---
reviewers:
- erictune
- lavalamp
- deads2k
- liggitt
title: Authorization Overview
content_template: templates/concept
weight: 60
---

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Learn more about Kubernetes authorization, including details about creating
policies using the supported authorization modules.
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In Kubernetes, you must be authenticated (logged in) before your request can be
authorized (granted permission to access). For information about authentication,
see [Accessing Control Overview](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/controlling-access/).

Kubernetes expects attributes that are common to REST API requests. This means
that Kubernetes authorization works with existing organization-wide or
cloud-provider-wide access control systems which may handle other APIs besides
the Kubernetes API.

## Determine Whether a Request is Allowed or Denied
Kubernetes authorizes API requests using the API server. It evaluates all of the
request attributes against all policies and allows or denies the request. All
parts of an API request must be allowed by some policy in order to proceed. This
means that permissions are denied by default.

(Although Kubernetes uses the API server, access controls and policies that
depend on specific fields of specific kinds of objects are handled by Admission
Controllers.)

When multiple authorization modules are configured, each is checked in sequence.
If any authorizer approves or denies a request, that decision is immediately
returned and no other authorizer is consulted. If all modules have no opinion on
the request, then the request is denied. A deny returns an HTTP status code 403.

## Review Your Request Attributes
Kubernetes reviews only the following API request attributes:

 * **user** - The `user` string provided during authentication.
 * **group** - The list of group names to which the authenticated user belongs.
 * **extra** - A map of arbitrary string keys to string values, provided by the authentication layer.
 * **API** - Indicates whether the request is for an API resource.
 * **Request path** - Path to miscellaneous non-resource endpoints like `/api` or `/healthz`.
 * **API request verb** - API verbs `get`, `list`, `create`, `update`, `patch`, `watch`, `proxy`, `redirect`, `delete`, and `deletecollection` are used for resource requests. To determine the request verb for a resource API endpoint, see [Determine the request verb](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/#determine-whether-a-request-is-allowed-or-denied) below.
 * **HTTP request verb** - HTTP verbs `get`, `post`, `put`, and `delete` are used for non-resource requests.
 * **Resource** - The ID or name of the resource that is being accessed (for resource requests only) -- For resource requests using `get`, `update`, `patch`, and `delete` verbs, you must provide the resource name.
 * **Subresource** - The subresource that is being accessed (for resource requests only).
 * **Namespace** - The namespace of the object that is being accessed (for namespaced resource requests only).
 * **API group** - The API group being accessed (for resource requests only). An empty string designates the [core API group](/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/).

## Determine the Request Verb
To determine the request verb for a resource API endpoint, review the HTTP verb
used and whether or not the request acts on an individual resource or a
collection of resources:

HTTP verb | request verb
----------|---------------
POST      | create
GET, HEAD | get (for individual resources), list (for collections)
PUT       | update
PATCH     | patch
DELETE    | delete (for individual resources), deletecollection (for collections)

Kubernetes sometimes checks authorization for additional permissions using specialized verbs. For example:

* [PodSecurityPolicy](/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/) checks for authorization of the `use` verb on `podsecuritypolicies` resources in the `policy` API group.
* [RBAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/#privilege-escalation-prevention-and-bootstrapping) checks for authorization 
of the `bind` verb on `roles` and `clusterroles` resources in the `rbac.authorization.k8s.io` API group.
* [Authentication](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) layer checks for authorization of the `impersonate` verb on `users`, `groups`, and `serviceaccounts` in the core API group, and the `userextras` in the `authentication.k8s.io` API group.

## Authorization Modules
 * **Node** - A special-purpose authorizer that grants permissions to kubelets based on the pods they are scheduled to run. To learn more about using the Node authorization mode, see [Node Authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/node/).
 * **ABAC** - Attribute-based access control (ABAC) defines an access control paradigm whereby access rights are granted to users through the use of policies which combine attributes together. The policies can use any type of attributes (user attributes, resource attributes, object, environment attributes, etc). To learn more about using the ABAC mode, see [ABAC Mode](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/).
 * **RBAC** - Role-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within an enterprise. In this context, access is the ability of an individual user to perform a specific task, such as view, create, or modify a file. To learn more about using the RBAC mode, see [RBAC Mode](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/)
   * When specified RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) uses the `rbac.authorization.k8s.io` API group to drive authorization decisions, allowing admins to dynamically configure permission policies through the Kubernetes API.
   * To enable RBAC, start the apiserver with `--authorization-mode=RBAC`.
 * **Webhook** - A WebHook is an HTTP callback: an HTTP POST that occurs when something happens; a simple event-notification via HTTP POST. A web application implementing WebHooks will POST a message to a URL when certain things happen. To learn more about using the Webhook mode, see [Webhook Mode](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/webhook/).

#### Checking API Access

`kubectl` provides the `auth can-i` subcommand for quickly querying the API authorization layer.
The command uses the `SelfSubjectAccessReview` API to determine if the current user can perform
a given action, and works regardless of the authorization mode used.


```bash
$ kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace dev
yes
$ kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace prod
no
```

Administrators can combine this with [user impersonation](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#user-impersonation)
to determine what action other users can perform.

```bash
$ kubectl auth can-i list secrets --namespace dev --as dave
no
```

`SelfSubjectAccessReview` is part of the `authorization.k8s.io` API group, which
exposes the API server authorization to external services. Other resources in
this group include:

* `SubjectAccessReview` - Access review for any user, not just the current one. Useful for delegating authorization decisions to the API server. For example, the kubelet and extension API servers use this to determine user access to their own APIs.
* `LocalSubjectAccessReview` - Like `SubjectAccessReview` but restricted to a specific namespace.
* `SelfSubjectRulesReview` - A review which returns the set of actions a user can perform within a namespace. Useful for users to quickly summarize their own access, or for UIs to hide/show actions.

These APIs can be queried by creating normal Kubernetes resources, where the response "status"
field of the returned object is the result of the query.

```bash
$ kubectl create -f - -o yaml << EOF
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    verb: create
    namespace: dev
EOF

apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: SelfSubjectAccessReview
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
spec:
  resourceAttributes:
    group: apps
    resource: deployments
    namespace: dev
    verb: create
status:
  allowed: true
  denied: false
```

## Using Flags for Your Authorization Module

You must include a flag in your policy to indicate which authorization module
your policies include:

The following flags can be used:

  * `--authorization-mode=ABAC` Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) mode allows you to configure policies using local files.
  * `--authorization-mode=RBAC` Role-based access control (RBAC) mode allows you to create and store policies using the Kubernetes API.
  * `--authorization-mode=Webhook` WebHook is an HTTP callback mode that allows you to manage authorization using a remote REST endpoint.
  * `--authorization-mode=Node` Node authorization is a special-purpose authorization mode that specifically authorizes API requests made by kubelets.
  * `--authorization-mode=AlwaysDeny` This flag blocks all requests. Use this flag only for testing.
  * `--authorization-mode=AlwaysAllow` This flag allows all requests. Use this flag only if you do not require authorization for your API requests.

You can choose more than one authorization module. Modules are checked in order
so an earlier module has higher priority to allow or deny a request.

## Privilege escalation via pod creation

Users who have the ability to create pods in a namespace can potentially
escalate their privileges within that namespace.  They can create pods that
access their privileges within that namespace. They can create pods that access
secrets the user cannot themselves read, or that run under a service account
with different/greater permissions.

{{< caution >}}
System administrators, use care when granting access to pod creation. A user
granted permission to create pods (or controllers that create pods) in the
namespace can: read all secrets in the namespace; read all config maps in the
namespace; and impersonate any service account in the namespace and take any
action the account could take. This applies regardless of authorization mode.
{{< /caution >}}
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* To learn more about Authentication, see **Authentication** in [Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/controlling-access/).
* To learn more about Admission Control, see [Using Admission Controllers](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/).
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