod-spec-containers-securitycontext) on Windows.
Instead [HostProcess containers](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/create-hostprocess-pod) can be used on Windows to perform many of the tasks performed by privileged containers on Linux.
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/_index.md
+7 -8
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@@ -7,26 +7,25 @@ description: >
## The Kubernetes network model
Every [`Pod`](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/) gets its own IP address.
Every [`Pod`](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/) in a cluster gets its own unique cluster-wide IP address.
This means you do not need to explicitly create links between `Pods` and you
almost never need to deal with mapping container ports to host ports.
This creates a clean, backwards-compatible model where `Pods` can be treated
much like VMs or physical hosts from the perspectives of port allocation,
naming, service discovery, [load balancing](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/#load-balancing), application configuration,
and migration.
naming, service discovery, [load balancing](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/#load-balancing),
application configuration, and migration.
Kubernetes imposes the following fundamental requirements on any networking
implementation (barring any intentional network segmentation policies):
* pods on a [node](/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/) can communicate with all pods on all nodes without NAT
* pods can communicate with all other pods on any other [node](/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/)
without NAT
* agents on a node (e.g. system daemons, kubelet) can communicate with all
pods on that node
Note: For those platforms that support `Pods` running in the host network (e.g.
Linux):
* pods in the host network of a node can communicate with all pods on all
nodes without NAT
Linux), when pods are attached to the host network of a node they can still communicate
with all pods on all nodes without NAT.
This model is not only less complex overall, but it is principally compatible
with the desire for Kubernetes to enable low-friction porting of apps from VMs
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service.md
+49 -31
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@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ weight: 20
---
<!-- overview -->
Kubernetes creates DNS records for services and pods. You can contact
services with consistent DNS names instead of IP addresses.
Kubernetes creates DNS records for Services and Pods. You can contact
Services with consistent DNS names instead of IP addresses.
<!-- body -->
@@ -25,20 +25,20 @@ Pod's own namespace and the cluster's default domain.
### Namespaces of Services
A DNS query may return different results based on the namespace of the pod making
it. DNS queries that don't specify a namespace are limited to the pod's
namespace. Access services in other namespaces by specifying it in the DNS query.
A DNS query may return different results based on the namespace of the Pod making
it. DNS queries that don't specify a namespace are limited to the Pod's
namespace. Access Services in other namespaces by specifying it in the DNS query.
For example, consider a pod in a `test` namespace. A `data` service is in
For example, consider a Pod in a `test` namespace. A `data` Service is in
the `prod` namespace.
A query for `data` returns no results, because it uses the pod's `test` namespace.
A query for `data` returns no results, because it uses the Pod's `test` namespace.
A query for `data.prod` returns the intended result, because it specifies the
namespace.
DNS queries may be expanded using the pod's `/etc/resolv.conf`. Kubelet
sets this file for each pod. For example, a query for just `data` may be
DNS queries may be expanded using the Pod's `/etc/resolv.conf`. Kubelet
sets this file for each Pod. For example, a query for just `data` may be
expanded to `data.test.svc.cluster.local`. The values of the `search` option
are used to expand queries. To learn more about DNS queries, see
[the `resolv.conf` manual page.](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/resolv.conf.5.html)
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ search <namespace>.svc.cluster.local svc.cluster.local cluster.local
options ndots:5
```
In summary, a pod in the _test_ namespace can successfully resolve either
In summary, a Pod in the _test_ namespace can successfully resolve either
`data.prod` or `data.prod.svc.cluster.local`.
### DNS Records
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ For more up-to-date specification, see
### A/AAAA records
"Normal" (not headless) Services are assigned a DNS A or AAAA record,
depending on the IP family of the service, for a name of the form
depending on the IP family of the Service, for a name of the form
`my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`. This resolves to the cluster IP
of the Service.
"Headless" (without a cluster IP) Services are also assigned a DNS A or AAAA record,
depending on the IP family of the service, for a name of the form
depending on the IP family of the Service, for a name of the form
`my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`. Unlike normal
Services, this resolves to the set of IPs of the pods selected by the Service.
Services, this resolves to the set of IPs of the Pods selected by the Service.
Clients are expected to consume the set or else use standard round-robin
selection from the set.
@@ -87,36 +87,36 @@ SRV Records are created for named ports that are part of normal or [Headless
Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services).
For each named port, the SRV record would have the form
`_my-port-name._my-port-protocol.my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
For a regular service, this resolves to the port number and the domain name:
For a regular Service, this resolves to the port number and the domain name:
`my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
For a headless service, this resolves to multiple answers, one for each pod
that is backing the service, and contains the port number and the domain name of the pod
For a headless Service, this resolves to multiple answers, one for each Pod
that is backing the Service, and contains the port number and the domain name of the Pod
of the form `auto-generated-name.my-svc.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
## Pods
### A/AAAA records
In general a pod has the following DNS resolution:
In general a Pod has the following DNS resolution:
`pod-ip-address.my-namespace.pod.cluster-domain.example`.
For example, if a pod in the `default` namespace has the IP address 172.17.0.3,
For example, if a Pod in the `default` namespace has the IP address 172.17.0.3,
and the domain name for your cluster is `cluster.local`, then the Pod has a DNS name:
`172-17-0-3.default.pod.cluster.local`.
Any pods exposed by a Service have the following DNS resolution available:
Any Pods exposed by a Service have the following DNS resolution available:
`pod-ip-address.service-name.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`.
### Pod's hostname and subdomain fields
Currently when a pod is created, its hostname is the Pod's `metadata.name` value.
Currently when a Pod is created, its hostname is the Pod's `metadata.name` value.
The Pod spec has an optional `hostname` field, which can be used to specify the
Pod's hostname. When specified, it takes precedence over the Pod's name to be
the hostname of the pod. For example, given a Pod with `hostname` set to
the hostname of the Pod. For example, given a Pod with `hostname` set to
"`my-host`", the Pod will have its hostname set to "`my-host`".
The Pod spec also has an optional `subdomain` field which can be used to specify
@@ -173,14 +173,14 @@ spec:
name: busybox
```
If there exists a headless service in the same namespace as the pod and with
If there exists a headless Service in the same namespace as the Pod and with
the same name as the subdomain, the cluster's DNS Server also returns an A or AAAA
record for the Pod's fully qualified hostname.
For example, given a Pod with the hostname set to "`busybox-1`" and the subdomain set to
"`default-subdomain`", and a headless Service named "`default-subdomain`" in
the same namespace, the pod will see its own FQDN as
the same namespace, the Pod will see its own FQDN as
"`busybox-1.default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`". DNS serves an
A or AAAA record at that name, pointing to the Pod's IP. Both pods "`busybox1`" and
A or AAAA record at that name, pointing to the Pod's IP. Both Pods "`busybox1`" and
"`busybox2`" can have their distinct A or AAAA records.
The Endpoints object can specify the `hostname` for any endpoint addresses,
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ along with its IP.
{{< note >}}
Because A or AAAA records are not created for Pod names, `hostname` is required for the Pod's A or AAAA
record to be created. A Pod with no `hostname` but with `subdomain` will only create the
A or AAAA record for the headless service (`default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`),
A or AAAA record for the headless Service (`default-subdomain.my-namespace.svc.cluster-domain.example`),
pointing to the Pod's IP address. Also, Pod needs to become ready in order to have a
record unless `publishNotReadyAddresses=True` is set on the Service.
{{< /note >}}
@@ -205,17 +205,17 @@ When you set `setHostnameAsFQDN: true` in the Pod spec, the kubelet writes the P
{{< note >}}
In Linux, the hostname field of the kernel (the `nodename` field of `struct utsname`) is limited to 64 characters.
If a Pod enables this feature and its FQDN is longer than 64 character, it will fail to start. The Pod will remain in `Pending` status (`ContainerCreating` as seen by `kubectl`) generating error events, such as Failed to construct FQDN from pod hostname and cluster domain, FQDN `long-FQDN` is too long (64 characters is the max, 70 characters requested). One way of improving user experience for this scenario is to create an [admission webhook controller](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/extensible-admission-controllers/#admission-webhooks) to control FQDN size when users create top level objects, for example, Deployment.
If a Pod enables this feature and its FQDN is longer than 64 character, it will fail to start. The Pod will remain in `Pending` status (`ContainerCreating` as seen by `kubectl`) generating error events, such as Failed to construct FQDN from Pod hostname and cluster domain, FQDN `long-FQDN` is too long (64 characters is the max, 70 characters requested). One way of improving user experience for this scenario is to create an [admission webhook controller](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/extensible-admission-controllers/#admission-webhooks) to control FQDN size when users create top level objects, for example, Deployment.
{{< /note >}}
### Pod's DNS Policy
DNS policies can be set on a per-pod basis. Currently Kubernetes supports the
following pod-specific DNS policies. These policies are specified in the
DNS policies can be set on a per-Pod basis. Currently Kubernetes supports the
following Pod-specific DNS policies. These policies are specified in the
`dnsPolicy` field of a Pod Spec.
- "`Default`": The Pod inherits the name resolution configuration from the node
that the pods run on.
that the Pods run on.
See [related discussion](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers)
for more details.
- "`ClusterFirst`": Any DNS query that does not match the configured cluster
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ following pod-specific DNS policies. These policies are specified in the
for details on how DNS queries are handled in those cases.
- "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`": For Pods running with hostNetwork, you should
explicitly set its DNS policy "`ClusterFirstWithHostNet`".
- Note: This is not supported on Windows. See [below](#dns-windows) for details
- "`None`": It allows a Pod to ignore DNS settings from the Kubernetes
environment. All DNS settings are supposed to be provided using the
`dnsConfig` field in the Pod Spec.
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ For IPv6 setup, search path and name server should be setup like this:
kubectl exec -it dns-example -- cat /etc/resolv.conf
```
The output is similar to this:
```shell
```
nameserver fd00:79:30::a
search default.svc.cluster-domain.example svc.cluster-domain.example cluster-domain.example
options ndots:5
@@ -323,8 +324,25 @@ If the feature gate `ExpandedDNSConfig` is enabled for the kube-apiserver and
the kubelet, it is allowed for Kubernetes to have at most 32 search domains and
a list of search domains of up to 2048 characters.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
## DNS resolution on Windows nodes {#dns-windows}
- ClusterFirstWithHostNet is not supported for Pods that run on Windows nodes.
Windows treats all names with a `.` as a FQDN and skips FQDN resolution.
- On Windows, there are multiple DNS resolvers that can be used. As these come with
slightly different behaviors, using the
[`Resolve-DNSName`](https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/dnsclient/resolve-dnsname)
powershell cmdlet for name query resolutions is recommended.
- On Linux, you have a DNS suffix list, which is used after resolution of a name as fully
qualified has failed.
On Windows, you can only have 1 DNS suffix, which is the DNS suffix associated with that
Pod's namespace (example: `mydns.svc.cluster.local`). Windows can resolve FQDNs, Services,
or network name which can be resolved with this single suffix. For example, a Pod spawned
in the `default` namespace, will have the DNS suffix `default.svc.cluster.local`.
Inside a Windows Pod, you can resolve both `kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local`
and `kubernetes`, but not the partially qualified names (`kubernetes.default` or
`kubernetes.default.svc`).
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
For guidance on administering DNS configurations, check
[Configure DNS Service](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-custom-nameservers/)
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dual-stack.md
+152 -85
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@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
---
reviewers:
- lachie83
- khenidak
- aramase
- bridgetkromhout
title: IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack
feature:
title: IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack
description: >
Allocation of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to Pods and Services
content_type: concept
reviewers:
- lachie83
- khenidak
- aramase
- bridgetkromhout
weight: 70
---
@@ -18,11 +17,11 @@ weight: 70
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.23" state="stable" >}}
IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking enables the allocation of both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to {{< glossary_tooltip text="Pods" term_id="pod" >}} and {{< glossary_tooltip text="Services" term_id="service" >}}.
IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking is enabled by default for your Kubernetes cluster starting in 1.21, allowing the simultaneous assignment of both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking enables the allocation of both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to
{{< glossary_tooltip text="Pods" term_id="pod" >}} and {{< glossary_tooltip text="Services" term_id="service" >}}.
IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking is enabled by default for your Kubernetes cluster starting in
1.21, allowing the simultaneous assignment of both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
<!-- body -->
@@ -30,68 +29,78 @@ IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking is enabled by default for your Kubernetes cluste
IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack on your Kubernetes cluster provides the following features:
* Dual-stack Pod networking (a single IPv4 and IPv6 address assignment per Pod)
* IPv4 and IPv6 enabled Services
* Pod off-cluster egress routing (eg. the Internet) via both IPv4 and IPv6 interfaces
* Dual-stack Pod networking (a single IPv4 and IPv6 address assignment per Pod)
* IPv4 and IPv6 enabled Services
* Pod off-cluster egress routing (eg. the Internet) via both IPv4 and IPv6 interfaces
## Prerequisites
The following prerequisites are needed in order to utilize IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack Kubernetes clusters:
* Kubernetes 1.20 or later
* Kubernetes 1.20 or later
For information about using dual-stack services with earlier
Kubernetes versions, refer to the documentation for that version
of Kubernetes.
* Provider support for dual-stack networking (Cloud provider or otherwise must be able to provide Kubernetes nodes with routable IPv4/IPv6 network interfaces)
* A [network plugin](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins/) that supports dual-stack networking.
* Provider support for dual-stack networking (Cloud provider or otherwise must be able to provide
Kubernetes nodes with routable IPv4/IPv6 network interfaces)
* A [network plugin](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins/) that
supports dual-stack networking.
## Configure IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack
To configure IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack, set dual-stack cluster network assignments:
* kube-apiserver:
* kube-apiserver:
* `--service-cluster-ip-range=<IPv4 CIDR>,<IPv6 CIDR>`
* kube-controller-manager:
* kube-controller-manager:
* `--cluster-cidr=<IPv4 CIDR>,<IPv6 CIDR>`
* `--service-cluster-ip-range=<IPv4 CIDR>,<IPv6 CIDR>`
* `--node-cidr-mask-size-ipv4|--node-cidr-mask-size-ipv6` defaults to /24 for IPv4 and /64 for IPv6
* kube-proxy:
* kube-proxy:
* `--cluster-cidr=<IPv4 CIDR>,<IPv6 CIDR>`
* kubelet:
* when there is no `--cloud-provider` the administrator can pass a comma-separated pair
of IP addresses via `--node-ip` to manually configure dual-stack `.status.addresses`
for that Node.
* kubelet:
* when there is no `--cloud-provider` the administrator can pass a comma-separated pair of IP
addresses via `--node-ip` to manually configure dual-stack `.status.addresses` for that Node.
If a Pod runs on that node in HostNetwork mode, the Pod reports these IP addresses in its
`.status.podIPs` field.
All `podIPs` in a node match the IP family preference defined by the
`.status.addresses` field for that Node.
All `podIPs` in a node match the IP family preference defined by the `.status.addresses`
field for that Node.
{{< note >}}
An example of an IPv4 CIDR: `10.244.0.0/16` (though you would supply your own address range)
An example of an IPv6 CIDR: `fdXY:IJKL:MNOP:15::/64` (this shows the format but is not a valid address - see [RFC 4193](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193))
An example of an IPv6 CIDR: `fdXY:IJKL:MNOP:15::/64` (this shows the format but is not a valid
address - see [RFC 4193](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193))
{{< /note >}}
## Services
You can create {{< glossary_tooltip text="Services" term_id="service" >}} which can use IPv4, IPv6, or both.
The address family of a Service defaults to the address family of the first service cluster IP range (configured via the `--service-cluster-ip-range` flag to the kube-apiserver).
The address family of a Service defaults to the address family of the first service cluster IP
range (configured via the `--service-cluster-ip-range` flag to the kube-apiserver).
When you define a Service you can optionally configure it as dual stack. To specify the behavior you want, you
set the `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` field to one of the following values:
* `SingleStack`: Single-stack service. The control plane allocates a cluster IP for the Service, using the first configured service cluster IP range.
* `SingleStack`: Single-stack service. The control plane allocates a cluster IP for the Service,
using the first configured service cluster IP range.
* `PreferDualStack`:
* Allocates IPv4 and IPv6 cluster IPs for the Service.
* `RequireDualStack`: Allocates Service `.spec.ClusterIPs` from both IPv4 and IPv6 address ranges.
* Selects the `.spec.ClusterIP` from the list of `.spec.ClusterIPs` based on the address family of the first element in the `.spec.ipFamilies` array.
* Selects the `.spec.ClusterIP` from the list of `.spec.ClusterIPs` based on the address family
of the first element in the `.spec.ipFamilies` array.
If you would like to define which IP family to use for single stack or define the order of IP families for dual-stack, you can choose the address families by setting an optional field, `.spec.ipFamilies`, on the Service.
If you would like to define which IP family to use for single stack or define the order of IP
families for dual-stack, you can choose the address families by setting an optional field,
`.spec.ipFamilies`, on the Service.
{{< note >}}
The `.spec.ipFamilies` field is immutable because the `.spec.ClusterIP` cannot be reallocated on a Service that already exists. If you want to change `.spec.ipFamilies`, delete and recreate the Service.
The `.spec.ipFamilies` field is immutable because the `.spec.ClusterIP` cannot be reallocated on a
Service that already exists. If you want to change `.spec.ipFamilies`, delete and recreate the
Service.
{{< /note >}}
You can set `.spec.ipFamilies` to any of the following array values:
@@ -109,44 +118,65 @@ These examples demonstrate the behavior of various dual-stack Service configurat
#### Dual-stack options on new Services
1. This Service specification does not explicitly define `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`. When you create this Service, Kubernetes assigns a cluster IP for the Service from the first configured `service-cluster-ip-range` and sets the `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` to `SingleStack`. ([Services without selectors](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#services-without-selectors) and [headless Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services) with selectors will behave in this same way.)
1. This Service specification does not explicitly define `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`. When you create
this Service, Kubernetes assigns a cluster IP for the Service from the first configured
`service-cluster-ip-range` and sets the `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` to `SingleStack`. ([Services
without selectors](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#services-without-selectors) and
[headless Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services) with selectors
will behave in this same way.)
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-default-svc.yaml" >}}
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-default-svc.yaml" >}}
1. This Service specification explicitly defines `PreferDualStack` in `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`. When you create this Service on a dual-stack cluster, Kubernetes assigns both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the service. The control plane updates the `.spec` for the Service to record the IP address assignments. The field `.spec.ClusterIPs` is the primary field, and contains both assigned IP addresses; `.spec.ClusterIP` is a secondary field with its value calculated from `.spec.ClusterIPs`.
1. This Service specification explicitly defines `PreferDualStack` in `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`. When
you create this Service on a dual-stack cluster, Kubernetes assigns both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses for the service. The control plane updates the `.spec` for the Service to record the IP
address assignments. The field `.spec.ClusterIPs` is the primary field, and contains both assigned
IP addresses; `.spec.ClusterIP` is a secondary field with its value calculated from
`.spec.ClusterIPs`.
* For the `.spec.ClusterIP` field, the control plane records the IP address that is from the same address family as the first service cluster IP range.
* On a single-stack cluster, the `.spec.ClusterIPs` and `.spec.ClusterIP` fields both only list one address.
* On a cluster with dual-stack enabled, specifying `RequireDualStack` in `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` behaves the same as `PreferDualStack`.
* For the `.spec.ClusterIP` field, the control plane records the IP address that is from the
same address family as the first service cluster IP range.
* On a single-stack cluster, the `.spec.ClusterIPs` and `.spec.ClusterIP` fields both only list
one address.
* On a cluster with dual-stack enabled, specifying `RequireDualStack` in `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`
behaves the same as `PreferDualStack`.
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-preferred-svc.yaml" >}}
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-preferred-svc.yaml" >}}
1. This Service specification explicitly defines `IPv6` and `IPv4` in `.spec.ipFamilies` as well as defining `PreferDualStack` in `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`. When Kubernetes assigns an IPv6 and IPv4 address in `.spec.ClusterIPs`, `.spec.ClusterIP` is set to the IPv6 address because that is the first element in the `.spec.ClusterIPs` array, overriding the default.
1. This Service specification explicitly defines `IPv6` and `IPv4` in `.spec.ipFamilies` as well
as defining `PreferDualStack` in `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy`. When Kubernetes assigns an IPv6 and
IPv4 address in `.spec.ClusterIPs`, `.spec.ClusterIP` is set to the IPv6 address because that is
the first element in the `.spec.ClusterIPs` array, overriding the default.
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-preferred-ipfamilies-svc.yaml" >}}
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-preferred-ipfamilies-svc.yaml" >}}
#### Dual-stack defaults on existing Services
These examples demonstrate the default behavior when dual-stack is newly enabled on a cluster where Services already exist. (Upgrading an existing cluster to 1.21 or beyond will enable dual-stack.)
These examples demonstrate the default behavior when dual-stack is newly enabled on a cluster
where Services already exist. (Upgrading an existing cluster to 1.21 or beyond will enable
dual-stack.)
1. When dual-stack is enabled on a cluster, existing Services (whether `IPv4` or `IPv6`) are configured by the control plane to set `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` to `SingleStack` and set `.spec.ipFamilies` to the address family of the existing Service. The existing Service cluster IP will be stored in `.spec.ClusterIPs`.
1. When dual-stack is enabled on a cluster, existing Services (whether `IPv4` or `IPv6`) are
configured by the control plane to set `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` to `SingleStack` and set
`.spec.ipFamilies` to the address family of the existing Service. The existing Service cluster IP
will be stored in `.spec.ClusterIPs`.
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-default-svc.yaml" >}}
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-default-svc.yaml" >}}
You can validate this behavior by using kubectl to inspect an existing service.
```shell
kubectl get svc my-service -o yaml
```
```shell
kubectl get svc my-service -o yaml
```
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: MyApp
name: my-service
spec:
spec:
clusterIP: 10.0.197.123
clusterIPs:
- 10.0.197.123
@@ -160,28 +190,33 @@ spec:
selector:
app: MyApp
type: ClusterIP
status:
status:
loadBalancer: {}
```
```
1. When dual-stack is enabled on a cluster, existing [headless Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services) with selectors are configured by the control plane to set `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` to `SingleStack` and set `.spec.ipFamilies` to the address family of the first service cluster IP range (configured via the `--service-cluster-ip-range` flag to the kube-apiserver) even though `.spec.ClusterIP` is set to `None`.
1. When dual-stack is enabled on a cluster, existing
[headless Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services) with selectors are
configured by the control plane to set `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` to `SingleStack` and set
`.spec.ipFamilies` to the address family of the first service cluster IP range (configured via the
`--service-cluster-ip-range` flag to the kube-apiserver) even though `.spec.ClusterIP` is set to
`None`.
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-default-svc.yaml" >}}
{{< codenew file="service/networking/dual-stack-default-svc.yaml" >}}
You can validate this behavior by using kubectl to inspect an existing headless service with selectors.
```shell
kubectl get svc my-service -o yaml
```
```shell
kubectl get svc my-service -o yaml
```
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: MyApp
name: my-service
spec:
spec:
clusterIP: None
clusterIPs:
- None
@@ -194,54 +229,86 @@ spec:
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: MyApp
```
```
#### Switching Services between single-stack and dual-stack
Services can be changed from single-stack to dual-stack and from dual-stack to single-stack.
1. To change a Service from single-stack to dual-stack, change `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` from `SingleStack` to `PreferDualStack` or `RequireDualStack` as desired. When you change this Service from single-stack to dual-stack, Kubernetes assigns the missing address family so that the Service now has IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
1. To change a Service from single-stack to dual-stack, change `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` from
`SingleStack` to `PreferDualStack` or `RequireDualStack` as desired. When you change this
Service from single-stack to dual-stack, Kubernetes assigns the missing address family so that the
Service now has IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
Edit the Service specification updating the `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` from `SingleStack` to `PreferDualStack`.
Before:
```yaml
spec:
ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
```
After:
```yaml
spec:
ipFamilyPolicy: PreferDualStack
```
Before:
1. To change a Service from dual-stack to single-stack, change `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` from `PreferDualStack` or `RequireDualStack` to `SingleStack`. When you change this Service from dual-stack to single-stack, Kubernetes retains only the first element in the `.spec.ClusterIPs` array, and sets `.spec.ClusterIP` to that IP address and sets `.spec.ipFamilies` to the address family of `.spec.ClusterIPs`.
```yaml
spec:
ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
```
After:
```yaml
spec:
ipFamilyPolicy: PreferDualStack
```
1. To change a Service from dual-stack to single-stack, change `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` from
`PreferDualStack` or `RequireDualStack` to `SingleStack`. When you change this Service from
dual-stack to single-stack, Kubernetes retains only the first element in the `.spec.ClusterIPs`
array, and sets `.spec.ClusterIP` to that IP address and sets `.spec.ipFamilies` to the address
family of `.spec.ClusterIPs`.
### Headless Services without selector
For [Headless Services without selectors](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#without-selectors) and without `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` explicitly set, the `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` field defaults to `RequireDualStack`.
For [Headless Services without selectors](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#without-selectors)
and without `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` explicitly set, the `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` field defaults to
`RequireDualStack`.
### Service type LoadBalancer
To provision a dual-stack load balancer for your Service:
* Set the `.spec.type` field to `LoadBalancer`
* Set `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` field to `PreferDualStack` or `RequireDualStack`
* Set the `.spec.type` field to `LoadBalancer`
* Set `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` field to `PreferDualStack` or `RequireDualStack`
{{< note >}}
To use a dual-stack `LoadBalancer` type Service, your cloud provider must support IPv4 and IPv6 load balancers.
To use a dual-stack `LoadBalancer` type Service, your cloud provider must support IPv4 and IPv6
load balancers.
{{< /note >}}
## Egress traffic
If you want to enable egress traffic in order to reach off-cluster destinations (eg. the public Internet) from a Pod that uses non-publicly routable IPv6 addresses, you need to enable the Pod to use a publicly routed IPv6 address via a mechanism such as transparent proxying or IP masquerading. The [ip-masq-agent](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/ip-masq-agent) project supports IP masquerading on dual-stack clusters.
If you want to enable egress traffic in order to reach off-cluster destinations (eg. the public
Internet) from a Pod that uses non-publicly routable IPv6 addresses, you need to enable the Pod to
use a publicly routed IPv6 address via a mechanism such as transparent proxying or IP
masquerading. The [ip-masq-agent](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/ip-masq-agent) project
supports IP masquerading on dual-stack clusters.
{{< note >}}
Ensure your {{< glossary_tooltip text="CNI" term_id="cni" >}} provider supports IPv6.
{{< /note >}}
## Windows support
Kubernetes on Windows does not support single-stack "IPv6-only" networking. However,
dual-stack IPv4/IPv6 networking for pods and nodes with single-family services
is supported.
You can use IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking with `l2bridge` networks.
{{< note >}}
Overlay (VXLAN) networks on Windows **do not** support dual-stack networking.
{{< /note >}}
You can read more about the different network modes for Windows within the
[Networking on Windows](/docs/concepts/services-networking/windows-networking#network-modes) topic.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
* [Validate IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack](/docs/tasks/network/validate-dual-stack) networking
* [Enable dual-stack networking using kubeadm
](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/dual-stack-support/)
* [Enable dual-stack networking using kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/dual-stack-support/)
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md
+4 -54
View File
@@ -30,23 +30,8 @@ For clarity, this guide defines the following terms:
Traffic routing is controlled by rules defined on the Ingress resource.
Here is a simple example where an Ingress sends all its traffic to one Service:
{{< mermaid >}}
graph LR;
client([client])-. Ingress-managed <br> load balancer .->ingress[Ingress];
ingress-->|routing rule|service[Service];
subgraph cluster
ingress;
service-->pod1[Pod];
service-->pod2[Pod];
end
classDef plain fill:#ddd,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:4px,color:#000;
classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:4px,color:#fff;
classDef cluster fill:#fff,stroke:#bbb,stroke-width:2px,color:#326ce5;
class ingress,service,pod1,pod2 k8s;
class client plain;
class cluster cluster;
{{</ mermaid >}}
{{< figure src="/docs/images/ingress.svg" alt="ingress-diagram" class="diagram-large" caption="Figure. Ingress" link="https://mermaid.live/edit#pako:eNqNkstuwyAQRX8F4U0r2VHqPlSRKqt0UamLqlnaWWAYJygYLB59KMm_Fxcix-qmGwbuXA7DwAEzzQETXKutof0Ovb4vaoUQkwKUu6pi3FwXM_QSHGBt0VFFt8DRU2OWSGrKUUMlVQwMmhVLEV1Vcm9-aUksiuXRaO_CEhkv4WjBfAgG1TrGaLa-iaUw6a0DcwGI-WgOsF7zm-pN881fvRx1UDzeiFq7ghb1kgqFWiElyTjnuXVG74FkbdumefEpuNuRu_4rZ1pqQ7L5fL6YQPaPNiFuywcG9_-ihNyUkm6YSONWkjVNM8WUIyaeOJLO3clTB_KhL8NQDmVe-OJjxgZM5FhFiiFTK5zjDkxHBQ9_4zB4a-x20EGNSZhyaKmXrg7f5hSsvufUwTMXThtMWiot5Jh6p9ffimHijIezaSVoeN0uiqcfMJvf7w" >}}
An Ingress may be configured to give Services externally-reachable URLs, load balance traffic, terminate SSL / TLS, and offer name-based virtual hosting. An [Ingress controller](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress-controllers) is responsible for fulfilling the Ingress, usually with a load balancer, though it may also configure your edge router or additional frontends to help handle the traffic.
@@ -398,25 +383,8 @@ A fanout configuration routes traffic from a single IP address to more than one
based on the HTTP URI being requested. An Ingress allows you to keep the number of load balancers
down to a minimum. For example, a setup like:
{{< mermaid >}}
graph LR;
client([client])-. Ingress-managed <br> load balancer .->ingress[Ingress, 178.91.123.132];
ingress-->|/foo|service1[Service service1:4200];
ingress-->|/bar|service2[Service service2:8080];
subgraph cluster
ingress;
service1-->pod1[Pod];
service1-->pod2[Pod];
service2-->pod3[Pod];
service2-->pod4[Pod];
end
classDef plain fill:#ddd,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:4px,color:#000;
classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:4px,color:#fff;
classDef cluster fill:#fff,stroke:#bbb,stroke-width:2px,color:#326ce5;
class ingress,service1,service2,pod1,pod2,pod3,pod4 k8s;
class client plain;
class cluster cluster;
{{</ mermaid >}}
{{< figure src="/docs/images/ingressFanOut.svg" alt="ingress-fanout-diagram" class="diagram-large" caption="Figure. Ingress Fan Out" link="https://mermaid.live/edit#pako:eNqNUslOwzAQ_RXLvYCUhMQpUFzUUzkgcUBwbHpw4klr4diR7bCo8O8k2FFbFomLPZq3jP00O1xpDpjijWHtFt09zAuFUCUFKHey8vf6NE7QrdoYsDZumGIb4Oi6NAskNeOoZJKpCgxK4oXwrFVgRyi7nCVXWZKRPMlysv5yD6Q4Xryf1Vq_WzDPooJs9egLNDbolKTpT03JzKgh3zWEztJZ0Niu9L-qZGcdmAMfj4cxvWmreba613z9C0B-AMQD-V_AdA-A4j5QZu0SatRKJhSqhZR0wjmPrDP6CeikrutQxy-Cuy2dtq9RpaU2dJKm6fzI5Glmg0VOLio4_5dLjx27hFSC015KJ2VZHtuQvY2fuHcaE43G0MaCREOow_FV5cMxHZ5-oPX75UM5avuXhXuOI9yAaZjg_aLuBl6B3RYaKDDtSw4166QrcKE-emrXcubghgunDaY1kxYizDqnH99UhakzHYykpWD9hjS--fEJoIELqQ" >}}
would require an Ingress such as:
@@ -460,25 +428,7 @@ you are using, you may need to create a default-http-backend
Name-based virtual hosts support routing HTTP traffic to multiple host names at the same IP address.
{{< mermaid >}}
graph LR;
client([client])-. Ingress-managed <br> load balancer .->ingress[Ingress, 178.91.123.132];
ingress-->|Host: foo.bar.com|service1[Service service1:80];
ingress-->|Host: bar.foo.com|service2[Service service2:80];
subgraph cluster
ingress;
service1-->pod1[Pod];
service1-->pod2[Pod];
service2-->pod3[Pod];
service2-->pod4[Pod];
end
classDef plain fill:#ddd,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:4px,color:#000;
classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:4px,color:#fff;
classDef cluster fill:#fff,stroke:#bbb,stroke-width:2px,color:#326ce5;
class ingress,service1,service2,pod1,pod2,pod3,pod4 k8s;
class client plain;
class cluster cluster;
{{</ mermaid >}}
{{< figure src="/docs/images/ingressNameBased.svg" alt="ingress-namebase-diagram" class="diagram-large" caption="Figure. Ingress Name Based Virtual hosting" link="https://mermaid.live/edit#pako:eNqNkl9PwyAUxb8KYS-atM1Kp05m9qSJJj4Y97jugcLtRqTQAPVPdN_dVlq3qUt8gZt7zvkBN7xjbgRgiteW1Rt0_zjLNUJcSdD-ZBn21WmcoDu9tuBcXDHN1iDQVWHnSBkmUMEU0xwsSuK5DK5l745QejFNLtMkJVmSZmT1Re9NcTz_uDXOU1QakxTMJtxUHw7ss-SQLhehQEODTsdH4l20Q-zFyc84-Y67pghv5apxHuweMuj9eS2_NiJdPhix-kMgvwQShOyYMNkJoEUYM3PuGkpUKyY1KqVSdCSEiJy35gnoqCzLvo5fpPAbOqlfI26UsXQ0Ho9nB5CnqesRGTnncPYvSqsdUvqp9KRdlI6KojjEkB0mnLgjDRONhqENBYm6oXbLV5V1y6S7-l42_LowlIN2uFm_twqOcAW2YlK0H_i9c-bYb6CCHNO2FFCyRvkc53rbWptaMA83QnpjMS2ZchBh1nizeNMcU28bGEzXkrV_pArN7Sc0rBTu" >}}
The following Ingress tells the backing load balancer to route requests based on
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ POSTing this to the API server for your cluster will have no effect unless your
__Mandatory Fields__: As with all other Kubernetes config, a NetworkPolicy
needs `apiVersion`, `kind`, and `metadata` fields. For general information
about working with config files, see
[Configure Containers Using a ConfigMap](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-configmap/),
[Configure a Pod to Use a ConfigMap](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-configmap/),
and [Object Management](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/object-management).
__spec__: NetworkPolicy [spec](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status) has all the information needed to define a particular network policy in the given namespace.
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service-traffic-policy.md
-6
View File
@@ -60,12 +60,6 @@ considered.
When the [feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/)
`ServiceInternalTrafficPolicy` is enabled, `spec.internalTrafficPolicy` defaults to "Cluster".
## Constraints
* Service Internal Traffic Policy is not used when `externalTrafficPolicy` is set
to `Local` on a Service. It is possible to use both features in the same cluster
on different Services, just not on the same Service.
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
* Read about [Topology Aware Hints](/docs/concepts/services-networking/topology-aware-hints)
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md
+10 -1
View File
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ metadata:
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:11.14.2
image: nginx:stable
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: http-web-svc
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ where it's running, by adding an Endpoints object manually:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Endpoints
metadata:
# the name here should match the name of the Service
name: my-service
subsets:
- addresses:
@@ -203,6 +204,10 @@ subsets:
The name of the Endpoints object must be a valid
[DNS subdomain name](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/names#dns-subdomain-names).
When you create an [Endpoints](docs/reference/kubernetes-api/service-resources/endpoints-v1/)
object for a Service, you set the name of the new object to be the same as that
of the Service.
{{< note >}}
The endpoint IPs _must not_ be: loopback (127.0.0.0/8 for IPv4, ::1/128 for IPv6), or
link-local (169.254.0.0/16 and 224.0.0.0/24 for IPv4, fe80::/64 for IPv6).
@@ -394,6 +399,10 @@ You can also set the maximum session sticky time by setting
`service.spec.sessionAffinityConfig.clientIP.timeoutSeconds` appropriately.
(the default value is 10800, which works out to be 3 hours).
{{< note >}}
On Windows, setting the maximum session sticky time for Services is not supported.
{{< /note >}}
## Multi-Port Services
For some Services, you need to expose more than one port.
content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/windows-networking.md
+164
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
---
reviewers:
- aravindhp
- jayunit100
- jsturtevant
- marosset
title: Networking on Windows
content_type: concept
weight: 75
---
<!-- overview -->
Kubernetes supports running nodes on either Linux or Windows. You can mix both kinds of node
within a single cluster.
This page provides an overview to networking specific to the Windows operating system.
<!-- body -->
## Container networking on Windows {#networking}
Networking for Windows containers is exposed through
[CNI plugins](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins/).
Windows containers function similarly to virtual machines in regards to
networking. Each container has a virtual network adapter (vNIC) which is connected
to a Hyper-V virtual switch (vSwitch). The Host Networking Service (HNS) and the
Host Compute Service (HCS) work together to create containers and attach container
vNICs to networks. HCS is responsible for the management of containers whereas HNS
is responsible for the management of networking resources such as:
* Virtual networks (including creation of vSwitches)
* Endpoints / vNICs
* Namespaces
* Policies including packet encapsulations, load-balancing rules, ACLs, and NAT rules.
The Windows HNS and vSwitch implement namespacing and can
create virtual NICs as needed for a pod or container. However, many configurations such
as DNS, routes, and metrics are stored in the Windows registry database rather than as
files inside `/etc`, which is how Linux stores those configurations. The Windows registry for the container
is separate from that of the host, so concepts like mapping `/etc/resolv.conf` from
the host into a container don't have the same effect they would on Linux. These must
be configured using Windows APIs run in the context of that container. Therefore
CNI implementations need to call the HNS instead of relying on file mappings to pass
network details into the pod or container.
## Network modes
Windows supports five different networking drivers/modes: L2bridge, L2tunnel,
Overlay (Beta), Transparent, and NAT. In a heterogeneous cluster with Windows and Linux
worker nodes, you need to select a networking solution that is compatible on both
Windows and Linux. The following table lists the out-of-tree plugins are supported on Windows,
with recommendations on when to use each CNI:
| Network Driver | Description | Container Packet Modifications | Network Plugins | Network Plugin Characteristics |
| -------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------ | --------------- | ------------------------------ |
| L2bridge | Containers are attached to an external vSwitch. Containers are attached to the underlay network, although the physical network doesn't need to learn the container MACs because they are rewritten on ingress/egress. | MAC is rewritten to host MAC, IP may be rewritten to host IP using HNS OutboundNAT policy. | [win-bridge](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/main/windows/win-bridge), [Azure-CNI](https://github.com/Azure/azure-container-networking/blob/master/docs/cni.md), Flannel host-gateway uses win-bridge | win-bridge uses L2bridge network mode, connects containers to the underlay of hosts, offering best performance. Requires user-defined routes (UDR) for inter-node connectivity. |
| L2Tunnel | This is a special case of l2bridge, but only used on Azure. All packets are sent to the virtualization host where SDN policy is applied. | MAC rewritten, IP visible on the underlay network | [Azure-CNI](https://github.com/Azure/azure-container-networking/blob/master/docs/cni.md) | Azure-CNI allows integration of containers with Azure vNET, and allows them to leverage the set of capabilities that [Azure Virtual Network provides](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/virtual-network/). For example, securely connect to Azure services or use Azure NSGs. See [azure-cni for some examples](https://docs.microsoft.com/azure/aks/concepts-network#azure-cni-advanced-networking) |
| Overlay | Containers are given a vNIC connected to an external vSwitch. Each overlay network gets its own IP subnet, defined by a custom IP prefix.The overlay network driver uses VXLAN encapsulation. | Encapsulated with an outer header. | [win-overlay](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/main/windows/win-overlay), Flannel VXLAN (uses win-overlay) | win-overlay should be used when virtual container networks are desired to be isolated from underlay of hosts (e.g. for security reasons). Allows for IPs to be re-used for different overlay networks (which have different VNID tags) if you are restricted on IPs in your datacenter. This option requires [KB4489899](https://support.microsoft.com/help/4489899) on Windows Server 2019. |
| Transparent (special use case for [ovn-kubernetes](https://github.com/openvswitch/ovn-kubernetes)) | Requires an external vSwitch. Containers are attached to an external vSwitch which enables intra-pod communication via logical networks (logical switches and routers). | Packet is encapsulated either via [GENEVE](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-gross-geneve/) or [STT](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-davie-stt/) tunneling to reach pods which are not on the same host. <br/> Packets are forwarded or dropped via the tunnel metadata information supplied by the ovn network controller. <br/> NAT is done for north-south communication. | [ovn-kubernetes](https://github.com/openvswitch/ovn-kubernetes) | [Deploy via ansible](https://github.com/openvswitch/ovn-kubernetes/tree/master/contrib). Distributed ACLs can be applied via Kubernetes policies. IPAM support. Load-balancing can be achieved without kube-proxy. NATing is done without using iptables/netsh. |
| NAT (*not used in Kubernetes*) | Containers are given a vNIC connected to an internal vSwitch. DNS/DHCP is provided using an internal component called [WinNAT](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/virtualization/windows-nat-winnat-capabilities-and-limitations/ba-p/382303) | MAC and IP is rewritten to host MAC/IP. | [nat](https://github.com/Microsoft/windows-container-networking/tree/master/plugins/nat) | Included here for completeness |
As outlined above, the [Flannel](https://github.com/coreos/flannel)
[CNI plugin](https://github.com/flannel-io/cni-plugin)
is also [supported](https://github.com/flannel-io/cni-plugin#windows-support-experimental) on Windows via the
[VXLAN network backend](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#vxlan) (**Beta support** ; delegates to win-overlay)
and [host-gateway network backend](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#host-gw) (stable support; delegates to win-bridge).
This plugin supports delegating to one of the reference CNI plugins (win-overlay,
win-bridge), to work in conjunction with Flannel daemon on Windows (Flanneld) for
automatic node subnet lease assignment and HNS network creation. This plugin reads
in its own configuration file (cni.conf), and aggregates it with the environment
variables from the FlannelD generated subnet.env file. It then delegates to one of
the reference CNI plugins for network plumbing, and sends the correct configuration
containing the node-assigned subnet to the IPAM plugin (for example: `host-local`).
For Node, Pod, and Service objects, the following network flows are supported for
TCP/UDP traffic:
* Pod → Pod (IP)
* Pod → Pod (Name)
* Pod → Service (Cluster IP)
* Pod → Service (PQDN, but only if there are no ".")
* Pod → Service (FQDN)
* Pod → external (IP)
* Pod → external (DNS)
* Node → Pod
* Pod → Node
## IP address management (IPAM) {#ipam}
The following IPAM options are supported on Windows:
* [host-local](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/ipam/host-local)
* [azure-vnet-ipam](https://github.com/Azure/azure-container-networking/blob/master/docs/ipam.md) (for azure-cni only)
* [Windows Server IPAM](https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/technologies/ipam/ipam-top) (fallback option if no IPAM is set)
## Load balancing and Services
A Kubernetes {{< glossary_tooltip text="Service" term_id="service" >}} is an abstraction
that defines a logical set of Pods and a means to access them over a network.
In a cluster that includes Windows nodes, you can use the following types of Service:
* `NodePort`
* `ClusterIP`
* `LoadBalancer`
* `ExternalName`
Windows container networking differs in some important ways from Linux networking.
The [Microsoft documentation for Windows Container Networking](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/container-networking/architecture)
provides additional details and background.
On Windows, you can use the following settings to configure Services and load
balancing behavior:
{{< table caption="Windows Service Settings" >}}
| Feature | Description | Minimum Supported Windows OS build | How to enable |
| ------- | ----------- | -------------------------- | ------------- |
| Session affinity | Ensures that connections from a particular client are passed to the same Pod each time. | Windows Server 2022 | Set `service.spec.sessionAffinity` to "ClientIP" |
| Direct Server Return (DSR) | Load balancing mode where the IP address fixups and the LBNAT occurs at the container vSwitch port directly; service traffic arrives with the source IP set as the originating pod IP. | Windows Server 2019 | Set the following flags in kube-proxy: `--feature-gates="WinDSR=true" --enable-dsr=true` |
| Preserve-Destination | Skips DNAT of service traffic, thereby preserving the virtual IP of the target service in packets reaching the backend Pod. Also disables node-node forwarding. | Windows Server, version 1903 | Set `"preserve-destination": "true"` in service annotations and enable DSR in kube-proxy. |
| IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking | Native IPv4-to-IPv4 in parallel with IPv6-to-IPv6 communications to, from, and within a cluster | Windows Server 2019 | See [IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack](#ipv4ipv6-dual-stack) |
| Client IP preservation | Ensures that source IP of incoming ingress traffic gets preserved. Also disables node-node forwarding. | Windows Server 2019 | Set `service.spec.externalTrafficPolicy` to "Local" and enable DSR in kube-proxy |
{{< /table >}}
{{< warning >}}
There are known issue with NodePort Services on overlay networking, if the destination node is running Windows Server 2022.
To avoid the issue entirely, you can configure the service with `externalTrafficPolicy: Local`.
There are known issues with Pod to Pod connectivity on l2bridge network on Windows Server 2022 with KB5005619 or higher installed.
To workaround the issue and restore Pod to Pod connectivity, you can disable the WinDSR feature in kube-proxy.
These issues require OS fixes.
Please follow https://github.com/microsoft/Windows-Containers/issues/204 for updates.
{{< /warning >}}
## Limitations
The following networking functionality is _not_ supported on Windows nodes:
* Host networking mode
* Local NodePort access from the node itself (works for other nodes or external clients)
* More than 64 backend pods (or unique destination addresses) for a single Service
* IPv6 communication between Windows pods connected to overlay networks
* Local Traffic Policy in non-DSR mode
* Outbound communication using the ICMP protocol via the `win-overlay`, `win-bridge`, or using the Azure-CNI plugin.\
Specifically, the Windows data plane ([VFP](https://www.microsoft.com/research/project/azure-virtual-filtering-platform/))
doesn't support ICMP packet transpositions, and this means:
* ICMP packets directed to destinations within the same network (such as pod to pod communication via ping)
work as expected;
* TCP/UDP packets work as expected;
* ICMP packets directed to pass through a remote network (e.g. pod to external internet communication via ping)
cannot be transposed and thus will not be routed back to their source;
* Since TCP/UDP packets can still be transposed, you can substitute `ping <destination>` with
`curl <destination>` when debugging connectivity with the outside world.
Other limitations:
* Windows reference network plugins win-bridge and win-overlay do not implement
[CNI spec](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/master/SPEC.md) v0.4.0,
due to a missing `CHECK` implementation.
* The Flannel VXLAN CNI plugin has the following limitations on Windows:
* Node-pod connectivity is only possible for local pods with Flannel v0.12.0 (or higher).
* Flannel is restricted to using VNI 4096 and UDP port 4789. See the official
[Flannel VXLAN](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#vxlan)
backend docs for more details on these parameters.
content/en/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes.md
+11 -2
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@@ -540,6 +540,15 @@ In the CLI, the access modes are abbreviated to:
* RWX - ReadWriteMany
* RWOP - ReadWriteOncePod
{{< note >}}
Kubernetes uses volume access modes to match PersistentVolumeClaims and PersistentVolumes.
In some cases, the volume access modes also constrain where the PersistentVolume can be mounted.
Volume access modes do **not** enforce write protection once the storage has been mounted.
Even if the access modes are specified as ReadWriteOnce, ReadOnlyMany, or ReadWriteMany, they don't set any constraints on the volume.
For example, even if a PersistentVolume is created as ReadOnlyMany, it is no guarantee that it will be read-only.
If the access modes are specified as ReadWriteOncePod, the volume is constrained and can be mounted on only a single Pod.
{{< /note >}}
> __Important!__ A volume can only be mounted using one access mode at a time, even if it supports many. For example, a GCEPersistentDisk can be mounted as ReadWriteOnce by a single node or ReadOnlyMany by many nodes, but not at the same time.
@@ -673,7 +682,7 @@ Claims use [the same convention as volumes](#volume-mode) to indicate the consum
### Resources
Claims, like Pods, can request specific quantities of a resource. In this case, the request is for storage. The same [resource model](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/scheduling/resources.md) applies to both volumes and claims.
Claims, like Pods, can request specific quantities of a resource. In this case, the request is for storage. The same [resource model](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/scheduling/resources.md) applies to both volumes and claims.
### Selector
@@ -1012,7 +1021,7 @@ and need persistent storage, it is recommended that you use the following patter
* Learn more about [Creating a PersistentVolume](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-persistent-volume-storage/#create-a-persistentvolume).
* Learn more about [Creating a PersistentVolumeClaim](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-persistent-volume-storage/#create-a-persistentvolumeclaim).
* Read the [Persistent Storage design document](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/storage/persistent-storage.md).
* Read the [Persistent Storage design document](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/storage/persistent-storage.md).
### API references {#reference}
content/en/docs/concepts/storage/projected-volumes.md
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@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Currently, the following types of volume sources can be projected:
* [`serviceAccountToken`](#serviceaccounttoken)
All sources are required to be in the same namespace as the Pod. For more details,
see the [all-in-one volume](https://github.com/kubernetes/design-proposals-archive/blob/main/node/all-in-one-volume.md) design document.
see the [all-in-one volume](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/node/all-in-one-volume.md) design document.
### Example configuration with a secret, a downwardAPI, and a configMap {#example-configuration-secret-downwardapi-configmap}
content/en/docs/concepts/storage/storage-classes.md
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@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ for provisioning PVs. This field must be specified.
You are not restricted to specifying the "internal" provisioners
listed here (whose names are prefixed with "kubernetes.io" and shipped
alongside Kubernetes). You can also run and specify external provisioners,
which are independent programs that follow a [specification](https://github.com/kubernetes/design-proposals-archive/blob/main/storage/volume-provisioning.md)
which are independent programs that follow a [specification](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/storage/volume-provisioning.md)
defined by Kubernetes. Authors of external provisioners have full discretion
over where their code lives, how the provisioner is shipped, how it needs to be
run, what volume plugin it uses (including Flex), etc. The repository
content/en/docs/concepts/storage/volumes.md
+47 -9
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@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ a different volume.
Kubernetes supports several types of volumes.
### awsElasticBlockStore {#awselasticblockstore}
### awsElasticBlockStore (deprecated) {#awselasticblockstore}
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.17" state="deprecated" >}}
An `awsElasticBlockStore` volume mounts an Amazon Web Services (AWS)
[EBS volume](https://aws.amazon.com/ebs/) into your pod. Unlike
@@ -135,7 +137,9 @@ beta features must be enabled.
To disable the `awsElasticBlockStore` storage plugin from being loaded by the controller manager
and the kubelet, set the `InTreePluginAWSUnregister` flag to `true`.
### azureDisk {#azuredisk}
### azureDisk (deprecated) {#azuredisk}
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.19" state="deprecated" >}}
The `azureDisk` volume type mounts a Microsoft Azure [Data Disk](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/csi-storage-drivers) into a pod.
@@ -158,7 +162,9 @@ must be installed on the cluster and the `CSIMigration` feature must be enabled.
To disable the `azureDisk` storage plugin from being loaded by the controller manager
and the kubelet, set the `InTreePluginAzureDiskUnregister` flag to `true`.
### azureFile {#azurefile}
### azureFile (deprecated) {#azurefile}
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.21" state="deprecated" >}}
The `azureFile` volume type mounts a Microsoft Azure File volume (SMB 2.1 and 3.0)
into a pod.
@@ -201,7 +207,9 @@ You must have your own Ceph server running with the share exported before you ca
See the [CephFS example](https://github.com/kubernetes/examples/tree/master/volumes/cephfs/) for more details.
### cinder
### cinder (deprecated) {#cinder}
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.18" state="deprecated" >}}
{{< note >}}
Kubernetes must be configured with the OpenStack cloud provider.
@@ -390,7 +398,9 @@ You must have your own Flocker installation running before you can use it.
See the [Flocker example](https://github.com/kubernetes/examples/tree/master/staging/volumes/flocker) for more details.
### gcePersistentDisk
### gcePersistentDisk (deprecated) {#gcepersistentdisk}
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.17" state="deprecated" >}}
A `gcePersistentDisk` volume mounts a Google Compute Engine (GCE)
[persistent disk](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks) (PD) into your Pod.
@@ -1146,7 +1156,7 @@ to the [volume plugin FAQ](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/s
(CSI) defines a standard interface for container orchestration systems (like
Kubernetes) to expose arbitrary storage systems to their container workloads.
Please read the [CSI design proposal](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/storage/container-storage-interface.md) for more information.
Please read the [CSI design proposal](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/storage/container-storage-interface.md) for more information.
{{< note >}}
Support for CSI spec versions 0.2 and 0.3 are deprecated in Kubernetes
@@ -1166,8 +1176,8 @@ CSI driver.
A `csi` volume can be used in a Pod in three different ways:
* through a reference to a [PersistentVolumeClaim](#persistentvolumeclaim)
* with a [generic ephemeral volume](/docs/concepts/storage/ephemeral-volumes/#generic-ephemeral-volume)
* with a [CSI ephemeral volume](/docs/concepts/storage/ephemeral-volumes/#csi-ephemeral-volume)
* with a [generic ephemeral volume](/docs/concepts/storage/ephemeral-volumes/#generic-ephemeral-volumes)
* with a [CSI ephemeral volume](/docs/concepts/storage/ephemeral-volumes/#csi-ephemeral-volumes)
if the driver supports that (beta feature)
The following fields are available to storage administrators to configure a CSI
@@ -1234,12 +1244,26 @@ You can set up your
You can directly configure CSI volumes within the Pod
specification. Volumes specified in this way are ephemeral and do not
persist across pod restarts. See [Ephemeral
Volumes](/docs/concepts/storage/ephemeral-volumes/#csi-ephemeral-volume)
Volumes](/docs/concepts/storage/ephemeral-volumes/#csi-ephemeral-volumes)
for more information.
For more information on how to develop a CSI driver, refer to the
[kubernetes-csi documentation](https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/)
#### Windows CSI proxy
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.22" state="stable" >}}
CSI node plugins need to perform various privileged
operations like scanning of disk devices and mounting of file systems. These operations
differ for each host operating system. For Linux worker nodes, containerized CSI node
node plugins are typically deployed as privileged containers. For Windows worker nodes,
privileged operations for containerized CSI node plugins is supported using
[csi-proxy](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-proxy), a community-managed,
stand-alone binary that needs to be pre-installed on each Windows node.
For more details, refer to the deployment guide of the CSI plugin you wish to deploy.
#### Migrating to CSI drivers from in-tree plugins
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.17" state="beta" >}}
@@ -1256,6 +1280,14 @@ provisioning/delete, attach/detach, mount/unmount and resizing of volumes.
In-tree plugins that support `CSIMigration` and have a corresponding CSI driver implemented
are listed in [Types of Volumes](#volume-types).
The following in-tree plugins support persistent storage on Windows nodes:
* [`awsElasticBlockStore`](#awselasticblockstore)
* [`azureDisk`](#azuredisk)
* [`azureFile`](#azurefile)
* [`gcePersistentDisk`](#gcepersistentdisk)
* [`vsphereVolume`](#vspherevolume)
### flexVolume
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.23" state="deprecated" >}}
@@ -1267,6 +1299,12 @@ volume plugin path on each node and in some cases the control plane nodes as wel
Pods interact with FlexVolume drivers through the `flexVolume` in-tree volume plugin.
For more details, see the FlexVolume [README](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-storage/flexvolume.md#readme) document.
The following FlexVolume [plugins](https://github.com/Microsoft/K8s-Storage-Plugins/tree/master/flexvolume/windows),
deployed as PowerShell scripts on the host, support Windows nodes:
* [SMB](https://github.com/microsoft/K8s-Storage-Plugins/tree/master/flexvolume/windows/plugins/microsoft.com~smb.cmd)
* [iSCSI](https://github.com/microsoft/K8s-Storage-Plugins/tree/master/flexvolume/windows/plugins/microsoft.com~iscsi.cmd)
{{< note >}}
FlexVolume is deprecated. Using an out-of-tree CSI driver is the recommended way to integrate external storage with Kubernetes.
content/en/docs/concepts/storage/windows-storage.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
---
reviewers:
- jingxu97
- mauriciopoppe
- jayunit100
- jsturtevant
- marosset
- aravindhp
title: Windows Storage
content_type: concept
---
<!-- overview -->
This page provides an storage overview specific to the Windows operating system.
<!-- body -->
## Persistent storage {#storage}
Windows has a layered filesystem driver to mount container layers and create a copy
filesystem based on NTFS. All file paths in the container are resolved only within
the context of that container.
* With Docker, volume mounts can only target a directory in the container, and not
an individual file. This limitation does not apply to containerd.
* Volume mounts cannot project files or directories back to the host filesystem.
* Read-only filesystems are not supported because write access is always required
for the Windows registry and SAM database. However, read-only volumes are supported.
* Volume user-masks and permissions are not available. Because the SAM is not shared
between the host & container, there's no mapping between them. All permissions are
resolved within the context of the container.
As a result, the following storage functionality is not supported on Windows nodes:
* Volume subpath mounts: only the entire volume can be mounted in a Windows container
* Subpath volume mounting for Secrets
* Host mount projection
* Read-only root filesystem (mapped volumes still support `readOnly`)
* Block device mapping
* Memory as the storage medium (for example, `emptyDir.medium` set to `Memory`)
* File system features like uid/gid; per-user Linux filesystem permissions
* Setting [secret permissions with DefaultMode](/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#secret-files-permissions) (due to UID/GID dependency)
* NFS based storage/volume support
* Expanding the mounted volume (resizefs)
Kubernetes {{< glossary_tooltip text="volumes" term_id="volume" >}} enable complex
applications, with data persistence and Pod volume sharing requirements, to be deployed
on Kubernetes. Management of persistent volumes associated with a specific storage
back-end or protocol includes actions such as provisioning/de-provisioning/resizing
of volumes, attaching/detaching a volume to/from a Kubernetes node and
mounting/dismounting a volume to/from individual containers in a pod that needs to
persist data.
Volume management components are shipped as Kubernetes volume
[plugin](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#types-of-volumes).
The following broad classes of Kubernetes volume plugins are supported on Windows:
* [`FlexVolume plugins`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#flexVolume)
* Please note that FlexVolumes have been deprecated as of 1.23
* [`CSI Plugins`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#csi)
##### In-tree volume plugins
The following in-tree plugins support persistent storage on Windows nodes:
* [`awsElasticBlockStore`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#awselasticblockstore)
* [`azureDisk`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#azuredisk)
* [`azureFile`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#azurefile)
* [`gcePersistentDisk`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#gcepersistentdisk)
* [`vsphereVolume`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#vspherevolume)
content/en/docs/setup/production-environment/windows/_index.md → content/en/docs/concepts/windows/_index.md
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content/en/docs/concepts/windows/intro.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
---
reviewers:
- jayunit100
- jsturtevant
- marosset
- perithompson
title: Windows containers in Kubernetes
content_type: concept
weight: 65
---
<!-- overview -->
Windows applications constitute a large portion of the services and applications that
run in many organizations. [Windows containers](https://aka.ms/windowscontainers)
provide a way to encapsulate processes and package dependencies, making it easier
to use DevOps practices and follow cloud native patterns for Windows applications.
Organizations with investments in Windows-based applications and Linux-based
applications don't have to look for separate orchestrators to manage their workloads,
leading to increased operational efficiencies across their deployments, regardless
of operating system.
<!-- body -->
## Windows nodes in Kubernetes
To enable the orchestration of Windows containers in Kubernetes, include Windows nodes
in your existing Linux cluster. Scheduling Windows containers in
{{< glossary_tooltip text="Pods" term_id="pod" >}} on Kubernetes is similar to
scheduling Linux-based containers.
In order to run Windows containers, your Kubernetes cluster must include
multiple operating systems.
While you can only run the {{< glossary_tooltip text="control plane" term_id="control-plane" >}} on Linux,
you can deploy worker nodes running either Windows or Linux.
Windows {{< glossary_tooltip text="nodes" term_id="node" >}} are
[supported](#windows-os-version-support) provided that the operating system is
Windows Server 2019.
This document uses the term *Windows containers* to mean Windows containers with
process isolation. Kubernetes does not support running Windows containers with
[Hyper-V isolation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/manage-containers/hyperv-container).
## Compatibility and limitations {#limitations}
Some node features are only available if you use a specific
[container runtime](#container-runtime); others are not available on Windows nodes,
including:
* HugePages: not supported for Windows containers
* Privileged containers: not supported for Windows containers.
[HostProcess Containers](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/create-hostprocess-pod/) offer similar functionality.
* TerminationGracePeriod: requires containerD
Not all features of shared namespaces are supported. See [API compatibility](#api)
for more details.
See [Windows OS version compatibility](#windows-os-version-support) for details on
the Windows versions that Kubernetes is tested against.
From an API and kubectl perspective, Windows containers behave in much the same
way as Linux-based containers. However, there are some notable differences in key
functionality which are outlined in this section.
### Comparison with Linux {#compatibility-linux-similarities}
Key Kubernetes elements work the same way in Windows as they do in Linux. This
section refers to several key workload abstractions and how they map to Windows.
* [Pods](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/)
A Pod is the basic building block of Kubernetes–the smallest and simplest unit in
the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy. You may not deploy Windows and
Linux containers in the same Pod. All containers in a Pod are scheduled onto a single
Node where each Node represents a specific platform and architecture. The following
Pod capabilities, properties and events are supported with Windows containers:
* Single or multiple containers per Pod with process isolation and volume sharing
* Pod `status` fields
* Readiness, liveness, and startup probes
* postStart & preStop container lifecycle hooks
* ConfigMap, Secrets: as environment variables or volumes
* `emptyDir` volumes
* Named pipe host mounts
* Resource limits
* OS field:
The `.spec.os.name` field should be set to `windows` to indicate that the current Pod uses Windows containers.
The `IdentifyPodOS` feature gate needs to be enabled for this field to be recognized.
{{< note >}}
Starting from 1.24, the `IdentifyPodOS` feature gate is in Beta stage and defaults to be enabled.
{{< /note >}}
If the `IdentifyPodOS` feature gate is enabled and you set the `.spec.os.name` field to `windows`,
you must not set the following fields in the `.spec` of that Pod:
* `spec.hostPID`
* `spec.hostIPC`
* `spec.securityContext.seLinuxOptions`
* `spec.securityContext.seccompProfile`
* `spec.securityContext.fsGroup`
* `spec.securityContext.fsGroupChangePolicy`
* `spec.securityContext.sysctls`
* `spec.shareProcessNamespace`
* `spec.securityContext.runAsUser`
* `spec.securityContext.runAsGroup`
* `spec.securityContext.supplementalGroups`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.seLinuxOptions`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.seccompProfile`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.capabilities`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.privileged`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.procMount`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsUser`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsGroup`
In the above list, wildcards (`*`) indicate all elements in a list.
For example, `spec.containers[*].securityContext` refers to the SecurityContext object
for all containers. If any of these fields is specified, the Pod will
not be admited by the API server.
* [Workload resources](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/) including:
* ReplicaSet
* Deployment
* StatefulSet
* DaemonSet
* Job
* CronJob
* ReplicationController
* {{< glossary_tooltip text="Services" term_id="service" >}}
See [Load balancing and Services](#load-balancing-and-services) for more details.
Pods, workload resources, and Services are critical elements to managing Windows
workloads on Kubernetes. However, on their own they are not enough to enable
the proper lifecycle management of Windows workloads in a dynamic cloud native
environment.
* `kubectl exec`
* Pod and container metrics
* {{< glossary_tooltip text="Horizontal pod autoscaling" term_id="horizontal-pod-autoscaler" >}}
* {{< glossary_tooltip text="Resource quotas" term_id="resource-quota" >}}
* Scheduler preemption
### Command line options for the kubelet {#kubelet-compatibility}
Some kubelet command line options behave differently on Windows, as described below:
* The `--windows-priorityclass` lets you set the scheduling priority of the kubelet process
(see [CPU resource management](/docs/concepts/configuration/windows-resource-management/#resource-management-cpu))
* The `--kube-reserved`, `--system-reserved` , and `--eviction-hard` flags update
[NodeAllocatable](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#node-allocatable)
* Eviction by using `--enforce-node-allocable` is not implemented
* Eviction by using `--eviction-hard` and `--eviction-soft` are not implemented
* When running on a Windows node the kubelet does not have memory or CPU
restrictions. `--kube-reserved` and `--system-reserved` only subtract from `NodeAllocatable`
and do not guarantee resource provided for workloads.
See [Resource Management for Windows nodes](/docs/concepts/configuration/windows-resource-management/#resource-reservation)
for more information.
* The `MemoryPressure` Condition is not implemented
* The kubelet does not take OOM eviction actions
### API compatibility {#api}
There are subtle differences in the way the Kubernetes APIs work for Windows due to the OS
and container runtime. Some workload properties were designed for Linux, and fail to run on Windows.
At a high level, these OS concepts are different:
* Identity - Linux uses userID (UID) and groupID (GID) which
are represented as integer types. User and group names
are not canonical - they are just an alias in `/etc/groups`
or `/etc/passwd` back to UID+GID. Windows uses a larger binary
[security identifier](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/security-identifiers) (SID)
which is stored in the Windows Security Access Manager (SAM) database. This
database is not shared between the host and containers, or between containers.
* File permissions - Windows uses an access control list based on (SIDs), whereas
POSIX systems such as Linux use a bitmask based on object permissions and UID+GID,
plus _optional_ access control lists.
* File paths - the convention on Windows is to use `\` instead of `/`. The Go IO
libraries typically accept both and just make it work, but when you're setting a
path or command line that's interpreted inside a container, `\` may be needed.
* Signals - Windows interactive apps handle termination differently, and can
implement one or more of these:
* A UI thread handles well-defined messages including `WM_CLOSE`.
* Console apps handle Ctrl-C or Ctrl-break using a Control Handler.
* Services register a Service Control Handler function that can accept
`SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP` control codes.
Container exit codes follow the same convention where 0 is success, and nonzero is failure.
The specific error codes may differ across Windows and Linux. However, exit codes
passed from the Kubernetes components (kubelet, kube-proxy) are unchanged.
#### Field compatibility for container specifications {#compatibility-v1-pod-spec-containers}
The following list documents differences between how Pod container specifications
work between Windows and Linux:
* Huge pages are not implemented in the Windows container
runtime, and are not available. They require [asserting a user
privilege](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/Memory/large-page-support)
that's not configurable for containers.
* `requests.cpu` and `requests.memory` - requests are subtracted
from node available resources, so they can be used to avoid overprovisioning a
node. However, they cannot be used to guarantee resources in an overprovisioned
node. They should be applied to all containers as a best practice if the operator
wants to avoid overprovisioning entirely.
* `securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation` -
not possible on Windows; none of the capabilities are hooked up
* `securityContext.capabilities` -
POSIX capabilities are not implemented on Windows
* `securityContext.privileged` -
Windows doesn't support privileged containers
* `securityContext.procMount` -
Windows doesn't have a `/proc` filesystem
* `securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem` -
not possible on Windows; write access is required for registry & system
processes to run inside the container
* `securityContext.runAsGroup` -
not possible on Windows as there is no GID support
* `securityContext.runAsNonRoot` -
this setting will prevent containers from running as `ContainerAdministrator`
which is the closest equivalent to a root user on Windows.
* `securityContext.runAsUser` -
use [`runAsUserName`](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-runasusername)
instead
* `securityContext.seLinuxOptions` -
not possible on Windows as SELinux is Linux-specific
* `terminationMessagePath` -
this has some limitations in that Windows doesn't support mapping single files. The
default value is `/dev/termination-log`, which does work because it does not
exist on Windows by default.
#### Field compatibility for Pod specifications {#compatibility-v1-pod}
The following list documents differences between how Pod specifications work between Windows and Linux:
* `hostIPC` and `hostpid` - host namespace sharing is not possible on Windows
* `hostNetwork` - There is no Windows OS support to share the host network
* `dnsPolicy` - setting the Pod `dnsPolicy` to `ClusterFirstWithHostNet` is
not supported on Windows because host networking is not provided. Pods always
run with a container network.
* `podSecurityContext` (see below)
* `shareProcessNamespace` - this is a beta feature, and depends on Linux namespaces
which are not implemented on Windows. Windows cannot share process namespaces or
the container's root filesystem. Only the network can be shared.
* `terminationGracePeriodSeconds` - this is not fully implemented in Docker on Windows,
see the [GitHub issue](https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/25982).
The behavior today is that the ENTRYPOINT process is sent CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT,
then Windows waits 5 seconds by default, and finally shuts down
all processes using the normal Windows shutdown behavior. The 5
second default is actually in the Windows registry
[inside the container](https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/25982#issuecomment-426441183),
so it can be overridden when the container is built.
* `volumeDevices` - this is a beta feature, and is not implemented on Windows.
Windows cannot attach raw block devices to pods.
* `volumes`
* If you define an `emptyDir` volume, you cannot set its volume source to `memory`.
* You cannot enable `mountPropagation` for volume mounts as this is not
supported on Windows.
#### Field compatibility for Pod security context {#compatibility-v1-pod-spec-containers-securitycontext}
None of the Pod [`securityContext`](/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/workload-resources/pod-v1/#security-context) fields work on Windows.
## Node problem detector
The node problem detector (see
[Monitor Node Health](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/monitor-node-health/))
has preliminary support for Windows.
For more information, visit the project's [GitHub page](https://github.com/kubernetes/node-problem-detector#windows).
## Pause container
In a Kubernetes Pod, an infrastructure or “pause” container is first created
to host the container. In Linux, the cgroups and namespaces that make up a pod
need a process to maintain their continued existence; the pause process provides
this. Containers that belong to the same pod, including infrastructure and worker
containers, share a common network endpoint (same IPv4 and / or IPv6 address, same
network port spaces). Kubernetes uses pause containers to allow for worker containers
crashing or restarting without losing any of the networking configuration.
Kubernetes maintains a multi-architecture image that includes support for Windows.
For Kubernetes v{{< skew currentVersion >}} the recommended pause image is `k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.6`.
The [source code](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/build/pause)
is available on GitHub.
Microsoft maintains a different multi-architecture image, with Linux and Windows
amd64 support, that you can find as `mcr.microsoft.com/oss/kubernetes/pause:3.6`.
This image is built from the same source as the Kubernetes maintained image but
all of the Windows binaries are [authenticode signed](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/authenticode) by Microsoft.
The Kubernetes project recommends using the Microsoft maintained image if you are
deploying to a production or production-like environment that requires signed
binaries.
## Container runtimes {#container-runtime}
You need to install a
{{< glossary_tooltip text="container runtime" term_id="container-runtime" >}}
into each node in the cluster so that Pods can run there.
The following container runtimes work with Windows:
{{% thirdparty-content %}}
### ContainerD
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.20" state="stable" >}}
You can use {{< glossary_tooltip term_id="containerd" text="ContainerD" >}} 1.4.0+
as the container runtime for Kubernetes nodes that run Windows.
Learn how to [install ContainerD on a Windows node](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#install-containerd).
{{< note >}}
There is a [known limitation](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-gmsa/#gmsa-limitations)
when using GMSA with containerd to access Windows network shares, which requires a
kernel patch.
{{< /note >}}
### Mirantis Container Runtime {#mcr}
[Mirantis Container Runtime](https://docs.mirantis.com/mcr/20.10/overview.html) (MCR)
is available as a container runtime for all Windows Server 2019 and later versions.
See [Install MCR on Windows Servers](https://docs.mirantis.com/mcr/20.10/install/mcr-windows.html) for more information.
## Windows OS version compatibility {#windows-os-version-support}
On Windows nodes, strict compatibility rules apply where the host OS version must
match the container base image OS version. Only Windows containers with a container
operating system of Windows Server 2019 are fully supported.
For Kubernetes v{{< skew currentVersion >}}, operating system compatibility for Windows nodes (and Pods)
is as follows:
Windows Server LTSC release
: Windows Server 2019
: Windows Server 2022
Windows Server SAC release
: Windows Server version 20H2
The Kubernetes [version-skew policy](/docs/setup/release/version-skew-policy/) also applies.
## Getting help and troubleshooting {#troubleshooting}
Your main source of help for troubleshooting your Kubernetes cluster should start
with the [Troubleshooting](/docs/tasks/debug/)
page.
Some additional, Windows-specific troubleshooting help is included
in this section. Logs are an important element of troubleshooting
issues in Kubernetes. Make sure to include them any time you seek
troubleshooting assistance from other contributors. Follow the
instructions in the
SIG Windows [contributing guide on gathering logs](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-windows/CONTRIBUTING.md#gathering-logs).
### Reporting issues and feature requests
If you have what looks like a bug, or you would like to
make a feature request, please follow the [SIG Windows contributing guide](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-windows/CONTRIBUTING.md#reporting-issues-and-feature-requests) to create a new issue.
You should first search the list of issues in case it was
reported previously and comment with your experience on the issue and add additional
logs. SIG Windows channel on the Kubernetes Slack is also a great avenue to get some initial support and
troubleshooting ideas prior to creating a ticket.
## Deployment tools
The kubeadm tool helps you to deploy a Kubernetes cluster, providing the control
plane to manage the cluster it, and nodes to run your workloads.
[Adding Windows nodes](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/adding-windows-nodes/)
explains how to deploy Windows nodes to your cluster using kubeadm.
The Kubernetes [cluster API](https://cluster-api.sigs.k8s.io/) project also provides means to automate deployment of Windows nodes.
## Windows distribution channels
For a detailed explanation of Windows distribution channels see the
[Microsoft documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/get-started-19/servicing-channels-19).
Information on the different Windows Server servicing channels
including their support models can be found at
[Windows Server servicing channels](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/get-started/servicing-channels-comparison).
content/en/docs/setup/production-environment/windows/user-guide-windows-containers.md → content/en/docs/concepts/windows/user-guide.md
+18 -27
View File
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ reviewers:
- jayunit100
- jsturtevant
- marosset
- perithompson
title: Guide for scheduling Windows containers in Kubernetes
content_type: concept
weight: 75
@@ -12,16 +11,14 @@ weight: 75
<!-- overview -->
Windows applications constitute a large portion of the services and applications that run in many organizations.
This guide walks you through the steps to configure and deploy a Windows container in Kubernetes.
This guide walks you through the steps to configure and deploy Windows containers in Kubernetes.
<!-- body -->
## Objectives
* Configure an example deployment to run Windows containers on the Windows node
* (Optional) Configure an Active Directory Identity for your Pod using Group Managed Service Accounts (GMSA)
* Highlight Windows specific funcationality in Kubernetes
## Before you begin
@@ -34,8 +31,8 @@ The example in the section below is provided to jumpstart your experience with W
## Getting Started: Deploying a Windows container
To deploy a Windows container on Kubernetes, you must first create an example application.
The example YAML file below creates a simple webserver application.
The example YAML file below deploys a simple webserver application running inside a Windows container.
Create a service spec named `win-webserver.yaml` with the contents below:
```yaml
@@ -83,8 +80,8 @@ spec:
```
{{< note >}}
Port mapping is also supported, but for simplicity in this example
the container port 80 is exposed directly to the service.
Port mapping is also supported, but for simplicity this example exposes
port 80 of the container directly to the Service.
{{< /note >}}
1. Check that all nodes are healthy:
@@ -104,7 +101,6 @@ the container port 80 is exposed directly to the service.
1. Check that the deployment succeeded. To verify:
* Two containers per pod on the Windows node, use `docker ps`
* Two pods listed from the Linux control plane node, use `kubectl get pods`
* Node-to-pod communication across the network, `curl` port 80 of your pod IPs from the Linux control plane node
to check for a web server response
@@ -139,29 +135,29 @@ piping them to STDOUT for consumption by `kubectl logs <pod>`.
Follow the instructions in the LogMonitor GitHub page to copy its binaries and configuration files
to all your containers and add the necessary entrypoints for LogMonitor to push your logs to STDOUT.
## Using configurable Container usernames
## Configuring container user
Starting with Kubernetes v1.16, Windows containers can be configured to run their entrypoints and processes
### Using configurable Container usernames
Windows containers can be configured to run their entrypoints and processes
with different usernames than the image defaults.
The way this is achieved is a bit different from the way it is done for Linux containers.
Learn more about it [here](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-runasusername/).
## Managing Workload Identity with Group Managed Service Accounts
### Managing Workload Identity with Group Managed Service Accounts
Starting with Kubernetes v1.14, Windows container workloads can be configured to use Group Managed Service Accounts (GMSA).
Group Managed Service Accounts are a specific type of Active Directory account that provides automatic password management,
Windows container workloads can be configured to use Group Managed Service Accounts (GMSA).
Group Managed Service Accounts are a specific type of Active Directory account that provide automatic password management,
simplified service principal name (SPN) management, and the ability to delegate the management to other administrators across multiple servers.
Containers configured with a GMSA can access external Active Directory Domain resources while carrying the identity configured with the GMSA.
Learn more about configuring and using GMSA for Windows containers [here](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-gmsa/).
## Taints and Tolerations
Users today need to use some combination of taints and node selectors in order to
keep Linux and Windows workloads on their respective OS-specific nodes.
This likely imposes a burden only on Windows users. The recommended approach is outlined below,
Users need to use some combination of taints and node selectors in order to
schedule Linux and Windows workloads to their respective OS-specific nodes.
The recommended approach is outlined below,
with one of its main goals being that this approach should not break compatibility for existing Linux workloads.
If the `IdentifyPodOS` [feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/) is
enabled, you can (and should) set `.spec.os.name` for a Pod to indicate the operating system
that the containers in that Pod are designed for. For Pods that run Linux containers, set
@@ -232,16 +228,14 @@ Here are values used today for each Windows Server version.
| Product Name | Build Number(s) |
|--------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Windows Server 2019 | 10.0.17763 |
| Windows Server version 1809 | 10.0.17763 |
| Windows Server version 1903 | 10.0.18362 |
| Windows Server, Version 20H2 | 10.0.19042 |
| Windows Server 2022 | 10.0.20348 |
### Simplifying with RuntimeClass
[RuntimeClass] can be used to simplify the process of using taints and tolerations.
A cluster administrator can create a `RuntimeClass` object which is used to encapsulate these taints and tolerations.
1. Save this file to `runtimeClasses.yml`. It includes the appropriate `nodeSelector`
for the Windows OS, architecture, and version.
@@ -313,7 +307,4 @@ spec:
app: iis-2019
```
[RuntimeClass]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/runtime-class/
content/en/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/job.md
+1 -1
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@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ kubectl logs $pods
The output is similar to this:
```shell
```
3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284811174502841027019385211055596446229489549303819644288109756659334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603486104543266482133936072602491412737245870066063155881748815209209628292540917153643678925903600113305305488204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921861173819326117931051185480744623799627495673518857527248912279381830119491298336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798609437027705392171762931767523846748184676694051320005681271452635608277857713427577896091736371787214684409012249534301465495853710507922796892589235420199561121290219608640344181598136297747713099605187072113499999983729780499510597317328160963185950244594553469083026425223082533446850352619311881710100031378387528865875332083814206171776691473035982534904287554687311595628638823537875937519577818577805321712268066130019278766111959092164201989380952572010654858632788659361533818279682303019520353018529689957736225994138912497217752834791315155748572424541506959508295331168617278558890750983817546374649393192550604009277016711390098488240128583616035637076601047101819429555961989467678374494482553797747268471040475346462080466842590694912933136770289891521047521620569660240580381501935112533824300355876402474964732639141992726042699227967823547816360093417216412199245863150302861829745557067498385054945885869269956909272107975093029553211653449872027559602364806654991198818347977535663698074265425278625518184175746728909777727938000816470600161452491921732172147723501414419735685481613611573525521334757418494684385233239073941433345477624168625189835694855620992192221842725502542568876717904946016534668049886272327917860857843838279679766814541009538837863609506800642251252051173929848960841284886269456042419652850222106611863067442786220391949450471237137869609563643719172874677646575739624138908658326459958133904780275901
```
content/en/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/replicaset.md
+5 -5
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@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ kubectl describe rs/frontend
And you will see output similar to:
```shell
```
Name: frontend
Namespace: default
Selector: tier=frontend
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ kubectl get pods frontend-b2zdv -o yaml
The output will look similar to this, with the frontend ReplicaSet's info set in the metadata's ownerReferences field:
```shell
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ kubectl get pods
The output shows that the new Pods are either already terminated, or in the process of being terminated:
```shell
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
frontend-b2zdv 1/1 Running 0 10m
frontend-vcmts 1/1 Running 0 10m
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ kubectl get pods
```
Will reveal in its output:
```shell
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
frontend-hmmj2 1/1 Running 0 9s
pod1 1/1 Running 0 36s
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ As such, it is recommended to use Deployments when you want ReplicaSets.
### Bare Pods
Unlike the case where a user directly created Pods, a ReplicaSet replaces Pods that are deleted or terminated for any reason, such as in the case of node failure or disruptive node maintenance, such as a kernel upgrade. For this reason, we recommend that you use a ReplicaSet even if your application requires only a single Pod. Think of it similarly to a process supervisor, only it supervises multiple Pods across multiple nodes instead of individual processes on a single node. A ReplicaSet delegates local container restarts to some agent on the node (for example, Kubelet or Docker).
Unlike the case where a user directly created Pods, a ReplicaSet replaces Pods that are deleted or terminated for any reason, such as in the case of node failure or disruptive node maintenance, such as a kernel upgrade. For this reason, we recommend that you use a ReplicaSet even if your application requires only a single Pod. Think of it similarly to a process supervisor, only it supervises multiple Pods across multiple nodes instead of individual processes on a single node. A ReplicaSet delegates local container restarts to some agent on the node such as Kubelet.
### Job
content/en/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-topology-spread-constraints.md
+8 -7
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@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ metadata:
spec:
topologySpreadConstraints:
- maxSkew: <integer>
minDomains: <integer>
topologyKey: <string>
whenUnsatisfiable: <string>
labelSelector: <object>
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ If we want an incoming Pod to be evenly spread with existing Pods across zones,
`topologyKey: zone` implies the even distribution will only be applied to the nodes which have label pair "zone:&lt;any value&gt;" present. `whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule` tells the scheduler to let it stay pending if the incoming Pod can't satisfy the constraint.
If the scheduler placed this incoming Pod into "zoneA", the Pods distribution would become [3, 1], hence the actual skew is 2 (3 - 1) - which violates `maxSkew: 1`. In this example, the incoming Pod can only be placed onto "zoneB":
If the scheduler placed this incoming Pod into "zoneA", the Pods distribution would become [3, 1], hence the actual skew is 2 (3 - 1) - which violates `maxSkew: 1`. In this example, the incoming Pod can only be placed into "zoneB":
{{<mermaid>}}
graph BT
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ graph BT
You can tweak the Pod spec to meet various kinds of requirements:
- Change `maxSkew` to a bigger value like "2" so that the incoming Pod can be placed onto "zoneA" as well.
- Change `maxSkew` to a bigger value like "2" so that the incoming Pod can be placed into "zoneA" as well.
- Change `topologyKey` to "node" so as to distribute the Pods evenly across nodes instead of zones. In the above example, if `maxSkew` remains "1", the incoming Pod can only be placed onto "node4".
- Change `whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule` to `whenUnsatisfiable: ScheduleAnyway` to ensure the incoming Pod to be always schedulable (suppose other scheduling APIs are satisfied). However, it's preferred to be placed onto the topology domain which has fewer matching Pods. (Be aware that this preferability is jointly normalized with other internal scheduling priorities like resource usage ratio, etc.)
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ You can use 2 TopologySpreadConstraints to control the Pods spreading on both zo
{{< codenew file="pods/topology-spread-constraints/two-constraints.yaml" >}}
In this case, to match the first constraint, the incoming Pod can only be placed onto "zoneB"; while in terms of the second constraint, the incoming Pod can only be placed onto "node4". Then the results of 2 constraints are ANDed, so the only viable option is to place on "node4".
In this case, to match the first constraint, the incoming Pod can only be placed into "zoneB"; while in terms of the second constraint, the incoming Pod can only be placed onto "node4". Then the results of 2 constraints are ANDed, so the only viable option is to place on "node4".
Multiple constraints can lead to conflicts. Suppose you have a 3-node cluster across 2 zones:
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@ graph BT
class zoneA,zoneB cluster;
{{< /mermaid >}}
If you apply "two-constraints.yaml" to this cluster, you will notice "mypod" stays in `Pending` state. This is because: to satisfy the first constraint, "mypod" can only be put to "zoneB"; while in terms of the second constraint, "mypod" can only put to "node2". Then a joint result of "zoneB" and "node2" returns nothing.
If you apply "two-constraints.yaml" to this cluster, you will notice "mypod" stays in `Pending` state. This is because: to satisfy the first constraint, "mypod" can only placed into "zoneB"; while in terms of the second constraint, "mypod" can only be placed onto "node2". Then a joint result of "zoneB" and "node2" returns nothing.
To overcome this situation, you can either increase the `maxSkew` or modify one of the constraints to use `whenUnsatisfiable: ScheduleAnyway`.
@@ -286,7 +287,7 @@ class n5 k8s;
class zoneC cluster;
{{< /mermaid >}}
and you know that "zoneC" must be excluded. In this case, you can compose the yaml as below, so that "mypod" will be placed onto "zoneB" instead of "zoneC". Similarly `spec.nodeSelector` is also respected.
and you know that "zoneC" must be excluded. In this case, you can compose the yaml as below, so that "mypod" will be placed into "zoneB" instead of "zoneC". Similarly `spec.nodeSelector` is also respected.
{{< codenew file="pods/topology-spread-constraints/one-constraint-with-nodeaffinity.yaml" >}}
@@ -301,9 +302,9 @@ There are some implicit conventions worth noting here:
- The scheduler will bypass the nodes without `topologySpreadConstraints[*].topologyKey` present. This implies that:
1. the Pods located on those nodes do not impact `maxSkew` calculation - in the above example, suppose "node1" does not have label "zone", then the 2 Pods will be disregarded, hence the incoming Pod will be scheduled into "zoneA".
2. the incoming Pod has no chances to be scheduled onto this kind of nodes - in the above example, suppose a "node5" carrying label `{zone-typo: zoneC}` joins the cluster, it will be bypassed due to the absence of label key "zone".
2. the incoming Pod has no chances to be scheduled onto such nodes - in the above example, suppose a "node5" carrying label `{zone-typo: zoneC}` joins the cluster, it will be bypassed due to the absence of label key "zone".
- Be aware of what will happen if the incomingPod's `topologySpreadConstraints[*].labelSelector` doesn't match its own labels. In the above example, if we remove the incoming Pod's labels, it can still be placed onto "zoneB" since the constraints are still satisfied. However, after the placement, the degree of imbalance of the cluster remains unchanged - it's still zoneA having 2 Pods which hold label {foo:bar}, and zoneB having 1 Pod which holds label {foo:bar}. So if this is not what you expect, we recommend the workload's `topologySpreadConstraints[*].labelSelector` to match its own labels.
- Be aware of what will happen if the incoming Pod's `topologySpreadConstraints[*].labelSelector` doesn't match its own labels. In the above example, if we remove the incoming Pod's labels, it can still be placed into "zoneB" since the constraints are still satisfied. However, after the placement, the degree of imbalance of the cluster remains unchanged - it's still zoneA having 2 Pods which hold label {foo:bar}, and zoneB having 1 Pod which holds label {foo:bar}. So if this is not what you expect, we recommend the workload's `topologySpreadConstraints[*].labelSelector` to match its own labels.
### Cluster-level default constraints
content/en/docs/contribute/_index.md
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@@ -18,8 +18,15 @@ card:
{{< note >}}
To learn more about contributing to Kubernetes in general, see the
[contributor documentation](https://www.kubernetes.dev/docs/).
You can also read the
{{< glossary_tooltip text="CNCF" term_id="cncf" >}}
[page](https://contribute.cncf.io/contributors/projects/#kubernetes)
about contributing to Kubernetes.
{{< /note >}}
---
This website is maintained by [Kubernetes SIG Docs](/docs/contribute/#get-involved-with-sig-docs).
Kubernetes documentation contributors:
content/en/docs/contribute/participate/pr-wranglers.md
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@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ To close a pull request, leave a `/close` comment on the PR.
{{< note >}}
The [`fejta-bot`](https://github.com/fejta-bot) bot marks issues as stale after 90 days of inactivity. After 30 more days it marks issues as rotten and closes them. PR wranglers should close issues after 14-30 days of inactivity.
The [`k8s-triage-robot`](https://github.com/k8s-triage-robot) bot marks issues as stale after 90 days of inactivity. After 30 more days it marks issues as rotten and closes them. PR wranglers should close issues after 14-30 days of inactivity.
{{< /note >}}
@@ -100,4 +100,4 @@ In late 2021, SIG Docs introduced the PR Wrangler Shadow Program. The program wa
- Others can reach out on the [#sig-docs Slack channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-docs) for requesting to shadow an assigned PR Wrangler for a specific week. Feel free to reach out to Brad Topol (`@bradtopol`) or one of the [SIG Docs co-chairs/leads](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/tree/master/sig-docs#leadership).
- Once you've signed up to shadow a PR Wrangler, introduce yourself to the PR Wrangler on the [Kubernetes Slack](slack.k8s.io).
- Once you've signed up to shadow a PR Wrangler, introduce yourself to the PR Wrangler on the [Kubernetes Slack](https://slack.k8s.io).
content/en/docs/home/supported-doc-versions.md
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@@ -10,3 +10,8 @@ card:
This website contains documentation for the current version of Kubernetes
and the four previous versions of Kubernetes.
The availability of documentation for a Kubernetes version is separate from whether
that release is currently supported.
Read [Support period](/releases/patch-releases/#support-period) to learn about
which versions of Kubernetes are officially supported, and for how long.
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@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ operator to use or manage a cluster.
* [kube-apiserver configuration (v1alpha1)](/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-config.v1alpha1/)
* [kube-apiserver configuration (v1)](/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-config.v1/)
* [kube-apiserver encryption (v1)](/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-encryption.v1/)
* [kube-apiserver event rate limit (v1alpha1)](/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-eventratelimit.v1/)
* [kubelet configuration (v1alpha1)](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1alpha1/) and
[kubelet configuration (v1beta1)](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1/)
* [kubelet credential providers (v1alpha1)](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-credentialprovider.v1alpha1/)
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ operator to use or manage a cluster.
* [Client authentication API (v1beta1)](/docs/reference/config-api/client-authentication.v1beta1/) and
[Client authentication API (v1)](/docs/reference/config-api/client-authentication.v1/)
* [WebhookAdmission configuration (v1)](/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-webhookadmission.v1/)
* [ImagePolicy API (v1alpha1)](/docs/reference/config-api/imagepolicy.v1alpha1/)
## Config API for kubeadm
@@ -97,6 +99,6 @@ operator to use or manage a cluster.
## Design Docs
An archive of the design docs for Kubernetes functionality. Good starting points are
[Kubernetes Architecture](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/architecture/architecture.md) and
[Kubernetes Design Overview](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals).
[Kubernetes Architecture](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/architecture/architecture.md) and
[Kubernetes Design Overview](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive).
content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/_index.md
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@@ -24,3 +24,5 @@ Reference documentation:
- Service accounts
- [Developer guide](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/)
- [Administration](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/service-accounts-admin/)
- [Kubelet Authentication & Authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-authn-authz/)
- including kubelet [TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers.md
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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ requests with the `spec.signerName` requested on the CertificateSigningRequest r
See [Certificate Signing Requests](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/certificate-signing-requests/) for more
information on the permissions required to perform different actions on CertificateSigningRequest resources.
### CertificateSubjectRestrictions {#certificatesubjectrestrictions}
### CertificateSubjectRestriction {#certificatesubjectrestriction}
This admission controller observes creation of CertificateSigningRequest resources that have a `spec.signerName`
of `kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client`. It rejects any request that specifies a 'group' (or 'organization attribute')
@@ -356,19 +356,21 @@ users:
For additional HTTP configuration, refer to the
[kubeconfig](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/configure-access-multiple-clusters/) documentation.
#### Request Payloads
#### Request payloads
When faced with an admission decision, the API Server POSTs a JSON serialized
`imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1` `ImageReview` object describing the action.
This object contains fields describing the containers being admitted, as well as
any pod annotations that match `*.image-policy.k8s.io/*`.
Note that webhook API objects are subject to the same versioning compatibility rules
{{ note }}
The webhook API objects are subject to the same versioning compatibility rules
as other Kubernetes API objects. Implementers should be aware of looser compatibility
promises for alpha objects and check the "apiVersion" field of the request to
promises for alpha objects and check the `apiVersion` field of the request to
ensure correct deserialization.
Additionally, the API Server must enable the `imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1` API extensions
group (`--runtime-config=imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1=true`).
{{ /note }}
An example request body:
@@ -420,8 +422,8 @@ To disallow access, the service would return:
}
```
For further documentation refer to the `imagepolicy.v1alpha1` API objects and
`plugin/pkg/admission/imagepolicy/admission.go`.
For further documentation refer to the
[`imagepolicy.v1alpha1` API](/docs/reference/config-api/imagepolicy.v1alpha1/).
#### Extending with Annotations
@@ -432,9 +434,9 @@ accept different information.
Examples of information you might put here are:
* request to "break glass" to override a policy, in case of emergency.
* a ticket number from a ticket system that documents the break-glass request
* provide a hint to the policy server as to the imageID of the image being provided, to save it a lookup
* request to "break glass" to override a policy, in case of emergency.
* a ticket number from a ticket system that documents the break-glass request
* provide a hint to the policy server as to the imageID of the image being provided, to save it a lookup
In any case, the annotations are provided by the user and are not validated by Kubernetes in any way.
@@ -469,8 +471,7 @@ webhooks or validating admission controllers will permit the request to finish.
If you disable the MutatingAdmissionWebhook, you must also disable the
`MutatingWebhookConfiguration` object in the `admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1`
group/version via the `--runtime-config` flag (both are on by default in
versions >= 1.9).
group/version via the `--runtime-config` flag, both are on by default.
#### Use caution when authoring and installing mutating webhooks
@@ -599,7 +600,7 @@ Starting from 1.11, this admission controller is disabled by default.
This admission controller defaults and limits what node selectors may be used within a namespace
by reading a namespace annotation and a global configuration.
#### Configuration File Format
#### Configuration file format
`PodNodeSelector` uses a configuration file to set options for the behavior of the backend.
Note that the configuration file format will move to a versioned file in a future release.
@@ -649,9 +650,7 @@ This admission controller has the following behavior:
3. Evaluate the pod's node selector against the namespace node selector for conflicts. Conflicts
result in rejection.
4. Evaluate the pod's node selector against the namespace-specific allowed selector defined the
plugin configuration file.
Conflicts result in rejection.
plugin configuration file. Conflicts result in rejection.
{{< note >}}
PodNodeSelector allows forcing pods to run on specifically labeled nodes. Also see the PodTolerationRestriction
content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/bootstrap-tokens.md
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@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ creating new clusters or joining new nodes to an existing cluster. It was built
to support [kubeadm](/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/), but can be used in other contexts
for users that wish to start clusters without `kubeadm`. It is also built to
work, via RBAC policy, with the
[Kubelet TLS Bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) system.
[Kubelet TLS Bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) system.
<!-- body -->
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ controller on the controller manager.
Each valid token is backed by a secret in the `kube-system` namespace. You can
find the full design doc
[here](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
[here](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
Here is what the secret looks like.
content/en/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-authentication-authorization.md → content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-authn-authz.md
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content/en/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping.md → content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping.md
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content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/node.md
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ have the minimal set of permissions required to operate correctly.
In order to be authorized by the Node authorizer, kubelets must use a credential that identifies them as
being in the `system:nodes` group, with a username of `system:node:<nodeName>`.
This group and user name format match the identity created for each kubelet as part of
[kubelet TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/).
[kubelet TLS bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/).
The value of `<nodeName>` **must** match precisely the name of the node as registered by the kubelet. By default, this is the host name as provided by `hostname`, or overridden via the [kubelet option](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/) `--hostname-override`. However, when using the `--cloud-provider` kubelet option, the specific hostname may be determined by the cloud provider, ignoring the local `hostname` and the `--hostname-override` option.
For specifics about how the kubelet determines the hostname, see the [kubelet options reference](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/).
content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/psp-to-pod-security-standards.md
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@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ For each applicable parameter, the allowed values for the
[Baseline](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/#baseline) and
[Restricted](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/#restricted) profiles are listed.
Anything outside the allowed values for those profiles would fall under the
[Privileged](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/#priveleged) profile. "No opinion"
[Privileged](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-standards/#privileged) profile. "No opinion"
means all values are allowed under all Pod Security Standards.
For a step-by-step migration guide, see
content/en/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac.md
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@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ This is commonly used by add-on API servers for unified authentication and autho
<td><b>system:node-bootstrapper</b></td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Allows access to the resources required to perform
<a href="/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/">kubelet TLS bootstrapping</a>.</td>
<a href="/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/">kubelet TLS bootstrapping</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>system:node-problem-detector</b></td>
content/en/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates.md
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@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ Each feature gate is designed for enabling/disabling a specific feature:
Requires Portworx CSI driver to be installed and configured in the cluster.
- `CSINodeInfo`: Enable all logic related to the CSINodeInfo API object in `csi.storage.k8s.io`.
- `CSIPersistentVolume`: Enable discovering and mounting volumes provisioned through a
[CSI (Container Storage Interface)](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/storage/container-storage-interface.md)
[CSI (Container Storage Interface)](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/storage/container-storage-interface.md)
compatible volume plugin.
- `CSIServiceAccountToken`: Enable CSI drivers to receive the pods' service account token
that they mount volumes for. See
@@ -1086,10 +1086,10 @@ Each feature gate is designed for enabling/disabling a specific feature:
[Bound Service Account Tokens](https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/blob/master/keps/sig-auth/1205-bound-service-account-tokens/README.md)
for more details.
- `RotateKubeletClientCertificate`: Enable the rotation of the client TLS certificate on the kubelet.
See [kubelet configuration](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#kubelet-configuration)
See [kubelet configuration](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#kubelet-configuration)
for more details.
- `RotateKubeletServerCertificate`: Enable the rotation of the server TLS certificate on the kubelet.
See [kubelet configuration](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#kubelet-configuration)
See [kubelet configuration](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#kubelet-configuration)
for more details.
- `RunAsGroup`: Enable control over the primary group ID set on the init
processes of containers.
content/en/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-proxy.md
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content/en/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet.md
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@@ -44,70 +44,70 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--add-dir-header</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If true, adds the file directory to the header of the log messages (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If true, adds the file directory to the header of the log messages (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--address string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 0.0.0.0 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The IP address for the Kubelet to serve on (set to <code>0.0.0.0</code> or <code>::</code> for listening in all interfaces and IP families) (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The IP address for the Kubelet to serve on (set to <code>0.0.0.0</code> or <code>::</code> for listening in all interfaces and IP families) (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--allowed-unsafe-sysctls strings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated whitelist of unsafe sysctls or unsafe sysctl patterns (ending in <code>&ast;</code>). Use these at your own risk. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated whitelist of unsafe sysctls or unsafe sysctl patterns (ending in <code>&ast;</code>). Use these at your own risk. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--alsologtostderr</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Log to standard error as well as files (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Log to standard error as well as files (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--anonymous-auth&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: true</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enables anonymous requests to the Kubelet server. Requests that are not rejected by another authentication method are treated as anonymous requests. Anonymous requests have a username of <code>system:anonymous</code>, and a group name of <code>system:unauthenticated</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enables anonymous requests to the Kubelet server. Requests that are not rejected by another authentication method are treated as anonymous requests. Anonymous requests have a username of <code>system:anonymous</code>, and a group name of <code>system:unauthenticated</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--authentication-token-webhook</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Use the <code>TokenReview</code> API to determine authentication for bearer tokens. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Use the <code>TokenReview</code> API to determine authentication for bearer tokens. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--authentication-token-webhook-cache-ttl duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>2m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--authorization-mode string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>AlwaysAllow</code></td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Authorization mode for Kubelet server. Valid options are AlwaysAllow or Webhook. Webhook mode uses the SubjectAccessReview API to determine authorization. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Authorization mode for Kubelet server. Valid options are AlwaysAllow or Webhook. Webhook mode uses the SubjectAccessReview API to determine authorization. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--authorization-webhook-cache-authorized-ttl duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>5m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--authorization-webhook-cache-unauthorized-ttl duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>30s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -135,28 +135,28 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--cgroup-driver string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>cgroupfs</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Driver that the kubelet uses to manipulate cgroups on the host. Possible values: <code>cgroupfs</code>, <code>systemd</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)/td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Driver that the kubelet uses to manipulate cgroups on the host. Possible values: <code>cgroupfs</code>, <code>systemd</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cgroup-root string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>''</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Optional root cgroup to use for pods. This is handled by the container runtime on a best effort basis. Default: '', which means use the container runtime default. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Optional root cgroup to use for pods. This is handled by the container runtime on a best effort basis. Default: '', which means use the container runtime default. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cgroups-per-qos&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable creation of QoS cgroup hierarchy, if true top level QoS and pod cgroups are created. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable creation of QoS cgroup hierarchy, if true top level QoS and pod cgroups are created. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--client-ca-file string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the <code>CommonName</code> of the client certificate. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the <code>CommonName</code> of the client certificate. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -177,14 +177,14 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--cluster-dns strings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated list of DNS server IP address. This value is used for containers DNS server in case of Pods with "dnsPolicy=ClusterFirst".<br/><B>Note:</B> all DNS servers appearing in the list MUST serve the same set of records otherwise name resolution within the cluster may not work correctly. There is no guarantee as to which DNS server may be contacted for name resolution. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated list of DNS server IP address. This value is used for containers DNS server in case of Pods with "dnsPolicy=ClusterFirst".<br/><B>Note:</B> all DNS servers appearing in the list MUST serve the same set of records otherwise name resolution within the cluster may not work correctly. There is no guarantee as to which DNS server may be contacted for name resolution. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cluster-domain string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Domain for this cluster. If set, kubelet will configure all containers to search this domain in addition to the host's search domains (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Domain for this cluster. If set, kubelet will configure all containers to search this domain in addition to the host's search domains (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -219,14 +219,14 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--container-log-max-files int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Beta feature&gt; Set the maximum number of container log files that can be present for a container. The number must be &gt;= 2. This flag can only be used with <code>--container-runtime=remote</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Beta feature&gt; Set the maximum number of container log files that can be present for a container. The number must be &gt;= 2. This flag can only be used with <code>--container-runtime=remote</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--container-log-max-size string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>10Mi</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Beta feature&gt; Set the maximum size (e.g. <code>10Mi</code>) of container log file before it is rotated. This flag can only be used with <code>--container-runtime=remote</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Beta feature&gt; Set the maximum size (e.g. <code>10Mi</code>) of container log file before it is rotated. This flag can only be used with <code>--container-runtime=remote</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -248,42 +248,42 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--contention-profiling</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable lock contention profiling, if profiling is enabled (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable lock contention profiling, if profiling is enabled (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cpu-cfs-quota&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable CPU CFS quota enforcement for containers that specify CPU limits (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable CPU CFS quota enforcement for containers that specify CPU limits (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cpu-cfs-quota-period duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>100ms</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Sets CPU CFS quota period value, <code>cpu.cfs_period_us</code>, defaults to Linux Kernel default. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Sets CPU CFS quota period value, <code>cpu.cfs_period_us</code>, defaults to Linux Kernel default. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cpu-manager-policy string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>none</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">CPU Manager policy to use. Possible values: <code>none</code>, <code>static</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">CPU Manager policy to use. Possible values: <code>none</code>, <code>static</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cpu-manager-policy-options mapStringString</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated list of options to fine-tune the behavior of the selected CPU Manager policy. If not supplied, keep the default behaviour. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated list of options to fine-tune the behavior of the selected CPU Manager policy. If not supplied, keep the default behaviour. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--cpu-manager-reconcile-period duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>10s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Alpha feature&gt; CPU Manager reconciliation period. Examples: <code>10s</code>, or <code>1m</code>. If not supplied, defaults to node status update frequency. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Alpha feature&gt; CPU Manager reconciliation period. Examples: <code>10s</code>, or <code>1m</code>. If not supplied, defaults to node status update frequency. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -304,84 +304,84 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--enable-controller-attach-detach&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enables the Attach/Detach controller to manage attachment/detachment of volumes scheduled to this node, and disables kubelet from executing any attach/detach operations. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enables the Attach/Detach controller to manage attachment/detachment of volumes scheduled to this node, and disables kubelet from executing any attach/detach operations. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--enable-debugging-handlers&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enables server endpoints for log collection and local running of containers and commands. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enables server endpoints for log collection and local running of containers and commands. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--enable-server&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable the Kubelet's server. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Enable the Kubelet's server. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--enforce-node-allocatable strings&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>pods</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A comma separated list of levels of node allocatable enforcement to be enforced by kubelet. Acceptable options are <code>none</code>, <code>pods</code>, <code>system-reserved</code>, and <code>kube-reserved</code>. If the latter two options are specified, <code>--system-reserved-cgroup</code> and <code>--kube-reserved-cgroup</code> must also be set, respectively. If <code>none</code> is specified, no additional options should be set. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/ for more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A comma separated list of levels of node allocatable enforcement to be enforced by kubelet. Acceptable options are <code>none</code>, <code>pods</code>, <code>system-reserved</code>, and <code>kube-reserved</code>. If the latter two options are specified, <code>--system-reserved-cgroup</code> and <code>--kube-reserved-cgroup</code> must also be set, respectively. If <code>none</code> is specified, no additional options should be set. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/">here</a> for more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--event-burst int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Maximum size of a bursty event records, temporarily allows event records to burst to this number, while still not exceeding <code>--event-qps</code>. The number must be &gt;= 0. If 0 will use default burst (10). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Maximum size of a bursty event records, temporarily allows event records to burst to this number, while still not exceeding <code>--event-qps</code>. The number must be &gt;= 0. If 0 will use default burst (10). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--event-qps int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">QPS to limit event creations. The number must be &gt;= 0. If 0 will use default QPS (5). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">QPS to limit event creations. The number must be &gt;= 0. If 0 will use default QPS (5). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--eviction-hard mapStringString&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>imagefs.available<15%,memory.available<100Mi,nodefs.available<10%</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of eviction thresholds (e.g. <code>memory.available<1Gi</code>) that if met would trigger a pod eviction. On a Linux node, the default value also includes <code>nodefs.inodesFree<5%</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of eviction thresholds (e.g. <code>memory.available<1Gi</code>) that if met would trigger a pod eviction. On a Linux node, the default value also includes <code>nodefs.inodesFree<5%</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--eviction-max-pod-grace-period int32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;"> Maximum allowed grace period (in seconds) to use when terminating pods in response to a soft eviction threshold being met. If negative, defer to pod specified value. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;"> Maximum allowed grace period (in seconds) to use when terminating pods in response to a soft eviction threshold being met. If negative, defer to pod specified value. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--eviction-minimum-reclaim mapStringString</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of minimum reclaims (e.g. <code>imagefs.available=2Gi</code>) that describes the minimum amount of resource the kubelet will reclaim when performing a pod eviction if that resource is under pressure. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of minimum reclaims (e.g. <code>imagefs.available=2Gi</code>) that describes the minimum amount of resource the kubelet will reclaim when performing a pod eviction if that resource is under pressure. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--eviction-pressure-transition-period duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>5m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Duration for which the kubelet has to wait before transitioning out of an eviction pressure condition. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Duration for which the kubelet has to wait before transitioning out of an eviction pressure condition. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--eviction-soft mapStringString</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of eviction thresholds (e.g. <code>memory.available<1.5Gi</code>) that if met over a corresponding grace period would trigger a pod eviction. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of eviction thresholds (e.g. <code>memory.available<1.5Gi</code>) that if met over a corresponding grace period would trigger a pod eviction. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--eviction-soft-grace-period mapStringString</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of eviction grace periods (e.g. <code>memory.available=1m30s</code>) that correspond to how long a soft eviction threshold must hold before triggering a pod eviction. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of eviction grace periods (e.g. <code>memory.available=1m30s</code>) that correspond to how long a soft eviction threshold must hold before triggering a pod eviction. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--experimental-allocatable-ignore-eviction&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>false</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">When set to <code>true</code>, hard eviction thresholds will be ignored while calculating node allocatable. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/ for more details. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">When set to <code>true</code>, hard eviction thresholds will be ignored while calculating node allocatable. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/">here</a> for more details. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -409,14 +409,14 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--experimental-kernel-memcg-notification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Use kernelMemcgNotification configuration, this flag will be removed in 1.24 or later. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Use kernelMemcgNotification configuration, this flag will be removed in 1.24 or later. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--experimental-log-sanitization bool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">[Experimental] When enabled, prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens). Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">[Experimental] When enabled, prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens). Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ kubelet [flags]
<td colspan="2">--fail-swap-on&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Makes the Kubelet fail to start if swap is enabled on the node. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Makes the Kubelet fail to start if swap is enabled on the node. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -548,35 +548,35 @@ WinDSR=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
WinOverlay=true|false (BETA - default=true)<br/>
WindowsHostProcessContainers=true|false (BETA - default=true)<br/>
csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
(DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
(DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--file-check-frequency duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>20s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Duration between checking config files for new data. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Duration between checking config files for new data. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--hairpin-mode string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>promiscuous-bridge</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">How should the kubelet setup hairpin NAT. This allows endpoints of a Service to load balance back to themselves if they should try to access their own Service. Valid values are <code>promiscuous-bridge</code>, <code>hairpin-veth</code> and <code>none</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">How should the kubelet setup hairpin NAT. This allows endpoints of a Service to load balance back to themselves if they should try to access their own Service. Valid values are <code>promiscuous-bridge</code>, <code>hairpin-veth</code> and <code>none</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--healthz-bind-address string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>127.0.0.1</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The IP address for the healthz server to serve on (set to <code>0.0.0.0</code> or <code>::</code> for listening in all interfaces and IP families). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The IP address for the healthz server to serve on (set to <code>0.0.0.0</code> or <code>::</code> for listening in all interfaces and IP families). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--healthz-port int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 10248</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The port of the localhost healthz endpoint (set to <code>0</code> to disable). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The port of the localhost healthz endpoint (set to <code>0</code> to disable). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--http-check-frequency duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>20s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Duration between checking HTTP for new data. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Duration between checking HTTP for new data. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -618,14 +618,14 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--image-gc-high-threshold int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 85</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The percent of disk usage after which image garbage collection is always run. Values must be within the range [0, 100], To disable image garbage collection, set to 100. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The percent of disk usage after which image garbage collection is always run. Values must be within the range [0, 100], To disable image garbage collection, set to 100. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--image-gc-low-threshold int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 80</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The percent of disk usage before which image garbage collection is never run. Lowest disk usage to garbage collect to. Values must be within the range [0, 100] and should not be larger than that of <code>--image-gc-high-threshold</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The percent of disk usage before which image garbage collection is never run. Lowest disk usage to garbage collect to. Values must be within the range [0, 100] and should not be larger than that of <code>--image-gc-high-threshold</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -646,14 +646,14 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--iptables-drop-bit int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The bit of the <code>fwmark</code> space to mark packets for dropping. Must be within the range [0, 31]. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The bit of the <code>fwmark</code> space to mark packets for dropping. Must be within the range [0, 31]. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--iptables-masquerade-bit int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The bit of the <code>fwmark</code> space to mark packets for SNAT. Must be within the range [0, 31]. Please match this parameter with corresponding parameter in <code>kube-proxy</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The bit of the <code>fwmark</code> space to mark packets for SNAT. Must be within the range [0, 31]. Please match this parameter with corresponding parameter in <code>kube-proxy</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -667,42 +667,42 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--kernel-memcg-notification</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If enabled, the kubelet will integrate with the kernel memcg notification to determine if memory eviction thresholds are crossed rather than polling. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If enabled, the kubelet will integrate with the kernel memcg notification to determine if memory eviction thresholds are crossed rather than polling. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--kube-api-burst int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Burst to use while talking with kubernetes API server. The number must be >= 0. If 0 will use default burst (10). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Burst to use while talking with kubernetes API server. The number must be >= 0. If 0 will use default burst (10). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--kube-api-content-type string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Content type of requests sent to apiserver. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Content type of requests sent to apiserver. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--kube-api-qps int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">QPS to use while talking with kubernetes API server. The number must be &gt;= 0. If 0 will use default QPS (5). Doesn't cover events and node heartbeat apis which rate limiting is controlled by a different set of flags. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">QPS to use while talking with kubernetes API server. The number must be &gt;= 0. If 0 will use default QPS (5). Doesn't cover events and node heartbeat apis which rate limiting is controlled by a different set of flags. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--kube-reserved mapStringString&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: &lt;None&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of <code>&lt;resource name&gt;=&lt;resource quantity&gt;</code> (e.g. <code>cpu=200m,memory=500Mi,ephemeral-storage=1Gi,pid='100'</code>) pairs that describe resources reserved for kubernetes system components. Currently <code>cpu</code>, <code>memory</code> and local <code>ephemeral-storage</code> for root file system are supported. See http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources for more detail. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of <code>&lt;resource name&gt;=&lt;resource quantity&gt;</code> (e.g. <code>cpu=200m,memory=500Mi,ephemeral-storage=1Gi,pid='100'</code>) pairs that describe resources reserved for kubernetes system components. Currently <code>cpu</code>, <code>memory</code> and local <code>ephemeral-storage</code> for root file system are supported. See <a href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources">here</a> for more detail. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--kube-reserved-cgroup string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>''</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Absolute name of the top level cgroup that is used to manage kubernetes components for which compute resources were reserved via <code>--kube-reserved</code> flag. Ex. <code>/kube-reserved</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Absolute name of the top level cgroup that is used to manage kubernetes components for which compute resources were reserved via <code>--kube-reserved</code> flag. Ex. <code>/kube-reserved</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--kubelet-cgroups string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Optional absolute name of cgroups to create and run the Kubelet in. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Optional absolute name of cgroups to create and run the Kubelet in. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -730,28 +730,28 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--log-backtrace-at &lt;A string of format 'file:line'&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>":0"</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">When logging hits line <code><file>:<N></code>, emit a stack trace. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">When logging hits line <code><file>:<N></code>, emit a stack trace. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--log-dir string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If non-empty, write log files in this directory. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If non-empty, write log files in this directory. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--log-file string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If non-empty, use this log file. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If non-empty, use this log file. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--log-file-max-size uint&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 1800</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Defines the maximum size a log file can grow to. Unit is megabytes. If the value is 0, the maximum file size is unlimited. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Defines the maximum size a log file can grow to. Unit is megabytes. If the value is 0, the maximum file size is unlimited. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -765,49 +765,49 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--log-json-info-buffer-size string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>'0'</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">[Experimental] In JSON format with split output streams, the info messages can be buffered for a while to increase performance. The default value of zero bytes disables buffering. The size can be specified as number of bytes (512), multiples of 1000 (1K), multiples of 1024 (2Ki), or powers of those (3M, 4G, 5Mi, 6Gi). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">[Experimental] In JSON format with split output streams, the info messages can be buffered for a while to increase performance. The default value of zero bytes disables buffering. The size can be specified as number of bytes (512), multiples of 1000 (1K), multiples of 1024 (2Ki), or powers of those (3M, 4G, 5Mi, 6Gi). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--log-json-split-stream</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">[Experimental] In JSON format, write error messages to stderr and info messages to stdout. The default is to write a single stream to stdout. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">[Experimental] In JSON format, write error messages to stderr and info messages to stdout. The default is to write a single stream to stdout. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--logging-format string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>text</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Sets the log format. Permitted formats: <code>text</code>, <code>json</code>.<br/>Non-default formats don't honor these flags: <code>--add-dir-header</code>, <code>--alsologtostderr</code>, <code>--log-backtrace-at</code>, <code>--log-dir</code>, <code>--log-file</code>, <code>--log-file-max-size</code>, <code>--logtostderr</code>, <code>--skip_headers</code>, <code>--skip_log_headers</code>, <code>--stderrthreshold</code>, <code>--log-flush-frequency</code>.<br/>Non-default choices are currently alpha and subject to change without warning. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Sets the log format. Permitted formats: <code>text</code>, <code>json</code>.<br/>Non-default formats don't honor these flags: <code>--add-dir-header</code>, <code>--alsologtostderr</code>, <code>--log-backtrace-at</code>, <code>--log-dir</code>, <code>--log-file</code>, <code>--log-file-max-size</code>, <code>--logtostderr</code>, <code>--skip_headers</code>, <code>--skip_log_headers</code>, <code>--stderrthreshold</code>, <code>--log-flush-frequency</code>.<br/>Non-default choices are currently alpha and subject to change without warning. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--logtostderr&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">log to standard error instead of files. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">log to standard error instead of files. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--make-iptables-util-chains&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If true, kubelet will ensure <code>iptables</code> utility rules are present on host. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If true, kubelet will ensure <code>iptables</code> utility rules are present on host. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--manifest-url string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">URL for accessing additional Pod specifications to run (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">URL for accessing additional Pod specifications to run (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--manifest-url-header string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated list of HTTP headers to use when accessing the URL provided to <code>--manifest-url</code>. Multiple headers with the same name will be added in the same order provided. This flag can be repeatedly invoked. For example: <code>--manifest-url-header 'a:hello,b:again,c:world' --manifest-url-header 'b:beautiful'</code> (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Comma-separated list of HTTP headers to use when accessing the URL provided to <code>--manifest-url</code>. Multiple headers with the same name will be added in the same order provided. This flag can be repeatedly invoked. For example: <code>--manifest-url-header 'a:hello,b:again,c:world' --manifest-url-header 'b:beautiful'</code> (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -821,14 +821,14 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--max-open-files int&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 1000000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Number of files that can be opened by Kubelet process. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Number of files that can be opened by Kubelet process. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--max-pods int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 110</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Number of Pods that can run on this Kubelet. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Number of Pods that can run on this Kubelet. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--memory-manager-policy string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>None</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Memory Manager policy to use. Possible values: <code>'None'</code>, <code>'Static'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Memory Manager policy to use. Possible values: <code>'None'</code>, <code>'Static'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--minimum-image-ttl-duration duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>2m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Minimum age for an unused image before it is garbage collected. Examples: <code>'300ms'</code>, <code>'10s'</code> or <code>'2h45m'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Minimum age for an unused image before it is garbage collected. Examples: <code>'300ms'</code>, <code>'10s'</code> or <code>'2h45m'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -898,14 +898,14 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--node-status-max-images int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The maximum number of images to report in <code>node.status.images</code>. If <code>-1</code> is specified, no cap will be applied. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The maximum number of images to report in <code>node.status.images</code>. If <code>-1</code> is specified, no cap will be applied. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--node-status-update-frequency duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>10s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Specifies how often kubelet posts node status to master. Note: be cautious when changing the constant, it must work with <code>nodeMonitorGracePeriod</code> in Node controller. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Specifies how often kubelet posts node status to master. Note: be cautious when changing the constant, it must work with <code>nodeMonitorGracePeriod</code> in Node controller. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -919,21 +919,21 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--one-output</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If true, only write logs to their native severity level (vs also writing to each lower severity level). (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If true, only write logs to their native severity level (vs also writing to each lower severity level). (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--oom-score-adj int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: -999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The <code>oom-score-adj</code> value for kubelet process. Values must be within the range [-1000, 1000]. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The <code>oom-score-adj</code> value for kubelet process. Values must be within the range [-1000, 1000]. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--pod-cidr string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The CIDR to use for pod IP addresses, only used in standalone mode. In cluster mode, this is obtained from the master. For IPv6, the maximum number of IP's allocated is 65536 (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The CIDR to use for pod IP addresses, only used in standalone mode. In cluster mode, this is obtained from the master. For IPv6, the maximum number of IP's allocated is 65536 (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -947,56 +947,56 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--pod-manifest-path string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Path to the directory containing static pod files to run, or the path to a single static pod file. Files starting with dots will be ignored. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Path to the directory containing static pod files to run, or the path to a single static pod file. Files starting with dots will be ignored. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--pod-max-pids int&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: -1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Set the maximum number of processes per pod. If <code>-1</code>, the kubelet defaults to the node allocatable PID capacity. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Set the maximum number of processes per pod. If <code>-1</code>, the kubelet defaults to the node allocatable PID capacity. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--pods-per-core int32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Number of Pods per core that can run on this kubelet. The total number of pods on this kubelet cannot exceed <code>--max-pods</code>, so <code>--max-pods</code> will be used if this calculation results in a larger number of pods allowed on the kubelet. A value of <code>0</code> disables this limit. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Number of Pods per core that can run on this kubelet. The total number of pods on this kubelet cannot exceed <code>--max-pods</code>, so <code>--max-pods</code> will be used if this calculation results in a larger number of pods allowed on the kubelet. A value of <code>0</code> disables this limit. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--port int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 10250</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The port for the kubelet to serve on. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The port for the kubelet to serve on. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--protect-kernel-defaults</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;"> Default kubelet behaviour for kernel tuning. If set, kubelet errors if any of kernel tunables is different than kubelet defaults. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;"> Default kubelet behaviour for kernel tuning. If set, kubelet errors if any of kernel tunables is different than kubelet defaults. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--provider-id string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Unique identifier for identifying the node in a machine database, i.e cloud provider. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Unique identifier for identifying the node in a machine database, i.e cloud provider. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--qos-reserved mapStringString</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Alpha feature&gt; A set of <code>&lt;resource name&gt;=&lt;percentage&gt;</code> (e.g. <code>memory=50%</code>) pairs that describe how pod resource requests are reserved at the QoS level. Currently only <code>memory</code> is supported. Requires the <code>QOSReserved</code> feature gate to be enabled. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Alpha feature&gt; A set of <code>&lt;resource name&gt;=&lt;percentage&gt;</code> (e.g. <code>memory=50%</code>) pairs that describe how pod resource requests are reserved at the QoS level. Currently only <code>memory</code> is supported. Requires the <code>QOSReserved</code> feature gate to be enabled. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--read-only-port int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 10255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The read-only port for the kubelet to serve on with no authentication/authorization (set to <code>0</code> to disable). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The read-only port for the kubelet to serve on with no authentication/authorization (set to <code>0</code> to disable). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--register-node&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Register the node with the API server. If <code>--kubeconfig</code> is not provided, this flag is irrelevant, as the Kubelet won't have an API server to register with. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Register the node with the API server. If <code>--kubeconfig</code> is not provided, this flag is irrelevant, as the Kubelet won't have an API server to register with. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1024,42 +1024,42 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--register-with-taints mapStringString</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Register the node with the given list of taints (comma separated <code>&lt;key&gt;=&lt;value&gt;:&lt;effect&gt;</code>). No-op if <code>--register-node</code> is <code>false</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Register the node with the given list of taints (comma separated <code>&lt;key&gt;=&lt;value&gt;:&lt;effect&gt;</code>). No-op if <code>--register-node</code> is <code>false</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--registry-burst int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Maximum size of a bursty pulls, temporarily allows pulls to burst to this number, while still not exceeding <code>--registry-qps</code>. Only used if <code>--registry-qps</code> is greater than 0. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Maximum size of a bursty pulls, temporarily allows pulls to burst to this number, while still not exceeding <code>--registry-qps</code>. Only used if <code>--registry-qps</code> is greater than 0. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--registry-qps int32&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If &gt; 0, limit registry pull QPS to this value. If <code>0</code>, unlimited. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If &gt; 0, limit registry pull QPS to this value. If <code>0</code>, unlimited. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--reserved-cpus string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A comma-separated list of CPUs or CPU ranges that are reserved for system and kubernetes usage. This specific list will supersede cpu counts in <code>--system-reserved</code> and <code>--kube-reserved</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A comma-separated list of CPUs or CPU ranges that are reserved for system and kubernetes usage. This specific list will supersede cpu counts in <code>--system-reserved</code> and <code>--kube-reserved</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--reserved-memory string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A comma-separated list of memory reservations for NUMA nodes. (e.g. <code>--reserved-memory 0:memory=1Gi,hugepages-1M=2Gi --reserved-memory 1:memory=2Gi</code>). The total sum for each memory type should be equal to the sum of <code>--kube-reserved</code>, <code>--system-reserved</code> and <code>--eviction-threshold</code>. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/memory-manager/#reserved-memory-flag for more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A comma-separated list of memory reservations for NUMA nodes. (e.g. <code>--reserved-memory 0:memory=1Gi,hugepages-1M=2Gi --reserved-memory 1:memory=2Gi</code>). The total sum for each memory type should be equal to the sum of <code>--kube-reserved</code>, <code>--system-reserved</code> and <code>--eviction-threshold</code>. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/memory-manager/#reserved-memory-flag">here</a> for more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--resolv-conf string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>/etc/resolv.conf</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Resolver configuration file used as the basis for the container DNS resolution configuration. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Resolver configuration file used as the basis for the container DNS resolution configuration. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1073,21 +1073,21 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--rotate-certificates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Beta feature&gt; Auto rotate the kubelet client certificates by requesting new certificates from the <code>kube-apiserver</code> when the certificate expiration approaches. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">&lt;Warning: Beta feature&gt; Auto rotate the kubelet client certificates by requesting new certificates from the <code>kube-apiserver</code> when the certificate expiration approaches. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--rotate-server-certificates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Auto-request and rotate the kubelet serving certificates by requesting new certificates from the <code>kube-apiserver</code> when the certificate expiration approaches. Requires the <code>RotateKubeletServerCertificate</code> feature gate to be enabled, and approval of the submitted <code>CertificateSigningRequest</code> objects. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Auto-request and rotate the kubelet serving certificates by requesting new certificates from the <code>kube-apiserver</code> when the certificate expiration approaches. Requires the <code>RotateKubeletServerCertificate</code> feature gate to be enabled, and approval of the submitted <code>CertificateSigningRequest</code> objects. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--runonce</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If <code>true</code>, exit after spawning pods from local manifests or remote urls. Exclusive with <code>--enable-server</code> (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If <code>true</code>, exit after spawning pods from local manifests or remote urls. Exclusive with <code>--enable-server</code> (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--runtime-request-timeout duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>2m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Timeout of all runtime requests except long running request - <code>pull</code>, <code>logs</code>, <code>exec</code> and <code>attach</code>. When timeout exceeded, kubelet will cancel the request, throw out an error and retry later. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Timeout of all runtime requests except long running request - <code>pull</code>, <code>logs</code>, <code>exec</code> and <code>attach</code>. When timeout exceeded, kubelet will cancel the request, throw out an error and retry later. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1115,70 +1115,70 @@ csiMigrationRBD=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)<br/>
<td colspan="2">--serialize-image-pulls&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>true</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Pull images one at a time. We recommend *not* changing the default value on nodes that run docker daemon with version &lt; 1.9 or an <code>aufs</code> storage backend. Issue #10959 has more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Pull images one at a time. We recommend *not* changing the default value on nodes that run docker daemon with version &lt; 1.9 or an <code>aufs</code> storage backend. Issue #10959 has more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--skip-headers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If <code>true</code>, avoid header prefixes in the log messages. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If <code>true</code>, avoid header prefixes in the log messages. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--skip-log-headers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If <code>true</code>, avoid headers when opening log files. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">If <code>true</code>, avoid headers when opening log files. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--stderrthreshold int&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">logs at or above this threshold go to stderr. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">logs at or above this threshold go to stderr. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components">here</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--streaming-connection-idle-timeout duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>4h0m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Maximum time a streaming connection can be idle before the connection is automatically closed. <code>0</code> indicates no timeout. Example: <code>5m</code>. Note: All connections to the kubelet server have a maximum duration of 4 hours. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Maximum time a streaming connection can be idle before the connection is automatically closed. <code>0</code> indicates no timeout. Example: <code>5m</code>. Note: All connections to the kubelet server have a maximum duration of 4 hours. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--sync-frequency duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>1m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Max period between synchronizing running containers and config. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Max period between synchronizing running containers and config. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--system-cgroups string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Optional absolute name of cgroups in which to place all non-kernel processes that are not already inside a cgroup under <code>'/'</code>. Empty for no container. Rolling back the flag requires a reboot. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Optional absolute name of cgroups in which to place all non-kernel processes that are not already inside a cgroup under <code>'/'</code>. Empty for no container. Rolling back the flag requires a reboot. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--system-reserved mapStringString&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: &lt;none&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of <code>&lt;resource name&gt;=&lt;resource quantity&gt;</code> (e.g. <code>cpu=200m,memory=500Mi,ephemeral-storage=1Gi,pid='100'</code>) pairs that describe resources reserved for non-kubernetes components. Currently only <code>cpu</code> and <code>memory</code> are supported. See http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources for more detail. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">A set of <code>&lt;resource name&gt;=&lt;resource quantity&gt;</code> (e.g. <code>cpu=200m,memory=500Mi,ephemeral-storage=1Gi,pid='100'</code>) pairs that describe resources reserved for non-kubernetes components. Currently only <code>cpu</code> and <code>memory</code> are supported. See <a href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources">here</a> for more detail. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--system-reserved-cgroup string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>''</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Absolute name of the top level cgroup that is used to manage non-kubernetes components for which compute resources were reserved via <code>--system-reserved</code> flag. Ex. <code>/system-reserved</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Absolute name of the top level cgroup that is used to manage non-kubernetes components for which compute resources were reserved via <code>--system-reserved</code> flag. Ex. <code>/system-reserved</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--tls-cert-file string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">File containing x509 Certificate used for serving HTTPS (with intermediate certs, if any, concatenated after server cert). If <code>--tls-cert-file</code> and <code>--tls-private-key-file</code> are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory passed to <code>--cert-dir</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">File containing x509 Certificate used for serving HTTPS (with intermediate certs, if any, concatenated after server cert). If <code>--tls-cert-file</code> and <code>--tls-private-key-file</code> are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory passed to <code>--cert-dir</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1190,21 +1190,21 @@ Preferred values:
TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384<br/>
Insecure values:
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA.
(DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
(DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--tls-min-version string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Minimum TLS version supported. Possible values: <code>VersionTLS10</code>, <code>VersionTLS11</code>, <code>VersionTLS12</code>, <code>VersionTLS13</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Minimum TLS version supported. Possible values: <code>VersionTLS10</code>, <code>VersionTLS11</code>, <code>VersionTLS12</code>, <code>VersionTLS13</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--tls-private-key-file string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">File containing x509 private key matching <code>--tls-cert-file</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">File containing x509 private key matching <code>--tls-cert-file</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
@@ -1212,14 +1212,14 @@ TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_E
<td colspan="2">--topology-manager-policy string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>'none'</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Topology Manager policy to use. Possible values: <code>'none'</code>, <code>'best-effort'</code>, <code>'restricted'</code>, <code>'single-numa-node'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Topology Manager policy to use. Possible values: <code>'none'</code>, <code>'best-effort'</code>, <code>'restricted'</code>, <code>'single-numa-node'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--topology-manager-scope string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>container</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Scope to which topology hints applied. Topology Manager collects hints from Hint Providers and applies them to defined scope to ensure the pod admission. Possible values: <code>'container'</code>, <code>'pod'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Scope to which topology hints applied. Topology Manager collects hints from Hint Providers and applies them to defined scope to ensure the pod admission. Possible values: <code>'container'</code>, <code>'pod'</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -1247,14 +1247,14 @@ TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_E
<td colspan="2">--volume-plugin-dir string&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>/usr/libexec/kubernetes/kubelet-plugins/volume/exec/</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The full path of the directory in which to search for additional third party volume plugins. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">The full path of the directory in which to search for additional third party volume plugins. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">--volume-stats-agg-period duration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Default: <code>1m0s</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Specifies interval for kubelet to calculate and cache the volume disk usage for all pods and volumes. To disable volume calculations, set to <code>0</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)</td>
<td></td><td style="line-height: 130%; word-wrap: break-word;">Specifies interval for kubelet to calculate and cache the volume disk usage for all pods and volumes. To disable volume calculations, set to <code>0</code>. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's <code>--config</code> flag. See <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/">kubelet-config-file</a> for more information.)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
content/en/docs/reference/config-api/apiserver-eventratelimit.v1alpha1.md
+10 -10
View File
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
---
title: Event Rate Limit Configuration (v1alpha1)
content_type: tool-reference
package: evenratelimit.admission.k8s.io/v1alpha1
package: eventratelimit.admission.k8s.io/v1alpha1
auto_generated: true
---
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ auto_generated: true
## Resource Types
- [Configuration](#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Configuration)
- [Configuration](#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Configuration)
## `Configuration` {#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Configuration}
## `Configuration` {#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Configuration}
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ controller.</p>
<thead><tr><th width="30%">Field</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><code>apiVersion</code><br/>string</td><td><code>evenratelimit.admission.k8s.io/v1alpha1</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>apiVersion</code><br/>string</td><td><code>eventratelimit.admission.k8s.io/v1alpha1</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>kind</code><br/>string</td><td><code>Configuration</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>limits</code> <B>[Required]</B><br/>
<a href="#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Limit"><code>[]Limit</code></a>
<a href="#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Limit"><code>[]Limit</code></a>
</td>
<td>
<p>limits are the limits to place on event queries received.
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ At least one limit is required.</p>
</tbody>
</table>
## `Limit` {#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Limit}
## `Limit` {#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Limit}
**Appears in:**
- [Configuration](#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Configuration)
- [Configuration](#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Configuration)
<p>Limit is the configuration for a particular limit type</p>
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ At least one limit is required.</p>
<tr><td><code>type</code> <B>[Required]</B><br/>
<a href="#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-LimitType"><code>LimitType</code></a>
<a href="#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-LimitType"><code>LimitType</code></a>
</td>
<td>
<p>type is the type of limit to which this configuration applies</p>
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ allowance of burst queries.</p>
</tbody>
</table>
## `LimitType` {#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-LimitType}
## `LimitType` {#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-LimitType}
(Alias of `string`)
**Appears in:**
- [Limit](#evenratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Limit)
- [Limit](#eventratelimit-admission-k8s-io-v1alpha1-Limit)
<p>LimitType is the type of the limit (e.g., per-namespace)</p>
content/en/docs/reference/config-api/imagepolicy.v1alpha1.md
+168
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
---
title: Image Policy API (v1alpha1)
content_type: tool-reference
package: imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1
auto_generated: true
---
## Resource Types
- [ImageReview](#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReview)
## `ImageReview` {#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReview}
<p>ImageReview checks if the set of images in a pod are allowed.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead><tr><th width="30%">Field</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><code>apiVersion</code><br/>string</td><td><code>imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>kind</code><br/>string</td><td><code>ImageReview</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>metadata</code><br/>
<a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/generated/kubernetes-api/v1.23/#objectmeta-v1-meta"><code>meta/v1.ObjectMeta</code></a>
</td>
<td>
<p>Standard object's metadata.
More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata</p>
Refer to the Kubernetes API documentation for the fields of the <code>metadata</code> field.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><code>spec</code> <B>[Required]</B><br/>
<a href="#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewSpec"><code>ImageReviewSpec</code></a>
</td>
<td>
<p>Spec holds information about the pod being evaluated</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><code>status</code><br/>
<a href="#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewStatus"><code>ImageReviewStatus</code></a>
</td>
<td>
<p>Status is filled in by the backend and indicates whether the pod should be allowed.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## `ImageReviewContainerSpec` {#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewContainerSpec}
**Appears in:**
- [ImageReviewSpec](#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewSpec)
<p>ImageReviewContainerSpec is a description of a container within the pod creation request.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead><tr><th width="30%">Field</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><code>image</code><br/>
<code>string</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>This can be in the form image:tag or image@SHA:012345679abcdef.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## `ImageReviewSpec` {#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewSpec}
**Appears in:**
- [ImageReview](#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReview)
<p>ImageReviewSpec is a description of the pod creation request.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead><tr><th width="30%">Field</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><code>containers</code><br/>
<a href="#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewContainerSpec"><code>[]ImageReviewContainerSpec</code></a>
</td>
<td>
<p>Containers is a list of a subset of the information in each container of the Pod being created.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><code>annotations</code><br/>
<code>map[string]string</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>Annotations is a list of key-value pairs extracted from the Pod's annotations.
It only includes keys which match the pattern <code>*.image-policy.k8s.io/*</code>.
It is up to each webhook backend to determine how to interpret these annotations, if at all.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><code>namespace</code><br/>
<code>string</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>Namespace is the namespace the pod is being created in.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## `ImageReviewStatus` {#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReviewStatus}
**Appears in:**
- [ImageReview](#imagepolicy-k8s-io-v1alpha1-ImageReview)
<p>ImageReviewStatus is the result of the review for the pod creation request.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead><tr><th width="30%">Field</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td><code>allowed</code> <B>[Required]</B><br/>
<code>bool</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>Allowed indicates that all images were allowed to be run.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><code>reason</code><br/>
<code>string</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>Reason should be empty unless Allowed is false in which case it
may contain a short description of what is wrong. Kubernetes
may truncate excessively long errors when displaying to the user.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><code>auditAnnotations</code><br/>
<code>map[string]string</code>
</td>
<td>
<p>AuditAnnotations will be added to the attributes object of the
admission controller request using 'AddAnnotation'. The keys should
be prefix-less (i.e., the admission controller will add an
appropriate prefix).</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
content/en/docs/reference/config-api/kubeadm-config.v1beta2.md
+8 -6
View File
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ configuration types to be used during a <code>kubeadm init</code> run.</p>
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">criSocket</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;/var/run/dockershim.sock&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">taints</span>:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>- <span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">key</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;kubeadmNode&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">value</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;master&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">value</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;someValue&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">effect</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;NoSchedule&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">kubeletExtraArgs</span>:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">v</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#099">4</span><span style="color:#bbb">
@@ -876,7 +876,9 @@ cluster information.
</td>
<td>
<p><code>tlsBootstrapToken</code> is a token used for TLS bootstrapping.
If <code>bootstrapToken</code> is set, this field is defaulted to <code>.bootstrapToken.token</code>, but can be overridden. If <code>file</code> is set, this field <strong>must be set</strong> in case the KubeConfigFile does not
If <code>bootstrapToken</code> is set, this field is defaulted to <code>.bootstrapToken.token</code>,
but can be overridden.
If <code>file</code> is set, this field <strong>must be set</strong> in case the KubeConfigFile does not
contain any other authentication information.</p>
</td>
</tr>
@@ -1267,7 +1269,7 @@ Defaults to the hostname of the node if not provided.</p>
<code>string</code>
</td>
<td>
<p><code>criSocket<code> is used to retrieve container runtime information. This information will
<p><code>criSocket</code> is used to retrieve container runtime information. This information will
be annotated to the Node API object, for later re-use.</p>
</td>
</tr>
@@ -1276,9 +1278,9 @@ be annotated to the Node API object, for later re-use.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><code>taints</code> specifies the taints the Node API object should be registered with.
If this field is unset, i.e. nil, in the <code>kubeadm init</code> process it will be defaulted to
<code>'node-role.kubernetes.io/master=&quot;&quot;'</code>. If you don't want to taint your control-plane node,
set this field to an empty list, i.e. <code>taints: []</code> in the YAML file. This field is
If this field is unset, i.e. nil, in the <code>kubeadm init</code> process it will be defaulted with
a control-plane taint for control-plane nodes. If you don't want to taint your control-plane
node, set this field to an empty list, i.e. <code>taints: []</code>, in the YAML file. This field is
solely used for Node registration.</p>
</td>
</tr>
content/en/docs/reference/config-api/kubeadm-config.v1beta3.md
+4 -4
View File
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ configuration types to be used during a <code>kubeadm init</code> run.</p>
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">criSocket</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;/var/run/dockershim.sock&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">taints</span>:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>- <span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">key</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;kubeadmNode&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">value</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;master&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">value</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;someValue&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">effect</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#d14">&#34;NoSchedule&#34;</span><span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">kubeletExtraArgs</span>:<span style="color:#bbb">
</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#000;font-weight:bold">v</span>:<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#099">4</span><span style="color:#bbb">
@@ -1160,9 +1160,9 @@ This information will be annotated to the Node API object, for later re-use</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><code>tains</code> specifies the taints the Node API object should be registered with.
If this field is unset, i.e. nil, in the <code>kubeadm init</code> process it will be defaulted to
<code>taints: [&quot;node-role.kubernetes.io/master:&quot;&quot;]</code>.
If you don't want to taint your control-plane node, set this field to an empty slice,
If this field is unset, i.e. nil, in the <code>kubeadm init</code> process it will be defaulted
with a control-plane taint for control-plane nodes.
If you don't want to taint your control-plane node, set this field to an empty list,
i.e. <code>taints: []</code> in the YAML file. This field is solely used for Node registration.</p>
</td>
</tr>
content/en/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1.md
+3 -3
View File
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ Default: &quot;&quot;</p>
<td>
<p>systemReservedCgroup helps the kubelet identify absolute name of top level CGroup used
to enforce <code>systemReserved</code> compute resource reservation for OS system daemons.
Refer to <a href="https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/node/node-allocatable.md">Node Allocatable</a>
Refer to <a href="https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/node/node-allocatable.md">Node Allocatable</a>
doc for more information.
Default: &quot;&quot;</p>
</td>
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ Default: &quot;&quot;</p>
<td>
<p>kubeReservedCgroup helps the kubelet identify absolute name of top level CGroup used
to enforce <code>KubeReserved</code> compute resource reservation for Kubernetes node system daemons.
Refer to <a href="https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/node/node-allocatable.md">Node Allocatable</a>
Refer to <a href="https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/node/node-allocatable.md">Node Allocatable</a>
doc for more information.
Default: &quot;&quot;</p>
</td>
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ If <code>none</code> is specified, no other options may be specified.
When <code>system-reserved</code> is in the list, systemReservedCgroup must be specified.
When <code>kube-reserved</code> is in the list, kubeReservedCgroup must be specified.
This field is supported only when <code>cgroupsPerQOS</code> is set to true.
Refer to <a href="https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/node/node-allocatable.md">Node Allocatable</a>
Refer to <a href="https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/node/node-allocatable.md">Node Allocatable</a>
for more information.
Default: [&quot;pods&quot;]</p>
</td>
content/en/docs/reference/kubectl/cheatsheet.md
+2 -2
View File
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ You can also use a shorthand alias for `kubectl` that also works with completion
```bash
alias k=kubectl
complete -F __start_kubectl k
complete -o default -F __start_kubectl k
```
### ZSH
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ kubectl patch deployment valid-deployment --type json -p='[{"op": "remove", "
# Add a new element to a positional array
kubectl patch sa default --type='json' -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/secrets/1", "value": {"name": "whatever" } }]'
# Update a deployment's replicas count by patching it's scale subresource
# Update a deployment's replica count by patching its scale subresource
kubectl patch deployment nginx-deployment --subresource='scale' --type='merge' -p '{"spec":{"replicas":2}}'
```
content/en/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/workload-resources/pod-v1.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -1879,7 +1879,7 @@ PodStatus represents information about the status of a pod. Status may trail the
- **qosClass** (string)
The Quality of Service (QOS) classification assigned to the pod based on resource requirements See PodQOSClass type for available QOS classes More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/node/resource-qos.md
The Quality of Service (QOS) classification assigned to the pod based on resource requirements See PodQOSClass type for available QOS classes More info: https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/node/resource-qos.md
content/en/docs/reference/ports-and-protocols.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ weight: 50
When running Kubernetes in an environment with strict network boundaries, such
as on-premises datacenter with physical network firewalls or Virtual
Networks in Public Cloud, it is useful to be aware of the ports and protocols
used by Kubernetes components
used by Kubernetes components.
## Control plane
content/en/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/implementation-details.md
+4 -4
View File
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Other API server flags that are set unconditionally are:
- `--insecure-port=0` to avoid insecure connections to the api server
- `--enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true` to enable the `BootstrapTokenAuthenticator` authentication module.
See [TLS Bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) for more details
See [TLS Bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authn/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) for more details
- `--allow-privileged` to `true` (required e.g. by kube proxy)
- `--requestheader-client-ca-file` to `front-proxy-ca.crt`
- `--enable-admission-plugins` to:
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ The static Pod manifest for the controller manager is affected by following para
Other flags that are set unconditionally are:
- `--controllers` enabling all the default controllers plus `BootstrapSigner` and `TokenCleaner` controllers for TLS bootstrap.
See [TLS Bootstrapping](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) for more details
See [TLS Bootstrapping](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/) for more details
- `--use-service-account-credentials` to `true`
- Flags for using certificates generated in previous steps:
- `--root-ca-file` to `ca.crt`
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ Please note that:
### Configure TLS-Bootstrapping for node joining
Kubeadm uses [Authenticating with Bootstrap Tokens](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/bootstrap-tokens/) for joining new nodes to an
existing cluster; for more details see also [design proposal](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
existing cluster; for more details see also [design proposal](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
`kubeadm init` ensures that everything is properly configured for this process, and this includes following steps as well as
setting API server and controller flags as already described in previous paragraphs.
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ Similarly to `kubeadm init`, also `kubeadm join` internal workflow consists of a
This is split into discovery (having the Node trust the Kubernetes Master) and TLS bootstrap (having the Kubernetes Master trust the Node).
see [Authenticating with Bootstrap Tokens](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/bootstrap-tokens/) or the corresponding [design proposal](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
see [Authenticating with Bootstrap Tokens](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/bootstrap-tokens/) or the corresponding [design proposal](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/cluster-lifecycle/bootstrap-discovery.md).
### Preflight checks
content/en/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm-init.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ following steps:
1. Makes all the necessary configurations for allowing node joining with the
[Bootstrap Tokens](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/bootstrap-tokens/) and
[TLS Bootstrap](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
[TLS Bootstrap](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/)
mechanism:
- Write a ConfigMap for making available all the information required
content/en/docs/reference/using-api/_index.md
+3 -3
View File
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The JSON and Protobuf serialization schemas follow the same guidelines for
schema changes. The following descriptions cover both formats.
The API versioning and software versioning are indirectly related.
The [API and release versioning proposal](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/release/versioning.md)
The [API and release versioning proposal](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/release/versioning.md)
describes the relationship between API versioning and software versioning.
Different API versions indicate different levels of stability and support. You
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Here's a summary of each level:
## API groups
[API groups](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/design-proposals/api-machinery/api-group.md)
[API groups](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/api-machinery/api-group.md)
make it easier to extend the Kubernetes API.
The API group is specified in a REST path and in the `apiVersion` field of a
serialized object.
@@ -124,4 +124,4 @@ Kubernetes stores its serialized state in terms of the API resources by writing
- Learn more about [API conventions](https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#api-conventions)
- Read the design documentation for
[aggregator](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/api-machinery/aggregated-api-servers.md)
[aggregator](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/api-machinery/aggregated-api-servers.md)
content/en/docs/reference/using-api/api-concepts.md
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@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ primary resources via the standard HTTP verbs (POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE,
GET).
For some resources, the API includes additional subresources that allow
fine grained authorization (such as a separating viewing details for a Pod from
retrieving its logs), and can accept and serve those resources in different
fine grained authorization (such as separate views for Pod details and
log retrievals), and can accept and serve those resources in different
representations for convenience or efficiency.
Kubernetes supports efficient change notifications on resources via *watches*.
content/en/docs/reference/using-api/deprecation-guide.md
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@@ -110,8 +110,10 @@ The **policy/v1beta1** API version of PodDisruptionBudget will no longer be serv
PodSecurityPolicy in the **policy/v1beta1** API version will no longer be served in v1.25, and the PodSecurityPolicy admission controller will be removed.
PodSecurityPolicy replacements are still under discussion, but current use can be migrated to
[3rd-party admission webhooks](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/extensible-admission-controllers/) now.
Migrate to [Pod Security Admission](/docs/concepts/security/pod-security-admission/)
or a [3rd party admission webhook](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/extensible-admission-controllers/).
For a migration guide, see [Migrate from PodSecurityPolicy to the Built-In PodSecurity Admission Controller](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/migrate-from-psp/).
For more information on the deprecation, see [PodSecurityPolicy Deprecation: Past, Present, and Future](/blog/2021/04/06/podsecuritypolicy-deprecation-past-present-and-future/).
#### RuntimeClass {#runtimeclass-v125}
content/en/docs/reference/using-api/server-side-apply.md
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@@ -125,7 +125,8 @@ this occurs, the applier has 3 options to resolve the conflicts:
* **Overwrite value, become sole manager:** If overwriting the value was
intentional (or if the applier is an automated process like a controller) the
applier should set the `force` query parameter to true and make the request
applier should set the `force` query parameter to true (in kubectl, it can be done by
using the `--force-conflicts` flag with the apply command) and make the request
again. This forces the operation to succeed, changes the value of the field,
and removes the field from all other managers' entries in managedFields.
content/en/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates.md
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@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ This page explains the certificates that your cluster requires.
Kubernetes requires PKI for the following operations:
* Client certificates for the kubelet to authenticate to the API server
* Kubelet [server certificates](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#client-and-serving-certificates)
* Kubelet [server certificates](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/kubelet-tls-bootstrapping/#client-and-serving-certificates)
for the API server to talk to the kubelets
* Server certificate for the API server endpoint
* Client certificates for administrators of the cluster to authenticate to the API server
content/en/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes.md
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@@ -167,15 +167,12 @@ using the (deprecated) v1alpha2 API instead.
{{% thirdparty-content %}}
### containerd
This section outlines the necessary steps to use containerd as CRI runtime.
Use the following commands to install Containerd on your system:
Follow the instructions for [getting started with containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md). Return to this step once you've created a valid configuration file, `config.toml`.
{{< tabs name="Finding your config.toml file" >}}
@@ -200,6 +197,14 @@ To use the `systemd` cgroup driver in `/etc/containerd/config.toml` with `runc`,
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
SystemdCgroup = true
```
{{< note >}}
If you installed containerd from a package (for example, RPM or `.deb`), you may find
that the CRI integration plugin is disabled by default.
You need CRI support enabled to use containerd with Kubernetes. Make sure that `cri`
is not included in the`disabled_plugins` list within `/etc/containerd/config.toml`;
if you made changes to that file, also restart `containerd`.
{{< /note >}}
If you apply this change, make sure to restart containerd:
@@ -208,7 +213,7 @@ sudo systemctl restart containerd
```
When using kubeadm, manually configure the
[cgroup driver for kubelet](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/install-kubeadm/#configure-cgroup-driver-used-by-kubelet-on-control-plane-node).
[cgroup driver for kubelet](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/#configuring-the-kubelet-cgroup-driver).
### CRI-O
content/en/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/create-cluster-kubeadm.md
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@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ Workarounds:
kubeadm deb/rpm packages and binaries are built for amd64, arm (32-bit), arm64, ppc64le, and s390x
following the [multi-platform
proposal](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/design-proposals/multi-platform.md).
proposal](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive/multi-platform.md).
Multiplatform container images for the control plane and addons are also supported since v1.12.
content/en/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/setup-ha-etcd-with-kubeadm.md
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@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ The general approach is to generate all certs on one node and only distribute
the *necessary* files to the other nodes.
{{< note >}}
kubeadm contains all the necessary crytographic machinery to generate
kubeadm contains all the necessary cryptographic machinery to generate
the certificates described below; no other cryptographic tooling is required for
this example.
{{< /note >}}
content/en/docs/setup/production-environment/windows/intro-windows-in-kubernetes.md
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@@ -1,917 +0,0 @@
---
reviewers:
- jayunit100
- jsturtevant
- marosset
- perithompson
title: Windows containers in Kubernetes
content_type: concept
weight: 65
---
<!-- overview -->
Windows applications constitute a large portion of the services and applications that
run in many organizations. [Windows containers](https://aka.ms/windowscontainers)
provide a way to encapsulate processes and package dependencies, making it easier
to use DevOps practices and follow cloud native patterns for Windows applications.
Organizations with investments in Windows-based applications and Linux-based
applications don't have to look for separate orchestrators to manage their workloads,
leading to increased operational efficiencies across their deployments, regardless
of operating system.
<!-- body -->
## Windows nodes in Kubernetes
To enable the orchestration of Windows containers in Kubernetes, include Windows nodes
in your existing Linux cluster. Scheduling Windows containers in
{{< glossary_tooltip text="Pods" term_id="pod" >}} on Kubernetes is similar to
scheduling Linux-based containers.
In order to run Windows containers, your Kubernetes cluster must include
multiple operating systems.
While you can only run the {{< glossary_tooltip text="control plane" term_id="control-plane" >}} on Linux, you can deploy worker nodes running either Windows or Linux depending on your workload needs.
Windows {{< glossary_tooltip text="nodes" term_id="node" >}} are
[supported](#windows-os-version-support) provided that the operating system is
Windows Server 2019.
This document uses the term *Windows containers* to mean Windows containers with
process isolation. Kubernetes does not support running Windows containers with
[Hyper-V isolation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/manage-containers/hyperv-container).
## Compatibility and limitations {#limitations}
Some node features are only available if you use a specific
[container runtime](#container-runtime); others are not available on Windows nodes,
including:
* HugePages: not supported for Windows containers
* Privileged containers: not supported for Windows containers
* TerminationGracePeriod: requires containerD
Not all features of shared namespaces are supported. See [API compatibility](#api)
for more details.
See [Windows OS version compatibility](#windows-os-version-support) for details on
the Windows versions that Kubernetes is tested against.
From an API and kubectl perspective, Windows containers behave in much the same
way as Linux-based containers. However, there are some notable differences in key
functionality which are outlined in this section.
### Comparison with Linux {#compatibility-linux-similarities}
Key Kubernetes elements work the same way in Windows as they do in Linux. This
section refers to several key workload enablers and how they map to Windows.
* [Pods](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/)
A Pod is the basic building block of Kubernetes–the smallest and simplest unit in
the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy. You may not deploy Windows and
Linux containers in the same Pod. All containers in a Pod are scheduled onto a single
Node where each Node represents a specific platform and architecture. The following
Pod capabilities, properties and events are supported with Windows containers:
* Single or multiple containers per Pod with process isolation and volume sharing
* Pod `status` fields
* Readiness and Liveness probes
* postStart & preStop container lifecycle events
* ConfigMap, Secrets: as environment variables or volumes
* `emptyDir` volumes
* Named pipe host mounts
* Resource limits
* OS field:
The `.spec.os.name` field should be set to `windows` to indicate that the current Pod uses Windows containers.
The `IdentifyPodOS` feature gate needs to be enabled for this field to be recognized and used by control plane
components and kubelet.
{{< note >}}
Starting from 1.24, the `IdentifyPodOS` feature gate is in Beta stage and defaults to be enabled.
{{< /note >}}
If the `IdentifyPodOS` feature gate is enabled and you set the `.spec.os.name` field to `windows`,
you must not set the following fields in the `.spec` of that Pod:
* `spec.hostPID`
* `spec.hostIPC`
* `spec.securityContext.seLinuxOptions`
* `spec.securityContext.seccompProfile`
* `spec.securityContext.fsGroup`
* `spec.securityContext.fsGroupChangePolicy`
* `spec.securityContext.sysctls`
* `spec.shareProcessNamespace`
* `spec.securityContext.runAsUser`
* `spec.securityContext.runAsGroup`
* `spec.securityContext.supplementalGroups`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.seLinuxOptions`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.seccompProfile`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.capabilities`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.privileged`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.procMount`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsUser`
* `spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsGroup`
In the above list, wildcards (`*`) indicate all elements in a list.
For example, `spec.containers[*].securityContext` refers to the SecurityContext object
for all containers. If any of these fields is specified, the Pod will
not be admited by the API server.
* [Workload resources](/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/) including:
* ReplicaSet
* Deployments
* StatefulSets
* DaemonSet
* Job
* CronJob
* ReplicationController
* {{< glossary_tooltip text="Services" term_id="service" >}}
See [Load balancing and Services](#load-balancing-and-services) for more details.
Pods, workload resources, and Services are critical elements to managing Windows
workloads on Kubernetes. However, on their own they are not enough to enable
the proper lifecycle management of Windows workloads in a dynamic cloud native
environment. Kubernetes also supports:
* `kubectl exec`
* Pod and container metrics
* {{< glossary_tooltip text="Horizontal pod autoscaling" term_id="horizontal-pod-autoscaler" >}}
* {{< glossary_tooltip text="Resource quotas" term_id="resource-quota" >}}
* Scheduler preemption
### Networking on Windows nodes {#compatibility-networking}
Networking for Windows containers is exposed through
[CNI plugins](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins/).
Windows containers function similarly to virtual machines in regards to
networking. Each container has a virtual network adapter (vNIC) which is connected
to a Hyper-V virtual switch (vSwitch). The Host Networking Service (HNS) and the
Host Compute Service (HCS) work together to create containers and attach container
vNICs to networks. HCS is responsible for the management of containers whereas HNS
is responsible for the management of networking resources such as:
* Virtual networks (including creation of vSwitches)
* Endpoints / vNICs
* Namespaces
* Policies including packet encapsulations, load-balancing rules, ACLs, and NAT rules.
#### Container networking {#networking}
The Windows HNS and vSwitch implement namespacing and can
create virtual NICs as needed for a pod or container. However, many configurations such
as DNS, routes, and metrics are stored in the Windows registry database rather than as
files inside `/etc`, which is how Linux stores those configurations. The Windows registry for the container
is separate from that of the host, so concepts like mapping `/etc/resolv.conf` from
the host into a container don't have the same effect they would on Linux. These must
be configured using Windows APIs run in the context of that container. Therefore
CNI implementations need to call the HNS instead of relying on file mappings to pass
network details into the pod or container.
The following networking functionality is _not_ supported on Windows nodes:
* Host networking mode
* Local NodePort access from the node itself (works for other nodes or external clients)
* More than 64 backend pods (or unique destination addresses) for a single Service
* IPv6 communication between Windows pods connected to overlay networks
* Local Traffic Policy in non-DSR mode
* Outbound communication using the ICMP protocol via the `win-overlay`, `win-bridge`, or using the Azure-CNI plugin.\
Specifically, the Windows data plane ([VFP](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/azure-virtual-filtering-platform/)) doesn't support ICMP packet transpositions, and this means:
* ICMP packets directed to destinations within the same network (such as pod to pod communication via ping) work as expected and without any limitations;
* TCP/UDP packets work as expected and without any limitations;
* ICMP packets directed to pass through a remote network (e.g. pod to external internet communication via ping) cannot be transposed and thus will not be routed back to their source;
* Since TCP/UDP packets can still be transposed, you can substitute `ping <destination>` with `curl <destination>` to get some debugging insight into connectivity with the outside world.
Overlay networking support in kube-proxy is a beta feature. In addition, it requires
[KB4482887](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4482887/windows-10-update-kb4482887)
to be installed on Windows Server 2019.
#### Network modes
Windows supports five different networking drivers/modes: L2bridge, L2tunnel,
Overlay (beta), Transparent, and NAT. In a heterogeneous cluster with Windows and Linux
worker nodes, you need to select a networking solution that is compatible on both
Windows and Linux. The following out-of-tree plugins are supported on Windows,
with recommendations on when to use each CNI:
| Network Driver | Description | Container Packet Modifications | Network Plugins | Network Plugin Characteristics |
| -------------- | ----------- | ------------------------------ | --------------- | ------------------------------ |
| L2bridge | Containers are attached to an external vSwitch. Containers are attached to the underlay network, although the physical network doesn't need to learn the container MACs because they are rewritten on ingress/egress. | MAC is rewritten to host MAC, IP may be rewritten to host IP using HNS OutboundNAT policy. | [win-bridge](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/main/windows/win-bridge), [Azure-CNI](https://github.com/Azure/azure-container-networking/blob/master/docs/cni.md), Flannel host-gateway uses win-bridge | win-bridge uses L2bridge network mode, connects containers to the underlay of hosts, offering best performance. Requires user-defined routes (UDR) for inter-node connectivity. |
| L2Tunnel | This is a special case of l2bridge, but only used on Azure. All packets are sent to the virtualization host where SDN policy is applied. | MAC rewritten, IP visible on the underlay network | [Azure-CNI](https://github.com/Azure/azure-container-networking/blob/master/docs/cni.md) | Azure-CNI allows integration of containers with Azure vNET, and allows them to leverage the set of capabilities that [Azure Virtual Network provides](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/virtual-network/). For example, securely connect to Azure services or use Azure NSGs. See [azure-cni for some examples](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/concepts-network#azure-cni-advanced-networking) |
| Overlay (Overlay networking for Windows in Kubernetes is in *alpha* stage) | Containers are given a vNIC connected to an external vSwitch. Each overlay network gets its own IP subnet, defined by a custom IP prefix.The overlay network driver uses VXLAN encapsulation. | Encapsulated with an outer header. | [win-overlay](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/main/windows/win-overlay), Flannel VXLAN (uses win-overlay) | win-overlay should be used when virtual container networks are desired to be isolated from underlay of hosts (e.g. for security reasons). Allows for IPs to be re-used for different overlay networks (which have different VNID tags) if you are restricted on IPs in your datacenter. This option requires [KB4489899](https://support.microsoft.com/help/4489899) on Windows Server 2019. |
| Transparent (special use case for [ovn-kubernetes](https://github.com/openvswitch/ovn-kubernetes)) | Requires an external vSwitch. Containers are attached to an external vSwitch which enables intra-pod communication via logical networks (logical switches and routers). | Packet is encapsulated either via [GENEVE](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-gross-geneve/) or [STT](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-davie-stt/) tunneling to reach pods which are not on the same host. <br/> Packets are forwarded or dropped via the tunnel metadata information supplied by the ovn network controller. <br/> NAT is done for north-south communication. | [ovn-kubernetes](https://github.com/openvswitch/ovn-kubernetes) | [Deploy via ansible](https://github.com/openvswitch/ovn-kubernetes/tree/master/contrib). Distributed ACLs can be applied via Kubernetes policies. IPAM support. Load-balancing can be achieved without kube-proxy. NATing is done without using iptables/netsh. |
| NAT (*not used in Kubernetes*) | Containers are given a vNIC connected to an internal vSwitch. DNS/DHCP is provided using an internal component called [WinNAT](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/virtualization/windows-nat-winnat-capabilities-and-limitations/ba-p/382303) | MAC and IP is rewritten to host MAC/IP. | [nat](https://github.com/Microsoft/windows-container-networking/tree/master/plugins/nat) | Included here for completeness |
As outlined above, the [Flannel](https://github.com/coreos/flannel)
CNI [meta plugin](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/meta/flannel)
is also [supported](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/meta/flannel#windows-support-experimental) on Windows via the
[VXLAN network backend](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#vxlan) (**alpha support** ; delegates to win-overlay)
and [host-gateway network backend](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#host-gw) (stable support; delegates to win-bridge).
This plugin supports delegating to one of the reference CNI plugins (win-overlay,
win-bridge), to work in conjunction with Flannel daemon on Windows (Flanneld) for
automatic node subnet lease assignment and HNS network creation. This plugin reads
in its own configuration file (cni.conf), and aggregates it with the environment
variables from the FlannelD generated subnet.env file. It then delegates to one of
the reference CNI plugins for network plumbing, and sends the correct configuration
containing the node-assigned subnet to the IPAM plugin (for example: `host-local`).
For Node, Pod, and Service objects, the following network flows are supported for
TCP/UDP traffic:
* Pod → Pod (IP)
* Pod → Pod (Name)
* Pod → Service (Cluster IP)
* Pod → Service (PQDN, but only if there are no ".")
* Pod → Service (FQDN)
* Pod → external (IP)
* Pod → external (DNS)
* Node → Pod
* Pod → Node
#### CNI plugin limitations
* Windows reference network plugins win-bridge and win-overlay do not implement
[CNI spec](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/blob/master/SPEC.md) v0.4.0,
due to a missing `CHECK` implementation.
* The Flannel VXLAN CNI plugin has the following limitations on Windows:
1. Node-pod connectivity isn't possible by design. It's only possible for local pods with Flannel v0.12.0 (or higher).
2. Flannel is restricted to using VNI 4096 and UDP port 4789. See the official
[Flannel VXLAN](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#vxlan)
backend docs for more details on these parameters.
#### IP address management (IPAM) {#ipam}
The following IPAM options are supported on Windows:
* [host-local](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/tree/master/plugins/ipam/host-local)
* HNS IPAM (Inbox platform IPAM, this is a fallback when no IPAM is set)
* [azure-vnet-ipam](https://github.com/Azure/azure-container-networking/blob/master/docs/ipam.md) (for azure-cni only)
#### Load balancing and Services
A Kubernetes {{< glossary_tooltip text="Service" term_id="service" >}} is an abstraction
that defines a logical set of Pods and a means to access them over a network.
In a cluster that includes Windows nodes, you can use the following types of Service:
* `NodePort`
* `ClusterIP`
* `LoadBalancer`
* `ExternalName`
{{< warning >}}
There are known issue with NodePort services on overlay networking, if the target destination node is running Windows Server 2022.
To avoid the issue entirely, you can configure the service with `externalTrafficPolicy: Local`.
There are known issues with pod to pod connectivity on l2bridge network on Windows Server 2022 with KB5005619 or higher installed.
To workaround the issue and restore pod-pod connectivity, you can disable the WinDSR feature in kube-proxy.
These issues require OS fixes.
Please follow https://github.com/microsoft/Windows-Containers/issues/204 for updates.
{{< /warning >}}
Windows container networking differs in some important ways from Linux networking.
The [Microsoft documentation for Windows Container Networking](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/container-networking/architecture) provides
additional details and background.
On Windows, you can use the following settings to configure Services and load
balancing behavior:
{{< table caption="Windows Service Settings" >}}
| Feature | Description | Supported Kubernetes version | Supported Windows OS build | How to enable |
| ------- | ----------- | ----------------------------- | -------------------------- | ------------- |
| Session affinity | Ensures that connections from a particular client are passed to the same Pod each time. | v1.20+ | [Windows Server vNext Insider Preview Build 19551](https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2020/01/28/announcing-windows-server-vnext-insider-preview-build-19551/) (or higher) | Set `service.spec.sessionAffinity` to "ClientIP" |
| Direct Server Return (DSR) | Load balancing mode where the IP address fixups and the LBNAT occurs at the container vSwitch port directly; service traffic arrives with the source IP set as the originating pod IP. | v1.20+ | Windows Server 2019 | Set the following flags in kube-proxy: `--feature-gates="WinDSR=true" --enable-dsr=true` |
| Preserve-Destination | Skips DNAT of service traffic, thereby preserving the virtual IP of the target service in packets reaching the backend Pod. Also disables node-node forwarding. | v1.20+ | Windows Server, version 1903 (or higher) | Set `"preserve-destination": "true"` in service annotations and enable DSR in kube-proxy. |
| IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking | Native IPv4-to-IPv4 in parallel with IPv6-to-IPv6 communications to, from, and within a cluster | v1.19+ | Windows Server, version 2019 | See [IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack](#ipv4ipv6-dual-stack) |
| Client IP preservation | Ensures that source IP of incoming ingress traffic gets preserved. Also disables node-node forwarding. | v1.20+ | Windows Server, version 2019 | Set `service.spec.externalTrafficPolicy` to "Local" and enable DSR in kube-proxy |
{{< /table >}}
##### Session affinity
Setting the maximum session sticky time for Windows services using
`service.spec.sessionAffinityConfig.clientIP.timeoutSeconds` is not supported.
#### DNS {#dns-limitations}
* ClusterFirstWithHostNet is not supported for DNS. Windows treats all names with a
`.` as a FQDN and skips FQDN resolution
* On Linux, you have a DNS suffix list, which is used when trying to resolve PQDNs. On
Windows, you can only have 1 DNS suffix, which is the DNS suffix associated with that
pod's namespace (mydns.svc.cluster.local for example). Windows can resolve FQDNs
and services or names resolvable with just that suffix. For example, a pod spawned
in the default namespace, will have the DNS suffix **default.svc.cluster.local**.
Inside a Windows pod, you can resolve both **kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local**
and **kubernetes**, but not the in-betweens, like **kubernetes.default** or
**kubernetes.default.svc**.
* On Windows, there are multiple DNS resolvers that can be used. As these come with
slightly different behaviors, using the `Resolve-DNSName` utility for name query
resolutions is recommended.
#### IPv6 networking
Kubernetes on Windows does not support single-stack "IPv6-only" networking. However,
dual-stack IPv4/IPv6 networking for pods and nodes with single-family services
is supported.
You can use IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking with `l2bridge` networks. See [configure IPv4/IPv6 dual stack](/docs/concepts/services-networking/dual-stack#configure-ipv4-ipv6-dual-stack) for more details.
{{< note >}}
Overlay (VXLAN) networks on Windows do not support dual-stack networking.
{{< /note >}}
### Persistent storage {#compatibility-storage}
Windows has a layered filesystem driver to mount container layers and create a copy
filesystem based on NTFS. All file paths in the container are resolved only within
the context of that container.
* With Docker, volume mounts can only target a directory in the container, and not
an individual file. This limitation does not exist with CRI-containerD runtime.
* Volume mounts cannot project files or directories back to the host filesystem.
* Read-only filesystems are not supported because write access is always required
for the Windows registry and SAM database. However, read-only volumes are supported.
* Volume user-masks and permissions are not available. Because the SAM is not shared
between the host & container, there's no mapping between them. All permissions are
resolved within the context of the container.
As a result, the following storage functionality is not supported on Windows nodes:
* Volume subpath mounts: only the entire volume can be mounted in a Windows container
* Subpath volume mounting for Secrets
* Host mount projection
* Read-only root filesystem (mapped volumes still support `readOnly`)
* Block device mapping
* Memory as the storage medium (for example, `emptyDir.medium` set to `Memory`)
* File system features like uid/gid; per-user Linux filesystem permissions
* DefaultMode (due to UID/GID dependency)
* NFS based storage/volume support
* Expanding the mounted volume (resizefs)
Kubernetes {{< glossary_tooltip text="volumes" term_id="volume" >}} enable complex
applications, with data persistence and Pod volume sharing requirements, to be deployed
on Kubernetes. Management of persistent volumes associated with a specific storage
back-end or protocol includes actions such as provisioning/de-provisioning/resizing
of volumes, attaching/detaching a volume to/from a Kubernetes node and
mounting/dismounting a volume to/from individual containers in a pod that needs to
persist data.
The code implementing these volume management actions for a specific storage back-end
or protocol is shipped in the form of a Kubernetes volume
[plugin](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#types-of-volumes).
The following broad classes of Kubernetes volume plugins are supported on Windows:
##### In-tree volume plugins
Code associated with in-tree volume plugins ship as part of the core Kubernetes code
base. Deployment of in-tree volume plugins do not require installation of additional
scripts or deployment of separate containerized plugin components. These plugins can
handle provisioning/de-provisioning and resizing of volumes in the storage backend,
attaching/detaching of volumes to/from a Kubernetes node and mounting/dismounting a
volume to/from individual containers in a pod. The following in-tree plugins support
persistent storage on Windows nodes:
* [`awsElasticBlockStore`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#awselasticblockstore)
* [`azureDisk`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#azuredisk)
* [`azureFile`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#azurefile)
* [`gcePersistentDisk`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#gcepersistentdisk)
* [`vsphereVolume`](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#vspherevolume)
#### FlexVolume plugins
Code associated with [FlexVolume](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#flexVolume)
plugins ship as out-of-tree scripts or binaries that need to be deployed directly
on the host. FlexVolume plugins handle attaching/detaching of volumes to/from a
Kubernetes node and mounting/dismounting a volume to/from individual containers
in a pod. Provisioning/De-provisioning of persistent volumes associated
with FlexVolume plugins may be handled through an external provisioner that
is typically separate from the FlexVolume plugins. The following FlexVolume
[plugins](https://github.com/Microsoft/K8s-Storage-Plugins/tree/master/flexvolume/windows),
deployed as PowerShell scripts on the host, support Windows nodes:
* [SMB](https://github.com/microsoft/K8s-Storage-Plugins/tree/master/flexvolume/windows/plugins/microsoft.com~smb.cmd)
* [iSCSI](https://github.com/microsoft/K8s-Storage-Plugins/tree/master/flexvolume/windows/plugins/microsoft.com~iscsi.cmd)
#### CSI plugins
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.19" state="beta" >}}
Code associated with {{< glossary_tooltip text="CSI" term_id="csi" >}} plugins ship
as out-of-tree scripts and binaries that are typically distributed as container
images and deployed using standard Kubernetes constructs like DaemonSets and
StatefulSets.
CSI plugins handle a wide range of volume management actions in Kubernetes:
provisioning/de-provisioning/resizing of volumes, attaching/detaching of volumes
to/from a Kubernetes node and mounting/dismounting a volume to/from individual
containers in a pod, backup/restore of persistent data using snapshots and cloning.
CSI plugins typically consist of node plugins (that run on each node as a DaemonSet)
and controller plugins.
CSI node plugins (especially those associated with persistent volumes exposed as
either block devices or over a shared file-system) need to perform various privileged
operations like scanning of disk devices, mounting of file systems, etc. These
operations differ for each host operating system. For Linux worker nodes, containerized
CSI node plugins are typically deployed as privileged containers. For Windows worker
nodes, privileged operations for containerized CSI node plugins is supported using
[csi-proxy](https://github.com/kubernetes-csi/csi-proxy), a community-managed,
stand-alone binary that needs to be pre-installed on each Windows node.
For more details, refer to the deployment guide of the CSI plugin you wish to deploy.
### Command line options for the kubelet {#kubelet-compatibility}
The behavior of some kubelet command line options behave differently on Windows, as described below:
* The `--windows-priorityclass` lets you set the scheduling priority of the kubelet process (see [CPU resource management](/docs/concepts/configuration/windows-resource-management/#resource-management-cpu))
* The `--kubelet-reserve`, `--system-reserve` , and `--eviction-hard` flags update [NodeAllocatable](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#node-allocatable)
* Eviction by using `--enforce-node-allocable` is not implemented
* Eviction by using `--eviction-hard` and `--eviction-soft` are not implemented
* A kubelet running on a Windows node does not have memory
restrictions. `--kubelet-reserve` and `--system-reserve` do not set limits on
kubelet or processes running on the host. This means kubelet or a process on the host
could cause memory resource starvation outside the node-allocatable and scheduler.
* The `MemoryPressure` Condition is not implemented
* The kubelet does not take OOM eviction actions
### API compatibility {#api}
There are no differences in how most of the Kubernetes APIs work for Windows. The
subtleties around what's different come down to differences in the OS and container
runtime. In certain situations, some properties on workload resources were designed
under the assumption that they would be implemented on Linux, and fail to run on Windows.
At a high level, these OS concepts are different:
* Identity - Linux uses userID (UID) and groupID (GID) which
are represented as integer types. User and group names
are not canonical - they are just an alias in `/etc/groups`
or `/etc/passwd` back to UID+GID. Windows uses a larger binary
[security identifier](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/security-identifiers) (SID)
which is stored in the Windows Security Access Manager (SAM) database. This
database is not shared between the host and containers, or between containers.
* File permissions - Windows uses an access control list based on (SIDs), whereas
POSIX systems such as Linux use a bitmask based on object permissions and UID+GID,
plus _optional_ access control lists.
* File paths - the convention on Windows is to use `\` instead of `/`. The Go IO
libraries typically accept both and just make it work, but when you're setting a
path or command line that's interpreted inside a container, `\` may be needed.
* Signals - Windows interactive apps handle termination differently, and can
implement one or more of these:
* A UI thread handles well-defined messages including `WM_CLOSE`.
* Console apps handle Ctrl-C or Ctrl-break using a Control Handler.
* Services register a Service Control Handler function that can accept
`SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP` control codes.
Container exit codes follow the same convention where 0 is success, and nonzero is failure.
The specific error codes may differ across Windows and Linux. However, exit codes
passed from the Kubernetes components (kubelet, kube-proxy) are unchanged.
##### Field compatibility for container specifications {#compatibility-v1-pod-spec-containers}
The following list documents differences between how Pod container specifications
work between Windows and Linux:
* Huge pages are not implemented in the Windows container
runtime, and are not available. They require [asserting a user
privilege](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/Memory/large-page-support)
that's not configurable for containers.
* `requests.cpu` and `requests.memory` - requests are subtracted
from node available resources, so they can be used to avoid overprovisioning a
node. However, they cannot be used to guarantee resources in an overprovisioned
node. They should be applied to all containers as a best practice if the operator
wants to avoid overprovisioning entirely.
* `securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation` -
not possible on Windows; none of the capabilities are hooked up
* `securityContext.capabilities` -
POSIX capabilities are not implemented on Windows
* `securityContext.privileged` -
Windows doesn't support privileged containers
* `securityContext.procMount` -
Windows doesn't have a `/proc` filesystem
* `securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem` -
not possible on Windows; write access is required for registry & system
processes to run inside the container
* `securityContext.runAsGroup` -
not possible on Windows as there is no GID support
* `securityContext.runAsNonRoot` -
this setting will prevent containers from running as `ContainerAdministrator`
which is the closest equivalent to a root user on Windows.
* `securityContext.runAsUser` -
use [`runAsUserName`](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-runasusername)
instead
* `securityContext.seLinuxOptions` -
not possible on Windows as SELinux is Linux-specific
* `terminationMessagePath` -
this has some limitations in that Windows doesn't support mapping single files. The
default value is `/dev/termination-log`, which does work because it does not
exist on Windows by default.
##### Field compatibility for Pod specifications {#compatibility-v1-pod}
The following list documents differences between how Pod specifications work between Windows and Linux:
* `hostIPC` and `hostpid` - host namespace sharing is not possible on Windows
* `hostNetwork` - There is no Windows OS support to share the host network
* `dnsPolicy` - setting the Pod `dnsPolicy` to `ClusterFirstWithHostNet` is
not supported on Windows because host networking is not provided. Pods always
run with a container network.
* `podSecurityContext` (see below)
* `shareProcessNamespace` - this is a beta feature, and depends on Linux namespaces
which are not implemented on Windows. Windows cannot share process namespaces or
the container's root filesystem. Only the network can be shared.
* `terminationGracePeriodSeconds` - this is not fully implemented in Docker on Windows,
see the [GitHub issue](https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/25982).
The behavior today is that the ENTRYPOINT process is sent CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT,
then Windows waits 5 seconds by default, and finally shuts down
all processes using the normal Windows shutdown behavior. The 5
second default is actually in the Windows registry
[inside the container](https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/25982#issuecomment-426441183),
so it can be overridden when the container is built.
* `volumeDevices` - this is a beta feature, and is not implemented on Windows.
Windows cannot attach raw block devices to pods.
* `volumes`
* If you define an `emptyDir` volume, you cannot set its volume source to `memory`.
* You cannot enable `mountPropagation` for volume mounts as this is not
supported on Windows.
##### Field compatibility for Pod security context {#compatibility-v1-pod-spec-containers-securitycontext}
None of the Pod [`securityContext`](/docs/reference/kubernetes-api/workload-resources/pod-v1/#security-context) fields work on Windows.
### Node problem detector
The node problem detector (see
[Monitor Node Health](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/monitor-node-health/))
is not compatible with Windows.
### Pause container
In a Kubernetes Pod, an infrastructure or “pause” container is first created
to host the container. In Linux, the cgroups and namespaces that make up a pod
need a process to maintain their continued existence; the pause process provides
this. Containers that belong to the same pod, including infrastructure and worker
containers, share a common network endpoint (same IPv4 and / or IPv6 address, same
network port spaces). Kubernetes uses pause containers to allow for worker containers
crashing or restarting without losing any of the networking configuration.
Kubernetes maintains a multi-architecture image that includes support for Windows.
For Kubernetes v{{< skew currentVersion >}} the recommended pause image is `k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.6`.
The [source code](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/build/pause)
is available on GitHub.
Microsoft maintains a different multi-architecture image, with Linux and Windows
amd64 support, that you can find as `mcr.microsoft.com/oss/kubernetes/pause:3.6`.
This image is built from the same source as the Kubernetes maintained image but
all of the Windows binaries are [authenticode signed](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/authenticode) by Microsoft.
The Kubernetes project recommends using the Microsoft maintained image if you are
deploying to a production or production-like environment that requires signed
binaries.
### Container runtimes {#container-runtime}
You need to install a
{{< glossary_tooltip text="container runtime" term_id="container-runtime" >}}
into each node in the cluster so that Pods can run there.
The following container runtimes work with Windows:
{{% thirdparty-content %}}
#### cri-containerd
{{< feature-state for_k8s_version="v1.20" state="stable" >}}
You can use {{< glossary_tooltip term_id="containerd" text="ContainerD" >}} 1.4.0+
as the container runtime for Kubernetes nodes that run Windows.
Learn how to [install ContainerD on a Windows node](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#install-containerd).
{{< note >}}
There is a [known limitation](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-gmsa/#gmsa-limitations)
when using GMSA with containerd to access Windows network shares, which requires a
kernel patch.
{{< /note >}}
#### Mirantis Container Runtime {#mcr}
[Mirantis Container Runtime](https://docs.mirantis.com/mcr/20.10/overview.html) (MCR) is available as a container runtime for all Windows Server 2019 and later versions.
See [Install MCR on Windows Servers](https://docs.mirantis.com/mcr/20.10/install/mcr-windows.html) for more information.
## Windows OS version compatibility {#windows-os-version-support}
On Windows nodes, strict compatibility rules apply where the host OS version must
match the container base image OS version. Only Windows containers with a container
operating system of Windows Server 2019 are fully supported.
For Kubernetes v{{< skew currentVersion >}}, operating system compatibility for Windows nodes (and Pods)
is as follows:
Windows Server LTSC release
: Windows Server 2019
: Windows Server 2022
Windows Server SAC release
: Windows Server version 20H2
The Kubernetes [version-skew policy](/docs/setup/release/version-skew-policy/) also applies.
## Getting help and troubleshooting {#troubleshooting}
Your main source of help for troubleshooting your Kubernetes cluster should start
with the [Troubleshooting](/docs/tasks/debug/)
page.
Some additional, Windows-specific troubleshooting help is included
in this section. Logs are an important element of troubleshooting
issues in Kubernetes. Make sure to include them any time you seek
troubleshooting assistance from other contributors. Follow the
instructions in the
SIG Windows [contributing guide on gathering logs](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-windows/CONTRIBUTING.md#gathering-logs).
### Node-level troubleshooting {#troubleshooting-node}
1. How do I know `start.ps1` completed successfully?
You should see kubelet, kube-proxy, and (if you chose Flannel as your networking
solution) flanneld host-agent processes running on your node, with running logs
being displayed in separate PowerShell windows. In addition to this, your Windows
node should be listed as "Ready" in your Kubernetes cluster.
1. Can I configure the Kubernetes node processes to run in the background as services?
The kubelet and kube-proxy are already configured to run as native Windows Services,
offering resiliency by re-starting the services automatically in the event of
failure (for example a process crash). You have two options for configuring these
node components as services.
1. As native Windows Services
You can run the kubelet and kube-proxy as native Windows Services using `sc.exe`.
```powershell
# Create the services for kubelet and kube-proxy in two separate commands
sc.exe create <component_name> binPath= "<path_to_binary> --service <other_args>"
# Please note that if the arguments contain spaces, they must be escaped.
sc.exe create kubelet binPath= "C:\kubelet.exe --service --hostname-override 'minion' <other_args>"
# Start the services
Start-Service kubelet
Start-Service kube-proxy
# Stop the service
Stop-Service kubelet (-Force)
Stop-Service kube-proxy (-Force)
# Query the service status
Get-Service kubelet
Get-Service kube-proxy
```
1. Using `nssm.exe`
You can also always use alternative service managers like
[nssm.exe](https://nssm.cc/) to run these processes (flanneld,
kubelet & kube-proxy) in the background for you. You can use this
[sample script](https://github.com/Microsoft/SDN/tree/master/Kubernetes/flannel/register-svc.ps1),
leveraging nssm.exe to register kubelet, kube-proxy, and flanneld.exe to run
as Windows services in the background.
```powershell
register-svc.ps1 -NetworkMode <Network mode> -ManagementIP <Windows Node IP> -ClusterCIDR <Cluster subnet> -KubeDnsServiceIP <Kube-dns Service IP> -LogDir <Directory to place logs>
# NetworkMode = The network mode l2bridge (flannel host-gw, also the default value) or overlay (flannel vxlan) chosen as a network solution
# ManagementIP = The IP address assigned to the Windows node. You can use ipconfig to find this
# ClusterCIDR = The cluster subnet range. (Default value 10.244.0.0/16)
# KubeDnsServiceIP = The Kubernetes DNS service IP (Default value 10.96.0.10)
# LogDir = The directory where kubelet and kube-proxy logs are redirected into their respective output files (Default value C:\k)
```
If the above referenced script is not suitable, you can manually configure
`nssm.exe` using the following examples.
```powershell
# Register flanneld.exe
nssm install flanneld C:\flannel\flanneld.exe
nssm set flanneld AppParameters --kubeconfig-file=c:\k\config --iface=<ManagementIP> --ip-masq=1 --kube-subnet-mgr=1
nssm set flanneld AppEnvironmentExtra NODE_NAME=<hostname>
nssm set flanneld AppDirectory C:\flannel
nssm start flanneld
# Register kubelet.exe
# Microsoft releases the pause infrastructure container at mcr.microsoft.com/oss/kubernetes/pause:3.6
nssm install kubelet C:\k\kubelet.exe
nssm set kubelet AppParameters --hostname-override=<hostname> --v=6 --pod-infra-container-image=mcr.microsoft.com/oss/kubernetes/pause:3.6 --resolv-conf="" --allow-privileged=true --enable-debugging-handlers --cluster-dns=<DNS-service-IP> --cluster-domain=cluster.local --kubeconfig=c:\k\config --hairpin-mode=promiscuous-bridge --image-pull-progress-deadline=20m --cgroups-per-qos=false --log-dir=<log directory> --logtostderr=false --enforce-node-allocatable="" --network-plugin=cni --cni-bin-dir=c:\k\cni --cni-conf-dir=c:\k\cni\config
nssm set kubelet AppDirectory C:\k
nssm start kubelet
# Register kube-proxy.exe (l2bridge / host-gw)
nssm install kube-proxy C:\k\kube-proxy.exe
nssm set kube-proxy AppDirectory c:\k
nssm set kube-proxy AppParameters --v=4 --proxy-mode=kernelspace --hostname-override=<hostname>--kubeconfig=c:\k\config --enable-dsr=false --log-dir=<log directory> --logtostderr=false
nssm.exe set kube-proxy AppEnvironmentExtra KUBE_NETWORK=cbr0
nssm set kube-proxy DependOnService kubelet
nssm start kube-proxy
# Register kube-proxy.exe (overlay / vxlan)
nssm install kube-proxy C:\k\kube-proxy.exe
nssm set kube-proxy AppDirectory c:\k
nssm set kube-proxy AppParameters --v=4 --proxy-mode=kernelspace --feature-gates="WinOverlay=true" --hostname-override=<hostname> --kubeconfig=c:\k\config --network-name=vxlan0 --source-vip=<source-vip> --enable-dsr=false --log-dir=<log directory> --logtostderr=false
nssm set kube-proxy DependOnService kubelet
nssm start kube-proxy
```
For initial troubleshooting, you can use the following flags in [nssm.exe](https://nssm.cc/) to redirect stdout and stderr to a output file:
```powershell
nssm set <Service Name> AppStdout C:\k\mysvc.log
nssm set <Service Name> AppStderr C:\k\mysvc.log
```
For additional details, see [NSSM - the Non-Sucking Service Manager](https://nssm.cc/usage).
1. My Pods are stuck at "Container Creating" or restarting over and over
Check that your pause image is compatible with your OS version. The
[instructions](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/kubernetes/deploying-resources)
assume that both the OS and the containers are version 1803. If you have a later
version of Windows, such as an Insider build, you need to adjust the images
accordingly. See [Pause container](#pause-container) for more details.
### Network troubleshooting {#troubleshooting-network}
1. My Windows Pods do not have network connectivity
If you are using virtual machines, ensure that MAC spoofing is **enabled** on all
the VM network adapter(s).
1. My Windows Pods cannot ping external resources
Windows Pods do not have outbound rules programmed for the ICMP protocol. However,
TCP/UDP is supported. When trying to demonstrate connectivity to resources
outside of the cluster, substitute `ping <IP>` with corresponding
`curl <IP>` commands.
If you are still facing problems, most likely your network configuration in
[cni.conf](https://github.com/Microsoft/SDN/blob/master/Kubernetes/flannel/l2bridge/cni/config/cni.conf)
deserves some extra attention. You can always edit this static file. The
configuration update will apply to any new Kubernetes resources.
One of the Kubernetes networking requirements
(see [Kubernetes model](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/)) is
for cluster communication to occur without
NAT internally. To honor this requirement, there is an
[ExceptionList](https://github.com/Microsoft/SDN/blob/master/Kubernetes/flannel/l2bridge/cni/config/cni.conf#L20)
for all the communication where you do not want outbound NAT to occur. However,
this also means that you need to exclude the external IP you are trying to query
from the `ExceptionList`. Only then will the traffic originating from your Windows
pods be SNAT'ed correctly to receive a response from the outside world. In this
regard, your `ExceptionList` in `cni.conf` should look as follows:
```conf
"ExceptionList": [
"10.244.0.0/16", # Cluster subnet
"10.96.0.0/12", # Service subnet
"10.127.130.0/24" # Management (host) subnet
]
```
1. My Windows node cannot access `NodePort` type Services
Local NodePort access from the node itself fails. This is a known
limitation. NodePort access works from other nodes or external clients.
1. vNICs and HNS endpoints of containers are being deleted
This issue can be caused when the `hostname-override` parameter is not passed to
[kube-proxy](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-proxy/). To resolve
it, users need to pass the hostname to kube-proxy as follows:
```powershell
C:\k\kube-proxy.exe --hostname-override=$(hostname)
```
1. With flannel, my nodes are having issues after rejoining a cluster
Whenever a previously deleted node is being re-joined to the cluster, flannelD
tries to assign a new pod subnet to the node. Users should remove the old pod
subnet configuration files in the following paths:
```powershell
Remove-Item C:\k\SourceVip.json
Remove-Item C:\k\SourceVipRequest.json
```
1. After launching `start.ps1`, flanneld is stuck in "Waiting for the Network to be created"
There are numerous reports of this [issue](https://github.com/coreos/flannel/issues/1066); most likely it is a timing issue for when the management IP of the flannel network is set. A workaround is to relaunch `start.ps1` or relaunch it manually as follows:
```powershell
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("NODE_NAME", "<Windows_Worker_Hostname>")
C:\flannel\flanneld.exe --kubeconfig-file=c:\k\config --iface=<Windows_Worker_Node_IP> --ip-masq=1 --kube-subnet-mgr=1
```
1. My Windows Pods cannot launch because of missing `/run/flannel/subnet.env`
This indicates that Flannel didn't launch correctly. You can either try
to restart `flanneld.exe` or you can copy the files over manually from
`/run/flannel/subnet.env` on the Kubernetes master to `C:\run\flannel\subnet.env`
on the Windows worker node and modify the `FLANNEL_SUBNET` row to a different
number. For example, if node subnet 10.244.4.1/24 is desired:
```env
FLANNEL_NETWORK=10.244.0.0/16
FLANNEL_SUBNET=10.244.4.1/24
FLANNEL_MTU=1500
FLANNEL_IPMASQ=true
```
1. My Windows node cannot access my services using the service IP
This is a known limitation of the networking stack on Windows. However, Windows Pods can access the Service IP.
1. No network adapter is found when starting the kubelet
The Windows networking stack needs a virtual adapter for Kubernetes networking to work. If the following commands return no results (in an admin shell), virtual network creation — a necessary prerequisite for the kubelet to work — has failed:
```powershell
Get-HnsNetwork | ? Name -ieq "cbr0"
Get-NetAdapter | ? Name -Like "vEthernet (Ethernet*"
```
Often it is worthwhile to modify the [InterfaceName](https://github.com/microsoft/SDN/blob/master/Kubernetes/flannel/start.ps1#L7) parameter of the start.ps1 script, in cases where the host's network adapter isn't "Ethernet". Otherwise, consult the output of the `start-kubelet.ps1` script to see if there are errors during virtual network creation.
1. DNS resolution is not properly working
Check the DNS limitations for Windows in this [section](#dns-limitations).
1. `kubectl port-forward` fails with "unable to do port forwarding: wincat not found"
This was implemented in Kubernetes 1.15 by including `wincat.exe` in the pause infrastructure container `mcr.microsoft.com/oss/kubernetes/pause:3.6`. Be sure to use a supported version of Kubernetes.
If you would like to build your own pause infrastructure container be sure to include [wincat](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/build/pause/windows/wincat).
1. My Kubernetes installation is failing because my Windows Server node is behind a proxy
If you are behind a proxy, the following PowerShell environment variables must be defined:
```PowerShell
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("HTTP_PROXY", "http://proxy.example.com:80/", [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)
[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("HTTPS_PROXY", "http://proxy.example.com:443/", [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)
```
### Further investigation
If these steps don't resolve your problem, you can get help running Windows containers on Windows nodes in Kubernetes through:
* StackOverflow [Windows Server Container](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/windows-server-container) topic
* Kubernetes Official Forum [discuss.kubernetes.io](https://discuss.kubernetes.io/)
* Kubernetes Slack [#SIG-Windows Channel](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/sig-windows)
### Reporting issues and feature requests
If you have what looks like a bug, or you would like to
make a feature request, please use the
[GitHub issue tracking system](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues).
You can open issues on
[GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/new/choose) and assign
them to SIG-Windows. You should first search the list of issues in case it was
reported previously and comment with your experience on the issue and add additional
logs. SIG-Windows Slack is also a great avenue to get some initial support and
troubleshooting ideas prior to creating a ticket.
If filing a bug, please include detailed information about how to reproduce the problem, such as:
* Kubernetes version: output from `kubectl version`
* Environment details: Cloud provider, OS distro, networking choice and configuration, and Docker version
* Detailed steps to reproduce the problem
* [Relevant logs](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/sig-windows/CONTRIBUTING.md#gathering-logs)
It helps if you tag the issue as **sig/windows**, by commenting on the issue with `/sig windows`. This helps to bring
the issue to a SIG Windows member's attention
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
### Deployment tools
The kubeadm tool helps you to deploy a Kubernetes cluster, providing the control
plane to manage the cluster it, and nodes to run your workloads.
[Adding Windows nodes](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/adding-windows-nodes/)
explains how to deploy Windows nodes to your cluster using kubeadm.
The Kubernetes [cluster API](https://cluster-api.sigs.k8s.io/) project also provides means to automate deployment of Windows nodes.
### Windows distribution channels
For a detailed explanation of Windows distribution channels see the [Microsoft documentation](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/get-started-19/servicing-channels-19).
Information on the different Windows Server servicing channels
including their support models can be found at
[Windows Server servicing channels](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/get-started/servicing-channels-comparison).
content/en/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/access-cluster-services.md
+10 -10
View File
@@ -64,17 +64,17 @@ kubectl cluster-info
The output is similar to this:
```
Kubernetes master is running at https://104.197.5.247
elasticsearch-logging is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy
kibana-logging is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kibana-logging/proxy
kube-dns is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy
grafana is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy
heapster is running at https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-heapster/proxy
Kubernetes master is running at https://192.0.2.1
elasticsearch-logging is running at https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy
kibana-logging is running at https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kibana-logging/proxy
kube-dns is running at https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy
grafana is running at https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy
heapster is running at https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-heapster/proxy
```
This shows the proxy-verb URL for accessing each service.
For example, this cluster has cluster-level logging enabled (using Elasticsearch), which can be reached
at `https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/` if suitable credentials are passed, or through a kubectl proxy at, for example:
at `https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/` if suitable credentials are passed, or through a kubectl proxy at, for example:
`http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/`.
{{< note >}}
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ The supported formats for the `<service_name>` segment of the URL are:
* To access the Elasticsearch service endpoint `_search?q=user:kimchy`, you would use:
```
http://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_search?q=user:kimchy
http://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_search?q=user:kimchy
```
* To access the Elasticsearch cluster health information `_cluster/health?pretty=true`, you would use:
```
https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true
https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true
```
The health information is similar to this:
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The supported formats for the `<service_name>` segment of the URL are:
* To access the *https* Elasticsearch service health information `_cluster/health?pretty=true`, you would use:
```
https://104.197.5.247/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:elasticsearch-logging/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true
https://192.0.2.1/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:elasticsearch-logging:/proxy/_cluster/health?pretty=true
```
#### Using web browsers to access services running on the cluster
content/en/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/access-cluster.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ There are several different proxies you may encounter when using Kubernetes:
- locates apiserver
- adds authentication headers
1. The [apiserver proxy](#discovering-builtin-services):
1. The [apiserver proxy](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/access-cluster-services/#discovering-builtin-services):
- is a bastion built into the apiserver
- connects a user outside of the cluster to cluster IPs which otherwise might not be reachable
content/en/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/configure-access-multiple-clusters.md
+8 -7
View File
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ It does not mean that there is a file named `kubeconfig`.
{{< warning >}}
Only use kubeconfig files from trusted sources. Using a specially-crafted kubeconfig file could result in malicious code execution or file exposure.
Only use kubeconfig files from trusted sources. Using a specially-crafted kubeconfig
file could result in malicious code execution or file exposure.
If you must use an untrusted kubeconfig file, inspect it carefully first, much as you would a shell script.
{{< /warning>}}
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ to the scratch cluster requires authentication by username and password.
Create a directory named `config-exercise`. In your
`config-exercise` directory, create a file named `config-demo` with this content:
```shell
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Config
preferences: {}
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ kubectl config --kubeconfig=config-demo view
The output shows the two clusters, two users, and three contexts:
```shell
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
@@ -271,7 +272,7 @@ For example:
### Linux
```shell
export KUBECONFIG_SAVED=$KUBECONFIG
export KUBECONFIG_SAVED="$KUBECONFIG"
```
### Windows PowerShell
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ Temporarily append two paths to your `KUBECONFIG` environment variable. For exam
### Linux
```shell
export KUBECONFIG=$KUBECONFIG:config-demo:config-demo-2
export KUBECONFIG="${KUBECONFIG}:config-demo:config-demo-2"
```
### Windows PowerShell
@@ -356,7 +357,7 @@ For example:
### Linux
```shell
export KUBECONFIG=$KUBECONFIG:$HOME/.kube/config
export KUBECONFIG="${KUBECONFIG}:${HOME}/.kube/config"
```
### Windows Powershell
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ Return your `KUBECONFIG` environment variable to its original value. For example
### Linux
```shell
export KUBECONFIG=$KUBECONFIG_SAVED
export KUBECONFIG="$KUBECONFIG_SAVED"
```
### Windows PowerShell
content/en/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/port-forward-access-application-cluster.md
+5 -19
View File
@@ -11,19 +11,11 @@ This page shows how to use `kubectl port-forward` to connect to a MongoDB
server running in a Kubernetes cluster. This type of connection can be useful
for database debugging.
## {{% heading "prerequisites" %}}
* {{< include "task-tutorial-prereqs.md" >}} {{< version-check >}}
* Install [MongoDB Shell](https://www.mongodb.com/try/download/shell).
<!-- steps -->
## Creating MongoDB deployment and service
@@ -80,7 +72,6 @@ for database debugging.
mongo-75f59d57f4 1 1 1 3m12s
```
2. Create a Service to expose MongoDB on the network:
```shell
@@ -119,7 +110,7 @@ for database debugging.
27017
```
(this is the TCP port allocated to MongoDB on the internet).
27017 is the TCP port allocated to MongoDB on the internet.
## Forward a local port to a port on the Pod
@@ -162,11 +153,9 @@ for database debugging.
Forwarding from [::1]:28015 -> 27017
```
{{< note >}}
`kubectl port-forward` does not return. To continue with the exercises, you will need to open another terminal.
{{< /note >}}
{{< note >}}
`kubectl port-forward` does not return. To continue with the exercises, you will need to open another terminal.
{{< /note >}}
2. Start the MongoDB command line interface:
@@ -204,7 +193,6 @@ Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:63753 -> 27017
Forwarding from [::1]:63753 -> 27017
```
<!-- discussion -->
## Discussion
@@ -219,9 +207,7 @@ The support for UDP protocol is tracked in
[issue 47862](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/47862).
{{< /note >}}
## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}
Learn more about [kubectl port-forward](/docs/reference/generated/kubectl/kubectl-commands/#port-forward).
content/en/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/certificates.md
+1 -1
View File
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title: Certificates
title: Generate Certificates Manually
content_type: task
weight: 20
---

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