---
reviewers:
- sig-cluster-lifecycle
title: 将 kubeadm 集群从 v1.11 升级到 v1.12
content_template: templates/task
---

{{% capture overview %}}
<!--
This page explains how to upgrade a Kubernetes cluster created with `kubeadm` from version 1.11.x to version 1.12.x, and from version 1.12.x to 1.12.y, where `y > x`.
-->

本页介绍了如何将 `kubeadm` 创建的 Kubernetes 集群从 1.11.x 版本升级到 1.12.x 版本，以及从版本 1.12.x 升级到 1.12.y ，其中 `y > x`。
{{% /capture %}}

{{% capture prerequisites %}}
<!--
- You need to have a `kubeadm` Kubernetes cluster running version 1.11.0 or later. 
  [Swap must be disabled][swap]. 
  The cluster should use a static control plane and etcd pods.
- Make sure you read the [release notes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.12.md) carefully.
- Make sure to back up any important components, such as app-level state stored in a database. 
  `kubeadm upgrade` does not touch your workloads, only components internal to Kubernetes, but backups are always a best practice.
-->

- 您需要有一个由 `kubeadm` 创建并运行着 1.11.0 或更高版本的 Kubernetes 集群。
  [Swap 必须被禁用][swap]. 
  集群应使用静态的控制平面和 etcd pod。
- 请务必认真阅读[发行说明](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.12.md)。
- 请务必备份所有重要组件，例如存储在数据库中应用层面的状态。
  `kubeadm upgrade` 不会触及您的工作负载，只会触及 Kubernetes 内部的组件，但备份终究是好的。

[swap]: https://serverfault.com/questions/684771/best-way-to-disable-swap-in-linux

<!--
### Additional information

- All containers are restarted after upgrade, because the container spec hash value is changed.
- You can upgrade only from one minor version to the next minor version. 
  That is, you cannot skip versions when you upgrade. 
  For example, you can upgrade only from 1.10 to 1.11, not from 1.9 to 1.11.
-->

### 附加信息

- 升级后重新启动所有容器，因为容器 spec 的哈希值已更改。
- 您只能从一个次版本升级到下一个次版本。
  也就是说，升级时无法跳过版本。
  例如，您只能从 1.10 升级到 1.11，而不能从 1.9 升级到 1.11。

{{% /capture %}}

{{% capture steps %}}


<!--
## Upgrade the control plane

1.  On your master node, upgrade kubeadm:

    {{< tabs name="k8s_install" >}}
    {{% tab name="Ubuntu, Debian or HypriotOS" %}}
    apt-get update
    apt-get upgrade -y kubeadm
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{% tab name="CentOS, RHEL or Fedora" %}}
    yum upgrade -y kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{< /tabs >}}

1.  Verify that the download works and has the expected version:

    ```shell
    kubeadm version
    ```
-->

## 升级控制平面

1.  在主节点上，升级 kubeadm：

    {{< tabs name="k8s_install" >}}
    {{% tab name="Ubuntu, Debian or HypriotOS" %}}
    apt-get update
    apt-get upgrade -y kubeadm
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{% tab name="CentOS, RHEL or Fedora" %}}
    yum upgrade -y kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{< /tabs >}}

1.  验证下载是否有效并且是预期的版本

    ```shell
    kubeadm version
    ```

1.  在主节点上，运行：

    ```shell
    kubeadm upgrade plan
    ```
<!--
    You should see output similar to this:
-->

    您应该可以看到与下面类似的输出：

    ```shell
    [preflight] Running pre-flight checks.
    [upgrade] Making sure the cluster is healthy:
    [upgrade/config] Making sure the configuration is correct:
    [upgrade/config] Reading configuration from the cluster...
    [upgrade/config] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
    [upgrade] Fetching available versions to upgrade to
    [upgrade/versions] Cluster version: v1.11.3
    [upgrade/versions] kubeadm version: v1.12.0
    [upgrade/versions] Latest stable version: v1.11.3
    [upgrade/versions] Latest version in the v1.11 series: v1.11.3
    [upgrade/versions] Latest experimental version: v1.13.0-alpha.0

    Components that must be upgraded manually after you have upgraded the control plane with 'kubeadm upgrade apply':
    COMPONENT   CURRENT       AVAILABLE
    Kubelet     2 x v1.11.1   v1.12.0
                1 x v1.11.3   v1.12.0

    Upgrade to the latest experimental version:

    COMPONENT            CURRENT   AVAILABLE
    API Server           v1.11.3   v1.12.0
    Controller Manager   v1.11.3   v1.12.0
    Scheduler            v1.11.3   v1.12.0
    Kube Proxy           v1.11.3   v1.12.0
    CoreDNS              1.1.3     1.2.2
    Etcd                 3.2.18    3.2.24

    You can now apply the upgrade by executing the following command:

        kubeadm upgrade apply v1.12.0 

    _____________________________________________________________________

    ```

    此命令检查您的集群是否可以升级，并可以获取到升级的版本。

1.  选择要升级到的版本，然后运行相应的命令。 例如：

    ```shell
    kubeadm upgrade apply v1.12.0
    ```

    您应该可以看见与下面类似的输出：
    <!-- TODO: output from stable -->

    ```shell
    [preflight] Running pre-flight checks.
    [upgrade] Making sure the cluster is healthy:
    [upgrade/config] Making sure the configuration is correct:
    [upgrade/config] Reading configuration from the cluster...
    [upgrade/config] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
    [upgrade/apply] Respecting the --cri-socket flag that is set with higher priority than the config file.
    [upgrade/version] You have chosen to change the cluster version to "v1.12.0"
    [upgrade/versions] Cluster version: v1.11.3
    [upgrade/versions] kubeadm version: v1.12.0
    [upgrade/confirm] Are you sure you want to proceed with the upgrade? [y/N]: y
    [upgrade/prepull] Will prepull images for components [kube-apiserver kube-controller-manager kube-scheduler etcd]
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulling image for component etcd.
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulling image for component kube-apiserver.
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulling image for component kube-controller-manager.
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulling image for component kube-scheduler.
    [apiclient] Found 0 Pods for label selector k8s-app=upgrade-prepull-etcd
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector k8s-app=upgrade-prepull-kube-apiserver
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector k8s-app=upgrade-prepull-kube-scheduler
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector k8s-app=upgrade-prepull-kube-controller-manager
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector k8s-app=upgrade-prepull-etcd
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulled image for component kube-apiserver.
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulled image for component kube-controller-manager.
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulled image for component kube-scheduler.
    [upgrade/prepull] Prepulled image for component etcd.
    [upgrade/prepull] Successfully prepulled the images for all the control plane components
    [upgrade/apply] Upgrading your Static Pod-hosted control plane to version "v1.12.0"...
    Static pod: kube-apiserver-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: d9b7af93990d702b3ee9a2beca93384b
    Static pod: kube-controller-manager-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 44a081fb5d26e90773ceb98b4e16fe10
    Static pod: kube-scheduler-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 009228e74aef4d7babd7968782118d5e
    Static pod: etcd-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 997fcf3d8d974c98abc14556cc02617e
    [etcd] Wrote Static Pod manifest for a local etcd instance to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-upgraded-manifests661777755/etcd.yaml"
    [upgrade/staticpods] Moved new manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml" and backed up old manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-backup-manifests-2018-09-19-18-58-14/etcd.yaml"
    [upgrade/staticpods] Waiting for the kubelet to restart the component
    [upgrade/staticpods] This might take a minute or longer depending on the component/version gap (timeout 5m0s
    Static pod: etcd-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 997fcf3d8d974c98abc14556cc02617e
    <snip>
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector component=etcd
    [upgrade/staticpods] Component "etcd" upgraded successfully!
    [upgrade/etcd] Waiting for etcd to become available
    [util/etcd] Waiting 0s for initial delay
    [util/etcd] Attempting to see if all cluster endpoints are available 1/10
    [upgrade/staticpods] Writing new Static Pod manifests to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-upgraded-manifests661777755"
    [controlplane] wrote Static Pod manifest for component kube-apiserver to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-upgraded-manifests661777755/kube-apiserver.yaml"
    [controlplane] wrote Static Pod manifest for component kube-controller-manager to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-upgraded-manifests661777755/kube-controller-manager.yaml"
    [controlplane] wrote Static Pod manifest for component kube-scheduler to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-upgraded-manifests661777755/kube-scheduler.yaml"
    [upgrade/staticpods] Moved new manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml" and backed up old manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-backup-manifests-2018-09-19-18-58-14/kube-apiserver.yaml"
    [upgrade/staticpods] Waiting for the kubelet to restart the component
    [upgrade/staticpods] This might take a minute or longer depending on the component/version gap (timeout 5m0s
    <snip>
    Static pod: kube-apiserver-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 854a5a8468f899093c6a967bb81dcfbc
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector component=kube-apiserver
    [upgrade/staticpods] Component "kube-apiserver" upgraded successfully!
    [upgrade/staticpods] Moved new manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml" and backed up old manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-backup-manifests-2018-09-19-18-58-14/kube-controller-manager.yaml"
    [upgrade/staticpods] Waiting for the kubelet to restart the component
    [upgrade/staticpods] This might take a minute or longer depending on the component/version gap (timeout 5m0s
    Static pod: kube-controller-manager-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 44a081fb5d26e90773ceb98b4e16fe10
    Static pod: kube-controller-manager-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: b651f83474ae70031d5fb2cab73bd366
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector component=kube-controller-manager
    [upgrade/staticpods] Component "kube-controller-manager" upgraded successfully!
    [upgrade/staticpods] Moved new manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml" and backed up old manifest to "/etc/kubernetes/tmp/kubeadm-backup-manifests-2018-09-19-18-58-14/kube-scheduler.yaml"
    [upgrade/staticpods] Waiting for the kubelet to restart the component
    [upgrade/staticpods] This might take a minute or longer depending on the component/version gap (timeout 5m0s
    Static pod: kube-scheduler-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: 009228e74aef4d7babd7968782118d5e
    Static pod: kube-scheduler-ip-172-31-80-76 hash: da406e5a49adfbbeb90fe2a0cf8fd8d1
    [apiclient] Found 1 Pods for label selector component=kube-scheduler
    [upgrade/staticpods] Component "kube-scheduler" upgraded successfully!
    [uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
    [kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.12" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
    [kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.12" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
    [kubelet] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
    [patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "ip-172-31-80-76" as an annotation
    [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
    [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
    [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
    [addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
    [addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

    [upgrade/successful] SUCCESS! Your cluster was upgraded to "v1.12.0". Enjoy!

    [upgrade/kubelet] Now that your control plane is upgraded, please proceed with upgrading your kubelets if you haven't already done so.
    ```

1.  手动升级软件定义网络（SDN）。

    您的容器网络接口（CNI）应该提供了程序自身的升级说明。
    检查 [addons](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/) 页面以
    查找您 CNI 所提供的程序，并查看是否需要其他升级步骤。

<!--
1.  Manually upgrade your Software Defined Network (SDN).

    Your Container Network Interface (CNI) provider may have its own upgrade instructions to follow.
    Check the [addons](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/) page to
    find your CNI provider and see whether additional upgrade steps are required.
-->

<!--
## Upgrade master and node packages

1.  Prepare each node for maintenance, marking it unschedulable and evicting the workloads:

    ```shell
    kubectl drain $NODE --ignore-daemonsets
    ```

    On the master node, you must add `--ignore-daemonsets`:

    ```shell
    kubectl drain ip-172-31-85-18
    node "ip-172-31-85-18" cordoned
    error: unable to drain node "ip-172-31-85-18", aborting command...

    There are pending nodes to be drained:
    ip-172-31-85-18
    error: DaemonSet-managed pods (use --ignore-daemonsets to ignore): calico-node-5798d, kube-proxy-thjp9
    ```

    ```
    kubectl drain ip-172-31-85-18 --ignore-daemonsets
    node "ip-172-31-85-18" already cordoned
    WARNING: Ignoring DaemonSet-managed pods: calico-node-5798d, kube-proxy-thjp9
    node "ip-172-31-85-18" drained
    ```

1.  Upgrade the Kubernetes package version on each `$NODE` node by running the Linux package manager for your distribution:

    {{< tabs name="k8s_upgrade" >}}
    {{% tab name="Ubuntu, Debian or HypriotOS" %}}
    apt-get update
    apt-get upgrade -y kubelet kubeadm
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{% tab name="CentOS, RHEL or Fedora" %}}
    yum upgrade -y kubelet kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{< /tabs >}}
-->
## 升级主节点和其他节点的软件包

1.  准备为每个节点进行维护，将其标记为不可调度并移出工作负载：

    ```shell
    kubectl drain $NODE --ignore-daemonsets
    ```

    在 master 节点上，您必须增加 `--ignore-daemonsets`：

    ```shell
    kubectl drain ip-172-31-85-18
    node "ip-172-31-85-18" cordoned
    error: unable to drain node "ip-172-31-85-18", aborting command...

    There are pending nodes to be drained:
    ip-172-31-85-18
    error: DaemonSet-managed pods (use --ignore-daemonsets to ignore): calico-node-5798d, kube-proxy-thjp9
    ```

    ```
    kubectl drain ip-172-31-85-18 --ignore-daemonsets
    node "ip-172-31-85-18" already cordoned
    WARNING: Ignoring DaemonSet-managed pods: calico-node-5798d, kube-proxy-thjp9
    node "ip-172-31-85-18" drained
    ```

1.  通过运行适用于您的 Linux 发行版包管理器，在每个 `$NODE` 节点上升级 Kubernetes 软件包版本：

    {{< tabs name="k8s_upgrade" >}}
    {{% tab name="Ubuntu, Debian or HypriotOS" %}}
    apt-get update
    apt-get upgrade -y kubelet kubeadm
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{% tab name="CentOS, RHEL or Fedora" %}}
    yum upgrade -y kubelet kubeadm --disableexcludes=kubernetes
    {{% /tab %}}
    {{< /tabs >}}

<!--
## Upgrade kubelet on each node

1.  On each node except the master node, upgrade the kubelet config:

    ```shell
    sudo kubeadm upgrade node config --kubelet-version $(kubelet --version | cut -d ' ' -f 2)
    ```

1.  Restart the kubelet process:

    ```shell
    sudo systemctl restart kubelet
    ```

1.  Verify that the new version of the `kubelet` is running on the node:

    ```shell
    systemctl status kubelet
    ```

1.  Bring the node back online by marking it schedulable:

    ```shell
    kubectl uncordon $NODE
    ```

1.  After the kubelet is upgraded on all nodes, verify that all nodes are available again by running the following command from anywhere kubectl can access the cluster:

    ```shell
    kubectl get nodes
    ```

    The `STATUS` column should show `Ready` for all your nodes, and the version number should be updated.
-->
{{% /capture %}}

## 在每个节点上升级 kubelet

1.  在除主节点之外的每个节点上，升级 kubelet 配置：

    ```shell
    sudo kubeadm upgrade node config --kubelet-version $(kubelet --version | cut -d ' ' -f 2)
    ```

1.  重启 kubelet 进程：

    ```shell
    sudo systemctl restart kubelet
    ```

1.  验证新版本的 `kubelet` 已经运行到了各个节点上。

    ```shell
    systemctl status kubelet
    ```

1.  通过将节点标记为可调度，让节点重新上线：

    ```shell
    kubectl uncordon $NODE
    ```

1.  在所有节点上升级 kubelet 之后，通过以下命令验证所有的节点是否依旧可用，使得 kubectl 可以访问整个集群： 

    ```shell
    kubectl get nodes
    ```

    `STATUS` 列应显示所有节点为 `Ready` 状态，并且版本号已经被更新。 

<!--
## Recovering from a failure state

If `kubeadm upgrade` fails and does not roll back, for example because of an unexpected shutdown during execution, you can run `kubeadm upgrade` again. 
This command is idempotent and eventually makes sure that the actual state is the desired state you declare.

To recover from a bad state, you can also run `kubeadm upgrade --force` without changing the version that your cluster is running.
-->

## 从故障状态恢复

如果 `kubeadm upgrade` 失败并且没有回滚，例如由于执行期间意外关闭，您可以再次运行 `kubeadm upgrade`。
此命令是幂等的，并最终确保实际状态是您声明的所需状态。
要从故障状态恢复，您还可以运行 `kubeadm upgrade --force` 而不去更改集群正在运行的版本。

<!--
## How it works

`kubeadm upgrade apply` does the following:

- Checks that your cluster is in an upgradeable state:
  - The API server is reachable
  - All nodes are in the `Ready` state
  - The control plane is healthy
- Enforces the version skew policies.
- Makes sure the control plane images are available or available to pull to the machine.
- Upgrades the control plane components or rollbacks if any of them fails to come up.
- Applies the new `kube-dns` and `kube-proxy` manifests and enforces that all necessary RBAC rules are created.
- Creates new certificate and key files of the API server and backs up old files if they're about to expire in 180 days.
-->

## 它是怎么运作的

`kubeadm upgrade apply` 做了以下工作：

- 检查您的集群是否处于可升级状态：
  - API 服务器是可访问的
  - 所有节点处于 `Ready` 状态
  - 控制平面是健康的
- 强制执行版本 skew 策略。
- 确保控制平面的镜像是可用的或可拉取到服务器上。
- 升级控制平面组件或回滚（如果其中任何一个组件无法启动）。
- 应用新的 `kube-dns` 和 `kube-proxy` 清单，并强制创建所有必需的 RBAC 规则。
- 如果旧文件在 180 天后过期，将创建 API 服务器的新证书和密钥文件并备份旧文件。
