---
title: kubectl 备忘单
content_type: concept
card:
  name: reference
  weight: 30
---
<!-- ---
title: kubectl Cheat Sheet
reviewers:
- erictune
- krousey
- clove
content_type: concept
card:
  name: reference
  weight: 30
--- -->

<!-- overview -->

<!--
This page contains a list of commonly used `kubectl` commands and flags.
-->

本页列举了常用的 “kubectl” 命令和标志

<!-- body -->

<!--
## Kubectl autocomplete

### BASH
-->

## Kubectl 自动补全

### BASH

<!--
```bash
source <(kubectl completion bash) # setup autocomplete in bash into the current shell, bash-completion package should be installed first.
echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc # add autocomplete permanently to your bash shell.
```

You can also use a shorthand alias for `kubectl` that also works with completion:
-->
```bash
source <(kubectl completion bash) # 在 bash 中设置当前 shell 的自动补全，要先安装 bash-completion 包。
echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc # 在您的 bash shell 中永久的添加自动补全
```

您还可以为 `kubectl` 使用一个速记别名，该别名也可以与 completion 一起使用：

```bash
alias k=kubectl
complete -F __start_kubectl k
```

### ZSH

<!--
```bash
source <(kubectl completion zsh)  # setup autocomplete in zsh into the current shell
echo "[[ $commands[kubectl] ]] && source <(kubectl completion zsh)" >> ~/.zshrc # add autocomplete permanently to your zsh shell
```
-->
```bash
source <(kubectl completion zsh)  # 在 zsh 中设置当前 shell 的自动补全
echo "[[ $commands[kubectl] ]] && source <(kubectl completion zsh)" >> ~/.zshrc # 在您的 zsh shell 中永久的添加自动补全
```

<!--
## Kubectl Context and Configuration

Set which Kubernetes cluster `kubectl` communicates with and modifies configuration
information. See [Authenticating Across Clusters with kubeconfig](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/configure-access-multiple-clusters/) documentation for
detailed config file information.
-->
##  Kubectl 上下文和配置

设置 `kubectl` 与哪个 Kubernetes 集群进行通信并修改配置信息。
查看[使用 kubeconfig 跨集群授权访问](/zh/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/configure-access-multiple-clusters/)
文档获取配置文件详细信息。

<!--
```bash
kubectl config view # Show Merged kubeconfig settings.

# use multiple kubeconfig files at the same time and view merged config
KUBECONFIG=~/.kube/config:~/.kube/kubconfig2

kubectl config view

# get the password for the e2e user
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[?(@.name == "e2e")].user.password}'

kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[].name}'    # display the first user
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[*].name}'   # get a list of users
kubectl config get-contexts                          # display list of contexts
kubectl config current-context           # display the current-context
kubectl config use-context my-cluster-name           # set the default context to my-cluster-name

# add a new user to your kubeconf that supports basic auth
kubectl config set-credentials kubeuser/foo.kubernetes.com --username=kubeuser --password=kubepassword

# permanently save the namespace for all subsequent kubectl commands in that context.
kubectl config set-context --current --namespace=ggckad-s2

# set a context utilizing a specific username and namespace.
kubectl config set-context gce --user=cluster-admin --namespace=foo \
  && kubectl config use-context gce

kubectl config unset users.foo                       # delete user foo
```
-->
```bash
kubectl config view # 显示合并的 kubeconfig 配置。

# 同时使用多个 kubeconfig 文件并查看合并的配置
KUBECONFIG=~/.kube/config:~/.kube/kubconfig2 kubectl config view

# 获取 e2e 用户的密码
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[?(@.name == "e2e")].user.password}'

kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[].name}'    # 显示第一个用户
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[*].name}'   # 获取用户列表
kubectl config get-contexts                          # 显示上下文列表
kubectl config current-context                       # 展示当前所处的上下文
kubectl config use-context my-cluster-name           # 设置默认的上下文为 my-cluster-name

# 添加新的用户配置到 kubeconf 中，使用 basic auth 进行身份认证
kubectl config set-credentials kubeuser/foo.kubernetes.com --username=kubeuser --password=kubepassword

# 在指定上下文中持久性地保存名字空间，供所有后续 kubectl 命令使用
kubectl config set-context --current --namespace=ggckad-s2

# 使用特定的用户名和名字空间设置上下文
kubectl config set-context gce --user=cluster-admin --namespace=foo \
  && kubectl config use-context gce

kubectl config unset users.foo                       # 删除用户 foo
```

<!--
## Kubectl apply
`apply` manages applications through files defining Kubernetes resources. It creates and updates resources in a cluster through running `kubectl apply`. This is the recommended way of managing Kubernetes applications on production. See [Kubectl Book](https://kubectl.docs.kubernetes.io).
-->
## Kubectl apply
`apply` 通过定义 Kubernetes 资源的文件来管理应用。
它通过运行 `kubectl apply` 在集群中创建和更新资源。
这是在生产中管理 Kubernetes 应用的推荐方法。
参见 [Kubectl 文档](https://kubectl.docs.kubernetes.io)。

<!--
## Creating objects

Kubernetes manifests can be defined in YAML or JSON. The file extension `.yaml`,
`.yml`, and `.json` can be used.
-->
## 创建对象 {#creating-objects}

Kubernetes 配置可以用 YAML 或 JSON 定义。可以使用的文件扩展名有
`.yaml`、`.yml` 和 `.json`。

<!--
```bash
kubectl apply -f ./my-manifest.yaml            # create resource(s)
kubectl apply -f ./my1.yaml -f ./my2.yaml      # create from multiple files
kubectl apply -f ./dir                         # create resource(s) in all manifest files in dir
kubectl apply -f https://git.io/vPieo          # create resource(s) from url
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx  # start a single instance of nginx

# create a Job which prints "Hello World"
kubectl create job hello --image=busybox -- echo "Hello World" 

# create a CronJob that prints "Hello World" every minute
kubectl create cronjob hello --image=busybox   --schedule="*/1 * * * *" -- echo "Hello World"    

kubectl explain pods                           # get the documentation for pod manifests

# Create multiple YAML objects from stdin
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: busybox-sleep
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox
    args:
    - sleep
    - "1000000"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: busybox-sleep-less
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox
    args:
    - sleep
    - "1000"
EOF

# Create a secret with several keys
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mysecret
type: Opaque
data:
  password: $(echo -n "s33msi4" | base64 -w0)
  username: $(echo -n "jane" | base64 -w0)
EOF
```
-->
```bash
kubectl apply -f ./my-manifest.yaml           # 创建资源
kubectl apply -f ./my1.yaml -f ./my2.yaml     # 使用多个文件创建
kubectl apply -f ./dir                        # 基于目录下的所有清单文件创建资源
kubectl apply -f https://git.io/vPieo         # 从 URL 中创建资源
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx # 启动单实例 nginx

# 创建一个打印 “Hello World” 的 Job
kubectl create job hello --image=busybox -- echo "Hello World" 

# 创建一个打印 “Hello World” 间隔1分钟的 CronJob
kubectl create cronjob hello --image=busybox   --schedule="*/1 * * * *" -- echo "Hello World"    

kubectl explain pods                          # 获取 pod 清单的文档说明

# 从标准输入创建多个 YAML 对象
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: busybox-sleep
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox
    args:
    - sleep
    - "1000000"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: busybox-sleep-less
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox
    args:
    - sleep
    - "1000"
EOF

# 创建有多个 key 的 Secret
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mysecret
type: Opaque
data:
  password: $(echo -n "s33msi4" | base64 -w0)
  username: $(echo -n "jane" | base64 -w0)
EOF
```

<!--
## Viewing, finding resources
-->
## 查看和查找资源

<!--
```bash
# Get commands with basic output
kubectl get services                          # List all services in the namespace
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces             # List all pods in all namespaces
kubectl get pods -o wide                      # List all pods in the current namespace, with more details
kubectl get deployment my-dep                 # List a particular deployment
kubectl get pods                              # List all pods in the namespace
kubectl get pod my-pod -o yaml                # Get a pod's YAML

# Describe commands with verbose output
kubectl describe nodes my-node
kubectl describe pods my-pod

# List Services Sorted by Name
kubectl get services --sort-by=.metadata.name

# List pods Sorted by Restart Count
kubectl get pods --sort-by='.status.containerStatuses[0].restartCount'

# List PersistentVolumes sorted by capacity
kubectl get pv --sort-by=.spec.capacity.storage

# Get the version label of all pods with label app=cassandra
kubectl get pods --selector=app=cassandra -o \
  jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.labels.version}'

# Retrieve the value of a key with dots, e.g. 'ca.crt'
kubectl get configmap myconfig \
  -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}'

# Get all worker nodes (use a selector to exclude results that have a label
# named 'node-role.kubernetes.io/master')
kubectl get node --selector='!node-role.kubernetes.io/master'

# Get all running pods in the namespace
kubectl get pods --field-selector=status.phase=Running

# Get ExternalIPs of all nodes
kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address}'

# List Names of Pods that belong to Particular RC
# "jq" command useful for transformations that are too complex for jsonpath, it can be found at https://stedolan.github.io/jq/
sel=${$(kubectl get rc my-rc --output=json | jq -j '.spec.selector | to_entries | .[] | "\(.key)=\(.value),"')%?}
echo $(kubectl get pods --selector=$sel --output=jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})

# Show labels for all pods (or any other Kubernetes object that supports labelling)
kubectl get pods --show-labels

# Check which nodes are ready
JSONPATH='{range .items[*]}{@.metadata.name}:{range @.status.conditions[*]}{@.type}={@.status};{end}{end}' \
 && kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath="$JSONPATH" | grep "Ready=True"

# List all Secrets currently in use by a pod
kubectl get pods -o json | jq '.items[].spec.containers[].env[]?.valueFrom.secretKeyRef.name' | grep -v null | sort | uniq

# List all containerIDs of initContainer of all pods
# Helpful when cleaning up stopped containers, while avoiding removal of initContainers.
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o jsonpath='{range .items[*].status.initContainerStatuses[*]}{.containerID}{"\n"}{end}' | cut -d/ -f3

# List Events sorted by timestamp
kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp

# Compares the current state of the cluster against the state that the cluster would be in if the manifest was applied.
kubectl diff -f ./my-manifest.yaml

# Produce a period-delimited tree of all keys returned for nodes
# Helpful when locating a key within a complex nested JSON structure
kubectl get nodes -o json | jq -c 'path(..)|[.[]|tostring]|join(".")'

# Produce a period-delimited tree of all keys returned for pods, etc
kubectl get pods -o json | jq -c 'path(..)|[.[]|tostring]|join(".")'

```
-->
```bash
# get 命令的基本输出
kubectl get services                          # 列出当前命名空间下的所有 services
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces             # 列出所有命名空间下的全部的 Pods
kubectl get pods -o wide                      # 列出当前命名空间下的全部 Pods，并显示更详细的信息
kubectl get deployment my-dep                 # 列出某个特定的 Deployment
kubectl get pods                              # 列出当前命名空间下的全部 Pods
kubectl get pod my-pod -o yaml                # 获取一个 pod 的 YAML

# describe 命令的详细输出
kubectl describe nodes my-node
kubectl describe pods my-pod

# 列出当前名字空间下所有 Services，按名称排序
kubectl get services --sort-by=.metadata.name

# 列出 Pods，按重启次数排序
kubectl get pods --sort-by='.status.containerStatuses[0].restartCount'

# 列举所有 PV 持久卷，按容量排序
kubectl get pv --sort-by=.spec.capacity.storage

# 获取包含 app=cassandra 标签的所有 Pods 的 version 标签
kubectl get pods --selector=app=cassandra -o \
  jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.labels.version}'

# 检索带有 “.” 键值，例： 'ca.crt'
kubectl get configmap myconfig \
  -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}'

# 获取所有工作节点（使用选择器以排除标签名称为 'node-role.kubernetes.io/master' 的结果）
kubectl get node --selector='!node-role.kubernetes.io/master'

# 获取当前命名空间中正在运行的 Pods
kubectl get pods --field-selector=status.phase=Running

# 获取全部节点的 ExternalIP 地址
kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address}'

# 列出属于某个特定 RC 的 Pods 的名称
# 在转换对于 jsonpath 过于复杂的场合，"jq" 命令很有用；可以在 https://stedolan.github.io/jq/ 找到它。
sel=${$(kubectl get rc my-rc --output=json | jq -j '.spec.selector | to_entries | .[] | "\(.key)=\(.value),"')%?}
echo $(kubectl get pods --selector=$sel --output=jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})

# 显示所有 Pods 的标签（或任何其他支持标签的 Kubernetes 对象）
kubectl get pods --show-labels

# 检查哪些节点处于就绪状态
JSONPATH='{range .items[*]}{@.metadata.name}:{range @.status.conditions[*]}{@.type}={@.status};{end}{end}' \
 && kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath="$JSONPATH" | grep "Ready=True"

# 列出被一个 Pod 使用的全部 Secret
kubectl get pods -o json | jq '.items[].spec.containers[].env[]?.valueFrom.secretKeyRef.name' | grep -v null | sort | uniq

# 列举所有 Pods 中初始化容器的容器 ID（containerID）
# Helpful when cleaning up stopped containers, while avoiding removal of initContainers.
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o jsonpath='{range .items[*].status.initContainerStatuses[*]}{.containerID}{"\n"}{end}' | cut -d/ -f3

# 列出事件（Events），按时间戳排序
kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp

# 比较当前的集群状态和假定某清单被应用之后的集群状态
kubectl diff -f ./my-manifest.yaml

# 生成一个句点分隔的树，其中包含为节点返回的所有键
# 在复杂的嵌套JSON结构中定位键时非常有用
kubectl get nodes -o json | jq -c 'path(..)|[.[]|tostring]|join(".")'

# 生成一个句点分隔的树，其中包含为pod等返回的所有键
kubectl get pods -o json | jq -c 'path(..)|[.[]|tostring]|join(".")'

```

<!--
## Updating resources
-->
## 更新资源

<!--
```bash
kubectl set image deployment/frontend www=image:v2               # Rolling update "www" containers of "frontend" deployment, updating the image
kubectl rollout history deployment/frontend                      # Check the history of deployments including the revision
kubectl rollout undo deployment/frontend                         # Rollback to the previous deployment
kubectl rollout undo deployment/frontend --to-revision=2         # Rollback to a specific revision
kubectl rollout status -w deployment/frontend                    # Watch rolling update status of "frontend" deployment until completion
kubectl rollout restart deployment/frontend                      # Rolling restart of the "frontend" deployment

cat pod.json | kubectl replace -f -                              # Replace a pod based on the JSON passed into std

# Force replace, delete and then re-create the resource. Will cause a service outage.
kubectl replace --force -f ./pod.json

# Create a service for a replicated nginx, which serves on port 80 and connects to the containers on port 8000
kubectl expose rc nginx --port=80 --target-port=8000

# Update a single-container pod's image version (tag) to v4
kubectl get pod mypod -o yaml | sed 's/\(image: myimage\):.*$/\1:v4/' | kubectl replace -f -

kubectl label pods my-pod new-label=awesome                      # Add a Label
kubectl annotate pods my-pod icon-url=http://goo.gl/XXBTWq       # Add an annotation
kubectl autoscale deployment foo --min=2 --max=10                # Auto scale a deployment "foo"
```
-->
```bash
kubectl set image deployment/frontend www=image:v2               # 滚动更新 "frontend" Deployment 的 "www" 容器镜像
kubectl rollout history deployment/frontend                      # 检查 Deployment 的历史记录，包括版本
kubectl rollout undo deployment/frontend                         # 回滚到上次部署版本
kubectl rollout undo deployment/frontend --to-revision=2         # 回滚到特定部署版本
kubectl rollout status -w deployment/frontend                    # 监视 "frontend" Deployment 的滚动升级状态直到完成
kubectl rollout restart deployment/frontend                      # 轮替重启 "frontend" Deployment

cat pod.json | kubectl replace -f -                              # 通过传入到标准输入的 JSON 来替换 Pod

# 强制替换，删除后重建资源。会导致服务不可用。
kubectl replace --force -f ./pod.json

# 为多副本的 nginx 创建服务，使用 80 端口提供服务，连接到容器的 8000 端口。
kubectl expose rc nginx --port=80 --target-port=8000

# 将某单容器 Pod 的镜像版本（标签）更新到 v4
kubectl get pod mypod -o yaml | sed 's/\(image: myimage\):.*$/\1:v4/' | kubectl replace -f -

kubectl label pods my-pod new-label=awesome                      # 添加标签
kubectl annotate pods my-pod icon-url=http://goo.gl/XXBTWq       # 添加注解
kubectl autoscale deployment foo --min=2 --max=10                # 对 "foo" Deployment 自动伸缩容
```

<!-- ## Patching resources -->
## 部分更新资源

<!--
```bash
# Partially update a node
kubectl patch node k8s-node-1 -p '{"spec":{"unschedulable":true}}'

# Update a container's image; spec.containers[*].name is required because it's a merge key
kubectl patch pod valid-pod -p '{"spec":{"containers":[{"name":"kubernetes-serve-hostname","image":"new image"}]}}'

# Update a container's image using a json patch with positional arrays
kubectl patch pod valid-pod --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"new image"}]'

# Disable a deployment livenessProbe using a json patch with positional arrays
kubectl patch deployment valid-deployment  --type json   -p='[{"op": "remove", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/livenessProbe"}]'

# Add a new element to a positional array
kubectl patch sa default --type='json' -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/secrets/1", "value": {"name": "whatever" } }]'
```
-->
```bash
# 部分更新某节点
kubectl patch node k8s-node-1 -p '{"spec":{"unschedulable":true}}'

# 更新容器的镜像；spec.containers[*].name 是必须的。因为它是一个合并性质的主键。
kubectl patch pod valid-pod -p '{"spec":{"containers":[{"name":"kubernetes-serve-hostname","image":"new image"}]}}'

# 使用带位置数组的 JSON patch 更新容器的镜像
kubectl patch pod valid-pod --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"new image"}]'

# 使用带位置数组的 JSON patch 禁用某 Deployment 的 livenessProbe
kubectl patch deployment valid-deployment  --type json   -p='[{"op": "remove", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/livenessProbe"}]'

# 在带位置数组中添加元素
kubectl patch sa default --type='json' -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/secrets/1", "value": {"name": "whatever" } }]'
```

<!--
## Editing resources

Edit any API resource in your preferred editor.
-->
## 编辑资源

使用你偏爱的编辑器编辑 API 资源。

<!--
```bash
kubectl edit svc/docker-registry                      # Edit the service named docker-registry
KUBE_EDITOR="nano" kubectl edit svc/docker-registry   # Use an alternative editor
```
-->
```bash
kubectl edit svc/docker-registry                      # 编辑名为 docker-registry 的服务
KUBE_EDITOR="nano" kubectl edit svc/docker-registry   # 使用其他编辑器
```

<!--
## Scaling resources
-->
## 对资源进行伸缩

<!-- ```bash
kubectl scale --replicas=3 rs/foo                                 # Scale a replicaset named 'foo' to 3
kubectl scale --replicas=3 -f foo.yaml                            # Scale a resource specified in "foo.yaml" to 3
kubectl scale --current-replicas=2 --replicas=3 deployment/mysql  # If the deployment named mysql's current size is 2, scale mysql to 3
kubectl scale --replicas=5 rc/foo rc/bar rc/baz                   # Scale multiple replication controllers
```
-->
```bash
kubectl scale --replicas=3 rs/foo                                 # 将名为 'foo' 的副本集伸缩到 3 副本
kubectl scale --replicas=3 -f foo.yaml                            # 将在 "foo.yaml" 中的特定资源伸缩到 3 个副本
kubectl scale --current-replicas=2 --replicas=3 deployment/mysql  # 如果名为 mysql 的 Deployment 的副本当前是 2，那么将它伸缩到 3
kubectl scale --replicas=5 rc/foo rc/bar rc/baz                   # 伸缩多个副本控制器
```

<!--
## Deleting resources
-->
## 删除资源

<!-- ```bash
kubectl delete -f ./pod.json                                              # Delete a pod using the type and name specified in pod.json
kubectl delete pod,service baz foo                                        # Delete pods and services with same names "baz" and "foo"
kubectl delete pods,services -l name=myLabel                              # Delete pods and services with label name=myLabel
kubectl -n my-ns delete pod,svc --all                                      # Delete all pods and services in namespace my-ns,
# Delete all pods matching the awk pattern1 or pattern2
kubectl get pods  -n mynamespace --no-headers=true | awk '/pattern1|pattern2/{print $1}' | xargs  kubectl delete -n mynamespace pod
```
-->
```bash
kubectl delete -f ./pod.json                                              # 删除在 pod.json 中指定的类型和名称的 Pod
kubectl delete pod,service baz foo                                        # 删除名称为 "baz" 和 "foo" 的 Pod 和服务
kubectl delete pods,services -l name=myLabel                              # 删除包含 name=myLabel 标签的 pods 和服务
kubectl -n my-ns delete pod,svc --all                                     # 删除在 my-ns 名字空间中全部的 Pods 和服务
# 删除所有与 pattern1 或 pattern2 awk 模式匹配的 Pods
kubectl get pods  -n mynamespace --no-headers=true | awk '/pattern1|pattern2/{print $1}' | xargs  kubectl delete -n mynamespace pod
```

<!--
## Interacting with running Pods
-->
## 与运行中的 Pods 进行交互

<!--
```bash
kubectl logs my-pod                                 # dump pod logs (stdout)
kubectl logs -l name=myLabel                        # dump pod logs, with label name=myLabel (stdout)
kubectl logs my-pod --previous                      # dump pod logs (stdout) for a previous instantiation of a container
kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container                 # dump pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case)
kubectl logs -l name=myLabel -c my-container        # dump pod logs, with label name=myLabel (stdout)
kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container --previous      # dump pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case) for a previous instantiation of a container
kubectl logs -f my-pod                              # stream pod logs (stdout)
kubectl logs -f my-pod -c my-container              # stream pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case)
kubectl logs -f -l name=myLabel --all-containers    # stream all pods logs with label name=myLabel (stdout)
kubectl run -i --tty busybox --image=busybox -- sh  # Run pod as interactive shell
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx -n 
mynamespace                                         # Run pod nginx in a specific namespace
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx                     # Run pod nginx and write its spec into a file called pod.yaml
--dry-run=client -o yaml > pod.yaml

kubectl attach my-pod -i                            # Attach to Running Container
kubectl port-forward my-pod 5000:6000               # Listen on port 5000 on the local machine and forward to port 6000 on my-pod
kubectl exec my-pod -- ls /                         # Run command in existing pod (1 container case)
kubectl exec --stdin --tty my-pod -- /bin/sh        # Interactive shell access to a running pod (1 container case) 
kubectl exec my-pod -c my-container -- ls /         # Run command in existing pod (multi-container case)
kubectl top pod POD_NAME --containers               # Show metrics for a given pod and its containers
```
-->
```bash
kubectl logs my-pod                                 # 获取 pod 日志（标准输出）
kubectl logs -l name=myLabel                        # 获取含 name=myLabel 标签的 Pods 的日志（标准输出）
kubectl logs my-pod --previous                      # 获取上个容器实例的 pod 日志（标准输出）
kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container                 # 获取 Pod 容器的日志（标准输出, 多容器场景）
kubectl logs -l name=myLabel -c my-container        # 获取含 name=myLabel 标签的 Pod 容器日志（标准输出, 多容器场景）
kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container --previous      # 获取 Pod 中某容器的上个实例的日志（标准输出, 多容器场景）
kubectl logs -f my-pod                              # 流式输出 Pod 的日志（标准输出）
kubectl logs -f my-pod -c my-container              # 流式输出 Pod 容器的日志（标准输出, 多容器场景）
kubectl logs -f -l name=myLabel --all-containers    # 流式输出含 name=myLabel 标签的 Pod 的所有日志（标准输出）
kubectl run -i --tty busybox --image=busybox -- sh  # 以交互式 Shell 运行 Pod
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx -n mynamespace      # 在指定名字空间中运行 nginx Pod
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx                     # 运行 ngins Pod 并将其规约写入到名为 pod.yaml 的文件
  --dry-run=client -o yaml > pod.yaml

kubectl attach my-pod -i                            # 挂接到一个运行的容器中
kubectl port-forward my-pod 5000:6000               # 在本地计算机上侦听端口 5000 并转发到 my-pod 上的端口 6000
kubectl exec my-pod -- ls /                         # 在已有的 Pod 中运行命令（单容器场景）
kubectl exec --stdin --tty my-pod -- /bin/sh        # 使用交互 shell 访问正在运行的 Pod (一个容器场景)
kubectl exec my-pod -c my-container -- ls /         # 在已有的 Pod 中运行命令（多容器场景）
kubectl top pod POD_NAME --containers               # 显示给定 Pod 和其中容器的监控数据
```

<!--
## Interacting with Nodes and Cluster
-->
## 与节点和集群进行交互

<!--
```bash
kubectl cordon my-node                                                # Mark my-node as unschedulable
kubectl drain my-node                                                 # Drain my-node in preparation for maintenance
kubectl uncordon my-node                                              # Mark my-node as schedulable
kubectl top node my-node                                              # Show metrics for a given node
kubectl cluster-info                                                  # Display addresses of the master and services
kubectl cluster-info dump                                             # Dump current cluster state to stdout
kubectl cluster-info dump --output-directory=/path/to/cluster-state   # Dump current cluster state to /path/to/cluster-state

# If a taint with that key and effect already exists, its value is replaced as specified.
kubectl taint nodes foo dedicated=special-user:NoSchedule
```
-->
```bash
kubectl cordon my-node                                                # 标记 my-node 节点为不可调度
kubectl drain my-node                                                 # 对 my-node 节点进行清空操作，为节点维护做准备
kubectl uncordon my-node                                              # 标记 my-node 节点为可以调度
kubectl top node my-node                                              # 显示给定节点的度量值
kubectl cluster-info                                                  # 显示主控节点和服务的地址
kubectl cluster-info dump                                             # 将当前集群状态转储到标准输出
kubectl cluster-info dump --output-directory=/path/to/cluster-state   # 将当前集群状态输出到 /path/to/cluster-state

# 如果已存在具有指定键和效果的污点，则替换其值为指定值。
kubectl taint nodes foo dedicated=special-user:NoSchedule
```

<!--
### Resource types
-->
### 资源类型

<!--
List all supported resource types along with their shortnames, [API group](/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/#api-groups), whether they are [namespaced](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces), and [Kind](/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/kubernetes-objects):
-->
列出所支持的全部资源类型和它们的简称、[API 组](/zh/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/#api-groups), 是否是[名字空间作用域](/zh/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces) 和 [Kind](/zh/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/kubernetes-objects)。

```bash
kubectl api-resources
```

<!--
Other operations for exploring API resources:
-->
用于探索 API 资源的其他操作：

<!--
```bash
kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true      # All namespaced resources
kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false     # All non-namespaced resources
kubectl api-resources -o name                # All resources with simple output (just the resource name)
kubectl api-resources -o wide                # All resources with expanded (aka "wide") output
kubectl api-resources --verbs=list,get       # All resources that support the "list" and "get" request verbs
kubectl api-resources --api-group=extensions # All resources in the "extensions" API group
```
-->
```bash
kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true      # 所有命名空间作用域的资源
kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false     # 所有非命名空间作用域的资源
kubectl api-resources -o name                # 用简单格式列举所有资源（仅显示资源名称）
kubectl api-resources -o wide                # 用扩展格式列举所有资源（又称 "wide" 格式）
kubectl api-resources --verbs=list,get       # 支持 "list" 和 "get" 请求动词的所有资源
kubectl api-resources --api-group=extensions # "extensions" API 组中的所有资源
```

<!--
### Formatting output

To output details to your terminal window in a specific format, add the `-o` (or `--output`) flag to a supported `kubectl` command.
-->
### 格式化输出

要以特定格式将详细信息输出到终端窗口，将 `-o`（或者 `--output`）参数添加到支持的 `kubectl` 命令中。

<!--O
Output format | Description
--------------| -----------
`-o=custom-columns=<spec>` | Print a table using a comma separated list of custom columns
`-o=custom-columns-file=<filename>` | Print a table using the custom columns template in the `<filename>` file
`-o=json`     | Output a JSON formatted API object
`-o=jsonpath=<template>` | Print the fields defined in a [jsonpath](/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath) expression
`-o=jsonpath-file=<filename>` | Print the fields defined by the [jsonpath](/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath) expression in the `<filename>` file
`-o=name`     | Print only the resource name and nothing else
`-o=wide`     | Output in the plain-text format with any additional information, and for pods, the node name is included
`-o=yaml`     | Output a YAML formatted API object
-->
输出格式      | 描述
--------------| -----------
`-o=custom-columns=<spec>` | 使用逗号分隔的自定义列来打印表格
`-o=custom-columns-file=<filename>` | 使用 `<filename>` 文件中的自定义列模板打印表格
`-o=json`     | 输出 JSON 格式的 API 对象
`-o=jsonpath=<template>` | 打印 [jsonpath](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath) 表达式中定义的字段
`-o=jsonpath-file=<filename>` | 打印在 `<filename>` 文件中定义的 [jsonpath](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath) 表达式所指定的字段。
`-o=name`     | 仅打印资源名称而不打印其他内容
`-o=wide`     | 以纯文本格式输出额外信息，对于 Pod 来说，输出中包含了节点名称
`-o=yaml`     | 输出 YAML 格式的 API 对象

<!--
Examples using `-o=custom-columns`:

```bash
# All images running in a cluster
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:spec.containers[*].image'

 # All images excluding "k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2"
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:spec.containers[?(@.image!="k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2")].image'

# All fields under metadata regardless of name
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:metadata.*'

More examples in the kubectl [reference documentation](/docs/reference/kubectl/overview/#custom-columns).
```
-->
使用 `-o=custom-columns` 的示例：

```bash
# 集群中运行着的所有镜像
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:spec.containers[*].image'

 # 除 "k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2" 之外的所有镜像
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:spec.containers[?(@.image!="k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2")].image'

# 输出 metadata 下面的所有字段，无论 Pod 名字为何
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:metadata.*'
```

有关更多示例，请参看 kubectl [参考文档](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/overview/#custom-columns)。

<!--
### Kubectl output verbosity and debugging

Kubectl verbosity is controlled with the `-v` or `--v` flags followed by an integer representing the log level. General Kubernetes logging conventions and the associated log levels are described [here](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-instrumentation/logging.md).
-->
### Kubectl 日志输出详细程度和调试

Kubectl 日志输出详细程度是通过 `-v` 或者 `--v` 来控制的，参数后跟一个数字表示日志的级别。
Kubernetes 通用的日志习惯和相关的日志级别在
[这里](https://github.com/kubernetes/community/blob/master/contributors/devel/sig-instrumentation/logging.md) 有相应的描述。

<!--
Verbosity | Description
--------------| -----------
`--v=0` | Generally useful for this to *always* be visible to a cluster operator.
`--v=1` | A reasonable default log level if you don't want verbosity.
`--v=2` | Useful steady state information about the service and important log messages that may correlate to significant changes in the system. This is the recommended default log level for most systems.
`--v=3` | Extended information about changes.
`--v=4` | Debug level verbosity.
`--v=5` | Trace level verbosity.
`--v=6` | Display requested resources.
`--v=7` | Display HTTP request headers.
`--v=8` | Display HTTP request contents.
`--v=9` | Display HTTP request contents without truncation of contents.
-->
详细程度      | 描述
--------------| -----------
`--v=0` | 用于那些应该 *始终* 对运维人员可见的信息，因为这些信息一般很有用。
`--v=1` | 如果您不想要看到冗余信息，此值是一个合理的默认日志级别。
`--v=2` | 输出有关服务的稳定状态的信息以及重要的日志消息，这些信息可能与系统中的重大变化有关。这是建议大多数系统设置的默认日志级别。
`--v=3` | 包含有关系统状态变化的扩展信息。
`--v=4` | 包含调试级别的冗余信息。
`--v=5` | 跟踪级别的详细程度。
`--v=6` | 显示所请求的资源。
`--v=7` | 显示 HTTP 请求头。
`--v=8` | 显示 HTTP 请求内容。
`--v=9` | 显示 HTTP 请求内容而且不截断内容。

## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}}

<!--

* Read the [kubectl overview](/docs/reference/kubectl/overview/) and learn about [JsonPath](/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath).

* See [kubectl](/docs/reference/kubectl/kubectl/) options.

* Also read [kubectl Usage Conventions](/docs/reference/kubectl/conventions/) to understand how to use kubectl in reusable scripts.

* See more community [kubectl cheatsheets](https://github.com/dennyzhang/cheatsheet-kubernetes-A4).
-->
* 参阅 [kubectl 概述](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/overview/)，进一步了解[JsonPath](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/jsonpath)。
* 参阅 [kubectl](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/kubectl/) 选项。
* 参阅 [kubectl 使用约定](/zh/docs/reference/kubectl/conventions/)来理解如何在可复用的脚本中使用它。
* 查看社区中其他的 [kubectl 备忘单](https://github.com/dennyzhang/cheatsheet-kubernetes-A4)。
